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Deforestation has increased in different areas of the world due to the development of antropic activities such as the expantion od agricultural and livestock frontiries growth of areas of human settlements, among others. The displacement of vegetation cover is one of the factors that affect the water supply and regulation service. In the work, a methodology was developed and applied to understand the incidence of the contraction of the forest cover to the water regulation capacity of the Murrí river that is born in the area of the Las Orquídeas National natural Park, Colombia. It was identified that the basin experiences the process of changing native forest cover for pasture, however, its incidence on the water regime could not be statistically evidenced. This phenomenon may be associated with fact that the park area represents 8.4 % of the total area of the basin and the change in coverage in this does not exceed the resilience capacity of the basin. It is recommended to ratify the methodology with a greater number of satellite images and study the resilience capacity of Colombian hydrographic basins to plan the human activities that generate the change of land cover in a sustainable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The double religious membership is an emerging category of the theology of religious pluralism, approaching the faith experiences of mystics and theologians. They deepen their Christian experience from Eastern spiritualities. Based on their assumptions, the research on Nasa, Misak and Kogui ancestral Christian religiosity is an approach for the analysis of their beliefs. Their contributions to the reflections are based on the religious diversity of Colombia in a theological key. The qualitative hermeneutic methodology approached the topic of double affiliation from theological experiences and reflections. The different ways of understanding the double or multiple belief, from the liminality between religions, the hybridization of beliefs and the bilingual religious language, originated experiences of faith to enter into the Mystery. In Latin America, theologies and syncretic practices pose presuppositions for approaching understandings of the ancestral and Afro-descendant faith experience. The recognition of Amerindian religious expressions challenges theological reflections with possibilities of understanding and interaction. The different dialogical perspectives and readings, taking as a reference the faith of the people assumed and lived in context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CRISPR-Cas systems are used by many prokaryotes to defend against invading genetic elements. In many cases, more than one CRISPR-Cas system co-exist in the same cell. Marinomonas mediterranea MMB-1 possesses two CRISPR-Cas systems, of type I–F and III-B respectively, which collaborate in phage resistance raising questions on how their expression is regulated. This study shows that the expression of both systems is controlled by the histidine kinase PpoS and a response regulator, PpoR, identified and cloned in this study. These proteins show similarity to the global regulators BarA/UvrY. In addition, homologues to the sRNAs CsrB and CsrC and the gene coding for the post-transcriptional repressor CsrA have been also identified indicating the conservation of the elements of the BarA/UvrY regulatory cascade in M. mediterranea. RNA-Seq analyses have revealed that all these genetics elements are regulated by PpoS/R supporting their participation in the regulatory cascade. The regulation by PpoS and PpoR of the CRISPR-Cas systems plays a role in phage defense since mutants in these proteins show an increase in phage sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human occupation and its productive activities give rise to changes in the Earth's natural covers that affect ecosystem services and, specifically, water regulation. According to the multi-temporal integrated analysis of the coverage and hydrological, it was possible to demonstrate that the upper basin of the Chinchiná River, which is of strategic importance for the city of Manizales, due to its natural conditions of soils and natural coverage, does not have a good capacity for water regulation that is it deteriorates with the expansion of grass covers and herbaceous vegetation. The importance of the study lies in the fact that the knowledge of the relationship between the water regulation capacity versus vegetation cover allows projecting the adequate use of the land in order not to further affect the regulation capacity of the surface runoff that serves as the basis of the biodiversity and supply of the city of Manizales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia is one of the countries characterized for a high spatial-temporal variability of hydroclimatological variables defined by a wide range of macro climatic phenomena. One of this is the Quasi-Biennal oscillation phenomenom, which hasn't been too much studied in the national context. In the survey was evaluated the phenomenom's incidence over the water regime of the tributaires of Betania's reservoir, who is important from the point of view of hydropower production and agricultural activity. It was encountered that the macro climatic event could show itself in a term from 4 to 7 months and its contribution to the year-on-year variability of flows is even of the 13.7%. taking into account that the anthropic interventions in the area affect the levels of the flows where the results are reflected when obtaining the correlations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective established for this study was to identify the religious beliefs of primary school students in a context of cultural diversity and the perspectives of curriculum design proposed by religious education in educational institutions the Cauca Colombia. Using qualitative methodology: micro-ethnography, non --structured informal interviews were conducted with-grades 3, 4 and 5 students to identify their religious beliefs. In order to reveal the programmatic elements of the religion class curriculum, teachers conducted participant observation, as well as implementing field diaries to track religion class and the interactions of students. The analysis of institutional documents and the study plans for religion of the respective grades complemented the investigative and comparative work done by the teacher. The findings showed religious plurality in schools in the Cauca with interaction between Catholic, Christian, and indigenous students with ancestral beliefs, who valued the religion class, but questioned why only one religion was presented and not that to which they belonged. The proposal of religious education in the institutions participating in the study used, the standards of the Catholic Church as a reference, but there are schools in which the