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Cybercrime is now the most common form of crime in Canada and causes significant financial and psychological harm. The criminal justice system struggles to address cybercrime due to its complexity, scale, and global nature. Criminologists are also challenged to think about cybercrime beyond established theoretical frameworks. An interdisciplinary approach is required to understand this phenomenon and enable us to craft effective policies. The discipline of ecology can provide valuable insights and a practical integrative framework through the concepts of community, interaction, and emergent effects. First, a high-level outline is provided of how the cybercrime ecosystem can be analyzed using basic ecological concepts and principles. This framework is then applied to the security community, showing how it is populated with a diversity of organizational and institutional entities that can be enabled or compelled to act in ways that enhance online security through a broad set of regulatory strategies. Finally, three innovative configurations that take advantage of this regulatory pluralism and novel forms of collaboration are described to illustrate how alternatives can be implemented to mitigate the negative impacts of cybercrime with promising outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed JMCQ articles in the specific topic area of mass communication technology and media channels, overall and across four 20-year periods. Primary topics changed from emphasizing media industry and policy issues, international issues of information freedom, audience research, and WWII media issues in early periods to more specific regulatory issues, ratings and audience analyses, macro and social issues, and media technology development issues in more recent periods. JMCQ serves as a treasure trove of the history of broadcast media technology and competition, policy debates, and audience interests, with a recent emphasis on more rigorous empirical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online resources offer a uniquely efficient way of sharing health research with scientists and the public. Using web portals to make results and study information available to diverse audiences could work to accelerate research translation and empower patients to play a more active role in their care. But using online tools to broadly share health information raises several challenging ethical and regulatory questions. Issues such as equity, privacy, and patient empowerment may create challenges for regulators, portal developers, as well as researchers. It is additionally unclear whether web portals designed to facilitate access to research results and general health information will be regulated as medical devices under emerging regimes that control software with medical purposes. This paper aims to comparatively address whether online therapeutic portals for sharing health research are likely to be regulated in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. We find that though these jurisdictions have each taken recent steps to regulate software as medical devices, the applicable regimes will generally not capture online portals for sharing health research. Though online portals for sharing health research are probably unregulated in many (if not most) jurisdictions, agencies have nevertheless signalled their concerns regarding several important ethical considerations (such as equity, transparency, and safety), to which portal developers and researchers should be attentive and respond. We describe here one set of issues highlighted by regulators - that is, efficiency, equity, transparency, confidentiality, communication, empowerment, training, and safety & efficacy - and consider how to best guide the design of online portals in a context of regulatory uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the purpose of this study was to evaluate drug dispensing practices in private pharmacies in the city of N'Djamena and, specifically, (I) to describe the characteristics of dispensaries, (ii) describe dispensing practices and (iii) assess regulatory compliance when dispensing on the basis of a prescription and an advice. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional survey from June to December 2020. Data were collected in two stages, through interviews with pharmacists and participant observation in drug delivery practices in pharmacies. Results: in total, 26 pharmacies, or 50% of pharmacies in N'Djamena, were surveyed. The main survey findings were: private pharmacies in the city of N'Djamena employed two categories of staff, namely pharmacists and auxiliary staff (pharmacy technicians, nurses and salespeople or staff with "no health qualifications". These had not been trained in a health school recognised by the Ministry of Health) to dispense medicines. Very few pharmacies (8%) had a customer confidentiality area and a order book. The three modes of delivery were observed in more or less equal proportions (30 to 40% of dispensations). Dispensing at the patient's request was slightly predominant (40%) and the majority of medicines dispensed at the patient's request and based on dispenser's advice belonged to the different tables of toxic substances (over 70%). The noted absence of the pharmacist from the pharmacy justified why 84% of patients' requests were addressed to the pharmacy assistants. Conclusion: this study shows low compliance of pharmacies with pharmaceutical regulations for proper dispensing of medicines in the city of N'Djamena. Factors related to pharmaceutical sector governance and human resources management as well as therapeutic patient education could explain this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective was to take stockof the regulation of clinical trials in Mali. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out of the September 1 to December 15, 2019. It consisted of a literature search and a survey in research centers, ethics committees and regulatory structures in Mali. Results: In 2019, there were 15 clinical trials authorized and conducted by three research centers, including 12 vaccines and 3 drugs trials all approved by an ethics committee. The legal framework for clinical trials is governed in Mali by two texts, one legislative and the other regulatory. They provide for the authorization, suspension or prohibition of biomedical research by the minister in charge of Health. The shortcomings identified relate to the low recovery and lack of evaluation of pharmacovigilance data, the scarcity of site inspections and especially the absence of a technical committee for regulatory evaluation of files at the Pharmacy and Medicines Department (DPM). Conclusion: The strengthening of the legal framework is, more than ever, necessary to ensure the protection of the rights, safety and well-being of research subjects in a context of increasing relocation of clinical trials to our countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether they are used by private or public entities, facial recognition technologies are subject to debate and controversy, notably around the lack of specific legislation on their use. Although artificial intelligence (AI) and automated decision-making systems have raised questions and sparked debate in Canada and the U.S., police departments have used such technologies in various contexts. Literature demonstrates the challenges brought by facial recognition algorithms range from biases related to errors of identification and matching to challenges of values and ethics, including environmental issues. Despite an increasing trend in the use of leading-edge automated biometric identification technologies, existing legal and policy instruments have not kept pace with the highly evolving field of high-tech. This note provides an overview of the policies and legal frameworks in Canada and in the U.S. with respect to the acquisition, use and integration of facial recognition technologies. In particular, we show that despite an increasing integration of such technologies across various entities, the policy, legal and regulatory frameworks are yet to be adapted to the new reality of AI biometric identification. Issues related to human rights, privacy and equity call for further examination of the instruments in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While scholars acknowledge the important role played by regulators in managing ride hailing and its impacts on cities, few studies have explored the implications for developing ride hailing regulations at different levels of governance. This paper examines regulatory approaches to ride hailing in Canada's three largest metropolitan regions: Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Though united by a national border, these three regions are subject to unique governance approaches, histories, and trajectories. Although ground transportation in Canada usually falls within local or municipal authority, only Toronto, amongst these three city‐regions, treats the regulation of ground transportation as a local responsibility. In both Montreal and Vancouver, which are subject to different regulatory and governance structures, ride hailing is primarily regulated at the provincial level. As a more detailed examination reveals, we can further distinguish the three metropolitan areas based on the extent of intraregional coordination and regional mobility. By introducing these two concepts, the paper explores both the intended and unintended regional impacts of ride hailing regulations. These findings are relevant not only to ride hailing, but also to broader questions about governing both regional mobility and the platform economy. Key Messages: This research examines how government authority for ground transportation in Canada's three largest metropolitan regions impacts the regulation of ride hailing.Distinctions regarding the level of government responsible for regulating ride hailing persist when comparing the Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver city‐regions.While provincial government regulatory authority can positively influence regional transportation planning and policy, municipal‐led approaches to ride hailing enable place‐based responsiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les certificats médicaux ont une place régulière en consultation de médecine générale. Depuis 2011, l'absence de fondement réglementaire de certains certificats a été mis en lumière, émanant notamment de services publics. L'objectif de cette étude était de rechercher sur quels textes réglementaires reposaient les certificats médicaux requis par une administration municipale, 8 ans après la circulaire de rationalisation de 2011 ? Étude qualitative par observation et analyse critique de certificats par mini-revues de littérature suivant les principaux critères de qualité PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). La première étape a consisté en le recensement exhaustif des certificats médicaux prévus par la municipalité, pour les administrés ou les employés de la ville. La provenance de l'un des services municipaux était le seul critère d'inclusion. La deuxième étape a consisté en l'analyse des certificats demandés d'après la réglementation en vigueur au moyen de moteurs de recherche classés par niveau en tenant compte en priorité de leur valeur réglementaire. Les équations de recherche ont été construites par un procédé inductif au fur et à mesure du recueil des certificats. Quarante-deux certificats ont été recueillis et analysés. Vingt-sept répondaient à la réglementation en vigueur dont deux (hors du champ des soins primaires) respectaient le contenu. Aucun support réglementaire n'a été retrouvé pour les 15 autres certificats. Le flou réglementaire autour des accidents sportifs, ou encore l'abus d'autorité, sont des éléments d'explication de ces certificats sans support réglementaire existant ou respecté. Le médecin généraliste est mis dans une position difficile et ambivalente. Un engagement institutionnel important est à envisager pour la rationalisation des certificats médicaux, en particulier par la formation médicale, l'éducation en santé des usagers et la mise en application de la loi. Medical certificates have a regular place in general medicine consultation. Since 2011, the french law has highlighted the absence of regulatory support of certain certificates, in particular of public services. The objective of this study was to find out which regulatory texts were based on the medical certificates required by a municipal administration, 8 years after the 2011 rationalization circular? Qualitative study by observation and critical analysis of certificates by literature reviews according to the main PRISMA quality criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes). The first step consisted of the exhaustive collection of the medical certificates provided by the municipality, for the citizens or the employees of the city. The origin of one of the municipal services was the only criterion for inclusion. The second stage consisted in analyzing the certificates according to the law by using databases classified depending on their level, taking their regulatory value into account as a priority. The research equations were constructed with an inductive process as the certificates were collected. Forty-two certificates were collected and analyzed. Twenty-seven had regulatory support, two of which (not concerned in general medicine) complied with its content. No regulatory support was found for the 15 other certificates. The regulatory vagueness around sports accidents, or even the abuse of authority, are explanations for these certificates without existing or respected regulatory support. The general practitioner is put in a difficult and ambivalent position. A major institutional commitment should be considered for the rationalization of medical certificates, in particular through medical education, health education for users and law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiotherapy alone or in association with systemic treatment plays a major role in the treatment of head and neck tumours, either as a primary treatment or as a postoperative modality. The management of these tumours is multidisciplinary, requiring particular care at every treatment step. We present the update of the recommendations of the French Society of Radiation Oncology on the radiotherapy of head and neck tumours from the imaging work-up needed for optimal selection of treatment volume, to optimization of the dose distribution and delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to describe the regulatory framework of the radiotherapy practice in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an update of the French society of oncological radiotherapy recommendation regarding indication, doses, and technique of radiotherapy for intrathoracic metastases. The recommendations for delineation of the target volumes and critical organs are detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible insects constitute a sustainable and alternative source of nutrients: they have potential to become a valuable protein source for addressing animal and human markets addressing part of the global food demand. After protein, the second largest fraction of the insect is constituted of lipids. Lipids can represent 10 to 15% of the insect in dry matter, making this fraction one of the major co-products of insect industry. The composition of the insect fat may change in terms of quantity and composition of fatty acids profile. Insect species, stage of growth, extraction technologies are some parameters that can impact the fat quality. Many applications of insect fat are naturally focusing on animal nutrition to replace vegetal or fish oil in poultry or aqua feed. Health or human food applications are also envisaged to replace vegetal oil or butter in processed foods, and some technical and sensory tests are reported in this review. However, these last applications, concerning food are submitted to the regulation and especially to the Novel Food EU regulation. For these reasons, it is important to have more data about safety and innocuity of insect fats: a first study is dealing with this aspect, showing an absence of toxicity. Finally, some energy or surfactant applications can also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions raised by inputs in their diverse forms have recently beneficiated from an interest by both general public and authorities. This societal demand is reflected in a substantial increase and diversification of alternative solutions to chemical inputs, whether with biocontrol products for plant protection, fertilization or biostimulation. Authorities now seek to set rules around the use of new inputs and are publishing new regulations. That is the reason why a special category of inputs called Préparations Naturelles Peu Préoccupantes (Low Concern Natural Products) was defined in 2006 in France. This category includes basic substances, but also natural substances for biostimulant use that have recently undergone a major change in their regulations, the consequences of which are analyzed here in terms of number of authorized substances. The most exhaustive list of authorized natural substances for biostimulant use is obtained from various official documents concerning plants considered as food for humans and animals. The considerable increase in the number of natural substances for biostimulant use is an opportunity for farmers and represents an unprecedented evolution in regulation, moving from a positive approach with explicitly allowed substances to a negative approach where some substances are banned and all others are allowed. This paper aims to clarify the situation by providing farmers with a database of usable plants without fear that the substance or plant could be considered as non-edible by authorities, and therefore subject to other constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platform work confronts traditional social security law in two dimensions. First, it makes the distinction between dependent and independent work uncertain and unclear, as the borderline between these blur. This is a profound challenge for social security law, because the criteria of dependent and independent work have to be precise. In the determination of work as dependent or independent, German law illustrates that a shift has taken place in determining employment status, moving from external and objective criteria to the contracting parties' decision, which is to be executed under private law, but also respected under social security law. Second, platform work is heavily intertwined with digital communication, which has established a global environment for communication. Thereby, platform work can also facilitate international trade by making transnational work more accessible and efficient. Therefore, it seems necessary to examine the implications of platform work in international law. International law makes possible the choice of law, executed by the contracting parties. As a consequence, the protection of employees by social security law is related to