teachings of the indigenous worldview and Christian churches are being integrated as an experience of dialogue and interaction beyond proselytizing purposes such as progressing toward tolerance and peace in the school environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive: To characterize the oral health status of elderly individuals aged 65 and older of the city of Manizales. Materials and Methods: Descriptive study carried out with 318 adults, randomly selected. The probability sampling had a confidence level of 95%, a margin of error of 5%, and p = 0.30. Sociodemographic variables, affiliation to GSSH, TMJ examination using Helkimo Index, periodontal health status using ESI and CPITN indexes, oral hygiene status using the Oleary index; COP-D and root caries indexes for hard dental tissue, prosthetic status and oral mucosal examination were also included. Results: The average age of the population studied was 74 years with predominance of females. Forty per cent (40%) of the population reported signs and symptoms for Helkimo's index. Clicking was the predominant joint sound. The total ESI applied was 66.7-4.5 and, according to CPITN, 95% of the population evaluated required some type of periodontal treatment. The average COP-D was 23 and the root caries index was 17.5%. Eighty-seven per cent (87%) of the population showed total or partial edentulism, 60.5% required prosthesis, 31% had soft tissue injuries such as traumatic ulcer, increased tissue growth due to prosthesis and sub-prosthetic stomatitis. Conclusion: Oral health of elderly individuals reveals poor care throughout their lives. It is necessary that health authorities expand and execute preventive programs intended to improve the oral health of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some Gram-negative bacteria express a novel enzyme with lysine-r-oxidase (LOD) activity (EC 1.4.3.20). The oxidation of L-LyS generates, among other products, hydrogen peroxide, which confers antimicrobial properties to this kind of enzyme and has been shown to be involved in cell death during biofilm development and differentiation. In addition to LOD, the melanogenic marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea, which forms part of the microbiota of the marine plant Posidonia oceanica, expresses two other oxidases of biotechnological interest, a multicopper oxidase, PpoA, with laccase activity and a tyrosinase named PpoB, which is responsible for melanin synthesis. By using both lacZ fusions with the lodAB promoter and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), this study shows that the hybrid sensor histidine kinase PpoS regulates LOD activity at the transcriptional level. Although PpoS also regulates PpoA and PpoB, in this case, the regulatory effect cannot be attributed only to a transcriptional regulation. Further studies indicate that LOD activity is induced at the posttranscriptional level by L-Lys as well as by two structurally similar compounds, L-Arg and meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), neither of which is a substrate of the enzyme. The inducing effect of these compounds is specific for LOD activity since PpoA and PpoB are not affected by them. This study offers, for the first time, insights into the mechanisms regulating the synthesis of the antimicrobial protein lysine-ϵ-oxidase in M. mediterranea, which could be important in the microbial colonization of the seagrass P. oceanica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the frequency of sexual abuse in students of an educational institution from the city of Manizales, Caldas, Colombia. Materials and methods: The current cross-sectional study, was executed in an educational institution of Manizales. The secondary student population was 614 students, from which a sample was taken from 150 students, of whom 96% are women; mean age 12,84 years. Demographic variables, vulnerability and sexual abuse were taken according to questionnaires used in previous studies. Results: 20% of the population have undergone some incident of sexual abuse, 33% in men and 19,4% in women. There was no significant difference between strata. Overall, the abuse did not depend on the age, even though some coincident ones of abuse yes. The vulnerability average was of 9,64, sexual abuse knowledge 68,97 (maximum 100 for both). Among the abused, the 47,6% it was it once. Abused children for the first time were between 12 and 14 years old with 27,3%, and the last time that an abuse happened with a percentage of 27,3% between ages of 12 and 14. The 18,2% continue being victims of sexual abuse, and the 31,8% of the cases the abuser was a stranger. Conclusion: The sexual violence is a serious problem of public health that it requires a public awareness through public service's announcements, posters and brochures in spanish that promote a healthy and responsible child care; furthermore is important to provide to the community information about child security and how to denounce the abuse of minors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannery wastewater is characterized by high and variable concentrations of diverse pollutants, which makes it difficult and costly to treat. In the search for sustainable treatment options for tannery effluents, two pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) constructed wetlands (CW) were built and operated for the treatment of synthetic water of quality similar to that of pre-treated tannery effluents. Five different loading phases were examined with gradual increase of inflow COD, NH4+-N and Cr loads until reaching and exceeding the typical composition of a tannery effluent. High COD and NH4+-N removals were observed (82 and 96%, respectively), and almost complete Cr removal in the outflow, which met the Venezuela national standards for environmental discharge. Plant uptake was measured, but microbial processes appear to be the main ammonium transformation/removal mechanism. Nitrogen, chlorophyll and Cr in the plant aerial parts and roots indicated the capacity of Phragmites sp. to grow and survive even under high loads. The measured heterotrophic bacteria in the substrate and rhizomes indicated the biofilm development and the oxidation of organic matter and nitrogen. Water losses via evapotraspiration were also measured and reached 14%. Overall, the tested CW design proved to be a sustainable and feasible alternative for the treatment of tannery wastewater in tropical climates. Image 109 • Two pilot constructed wetlands for tannery wastewater under tropical climate. • High COD and NH 4 +-N removal (82–96%), complete Cr removal (99%) was found. • Plants assimilate part of nitrogen load, microbial processes remove most of ammonia. • Native plant proved to be tolerant to applied high pollutant loads. • Higher heterotrophic bacteria in the substrate and rhizosphere than outflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]