the private law arrangements between the service provider and the service recipient. Gaps in social security protection of service providers are widespread. In many countries, awareness of the social protection deficits of platform workers has grown and responses to improve the social status of platform workers have come under scrutiny. Analysis reveals that there is a joint responsibility of the service provider and the service recipient to be bound to social security coverage under the same national legislation. Nevertheless, from an international law perspective, it is shown that reforms are confronted with restrictions under international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decriminalization of cannabis in Canada has required a host of regulatory changes at the federal, provincial, and municipal levels. Provinces have operationalized the development of legal markets in very different ways, offering an opportunity to perform comparative analysis of business responses. This article outlines and delineates the various regulatory frameworks that have been employed at the provincial level, discusses how they have impacted the development of the legal cannabis market, and considers how they have resulted in some further regulatory changes. After reviewing coevolution as a conceptual framework, the implementation of legalization of recreational cannabis is discussed, followed by an exploration of different provincial approaches at a general level. The effects of that framework on the first phase of legal market operations are explored, with a focus on issues emanating from regulatory choices through discussions of five regions: British Columbia, the Prairies, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick; each section exemplifying different priorities in the regulatory choices. Several themes emerge in the discussion. First, provincial approaches to retail licence approval have created severe bottlenecks, affecting consumer access to legal recreational cannabis. Additionally, the regulatory framework for those licences has resulted in a chilling effect on many potential entrepreneurs. Second, a reduction in black market sales has not yet occurred, largely due to the failure of some provinces to adequately provide retail licences and support legal distribution channels, or to operationalize the retail sales network. Third, many provinces struggled with operationalizing wholesale distribution to the retail stores, initially leading to administrative restrictions on store licences. Finally, issues of fairness and equity, effective displacement of the illegal market, government's role as a market regulator and participant, and other issues that emerge from the critical comparison of the provincial markets are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Colombia, the issue of waste discharges derived from the tanning process to water bodies is a scenario that has been widely documented. However, measurement exercises have failed to identify improvements in this process that integrates administrative knowledge with concepts of labor, social and environmental welfare. The present article is the culmination of research conducted within the framework of the project “Estudio comparativo de la administración y las repercusiones socio-ambientales en las empresas del sector de curtiembre. Case Bogotá (Barrio San Benito), Case Barranquilla and Case Villapinzón (Cundinamarca)” (Comparative study of the administration and the socio-environmental repercussions in tanning sector companies. Case Bogotá (Barrio San Benito), Case Barranquilla and Case Villapinzón (Cundinamarca)) concerning the administrative practices and the negative effects derived from the absence of management systems for negative externalities caused to the environment by companies in the tanning sector. The study was developed as follows: initially, a systematic documentary review of the laws, decrees and regulations that have a direct or indirect impact on the tanning sector was carried out, followed by field work using data collection instruments (questionnaires) in the San Benito neighborhood (Bogotá), in the town of Villapinzón (Cundinamarca) and in the city of Barranquilla (Atlántico), where there are formal and informal work clusters dedicated to the leather industry. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between administrative styles and formal processes of strategic planning activities development with the adoption of dumping control systems and other aspects related to environmental management, oriented to the organizational level. Based on the above, the information was analyzed with emphasis on those companies with a common denominator in their control strategies in relation to those policies that were the result of administrative and business practices and that finally led to the desired effects in the social, environmental and economic spheres. Finally, the discussion section focuses on the recognition of these good practices and the possibility that they could be replicated by other actors on the global level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This article is based on a panel discussion at McMaster University in 2019. Analysis Five questions are posed: 1) What is pressing about research on platforms and power right now? 2) What is the most powerful example of a research design that could disrupt or transform platform power? 3) Can platforms and algorithms be liberating? 4) How can researchers and policymakers work together for change? 5) What regulatory futures should researchers attend to, and how can research contribute to platform regulation? Conclusions and implications Panel participants provide insights into the questions posed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scrap metal theft and collection has captured the attention of criminology and criminal justice scholars. Mainstream criminological research on scrap metal theft is focused on opportunity theory, arguing that theft can be reduced through stringent regulation of buying and selling by salvage yards. Alternatively, cultural criminology has examined the issue in ethnographic research exploring dumpster diving and scrounging. Additional conceptual tools are needed to analyze regulation of urban metal collecting, which leads us outside of criminology. The present study draws from urban studies and socio-legal studies to conduct a case study of the policing and regulation of scrap metal theft in Winnipeg, Canada. Using multiple methods including interviews, observations, analysis of news media and municipal regulations, we examine how scrap metal collection and processing is regulated in the city. We found four layers of regulation and law: federal, provincial, municipal laws, and what we refer to as the law of the lane. Our analysis contributes to literature on urban scrap and metal collecting and well as socio-legal literature on urban forms of regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En France, la recherche clinique sur les personnes humaines est encadrée sur le plan réglementaire par la loi Jardé dont les décrets d'application ont été publiés en novembre 2016. L'autorisation d'un comité de protection des personnes est obligatoire pour les recherches interventionnelles et non interventionnelles. Les études sur données provenant des dossiers patients dans le cadre du soin, souvent utilisées pour les travaux de thèse ou de publication, ne sont pas considérées comme des recherches sur les personnes humaines. Ces données médicales sont des données à caractère personnel. La commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés a également un rôle réglementaire important au cours des recherches cliniques afin de garantir le respect de la réglementation sur les données personnelles. Nous détaillons dans cet article les différents types de recherches, les différentes instances réglementaires et la conduite à tenir en pratique pour effectuer un travail de recherche. In France, clinical research involving human beings is regulated by the Jardé's law since November 2016. The law distinguishes interventional and non-interventional studies. Both need to be authorized by a Persons Protection Committee. Studies performed on medical data collected during standard clinical care are not considered as studies involving human beings. Medical data are personal data. French Data Protection Authority National has an important role, guarantying the respect of regulation on personal data. We summarize in this article the different types of studies and the role of regulatory authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on data received from pension supervisory authorities, the article reviews 85 different pension schemes in 44 jurisdictions by looking at fees and charges as well as their legal ceilings and their development since 2014. A key finding is the observed decrease in fees and caps. The article presents jurisdictions according to clusters, i.e. by groups of countries with identical or very similar items already covered by pension fees, and analyses the extent to which various cost and fee elements are covered by fees charged to members. Finally, we calculate charge ratios for each cluster to quantify the impact of fees and charges on pension savings. Occupational defined contribution pension schemes and personal plans linked to employment tend to be much more cost effective than personal schemes that have no direct employment link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Referring to "decent work" implies thinking not only about the significant burden that follows from the concept, but even more about the applicability, sustainability and guarantee that derive from legal systems in order to dignify both the trade and the worker. In this sense, this article refers to specific guidelines of the International Labour Organization in terms of social protection and promotion of labor rights, more generation of quality jobs, sustainable and finally social dialogue, aspects that have been subsumed in our internal regulations and therefore patents in the application of these provisions, especially in labor matters. In this way and supported in the legal field, it is hypothesized that the applicability of what "decent work" means in the workers of the agricultural sector, is still deficient, nevertheless, of being a normative requirement. To achieve this goal, the subject is approached from a qualitativedescriptive analysis which allows to enter more objectively in the understanding of the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of industrial disaster risks was raised at the earliest stages of industrialization and has been addressed, particularly since the 1970s, by European regulations, i.e. the Seveso directives and their national adaptation. Following the disaster at the AZF plant in Toulouse (September 2001), a specific text was adopted by the French State: The Major Technological and Natural Risks Act, commonly known as the "Bachelot Act" (July 2003). This act aims, notably, to implement Technological Risks Prevention Plans (PPRTs) in "upper-tier Seveso" sites. In this perspective, we deal with the shaping of a PPRT in an industrial port area, that of Le Havre-Gonfreville. The analysis of the conditions, forms and effects of the setting-up of the PPRT leads to two conclusions. On the one hand, we observe that the notion of "economic acceptability", which allows companies to challenge administrative requirements, although regulatory, is not defined by any specific regulation. As a result, the Bachelot Act designed to protect urban areas, ultimately creates a tension between Seveso and non-Seveso economic activities. On the other hand, our paper shows that, in order to defuse this tension, local decision-makers engaged in a process of distorting the Bachelot Act, which was accepted by the State through local arrangements. In the end, in such an industrial port area, the Bachelot Act had the effect of tightening risk prevention, but not without coming up against the limits set by the undefined notion of economic acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the role of digital literacy as a digital strategy policy goal in Canada. It reviews previous framings of digital literacy and suggests how they could be broadened to avoid an overly superficial treatment of Canadians' negotiation of digital culture and policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that a January 2015 speech by former Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) Chairman Jean-Pierre Blais represented a moment of regulatory revelation for digital Canada. In the speech, Blais proclaimed that his Canada included over-the-air (OTA) television, elevating the profile of OTA television delivery, spectrum, and infrastructure in the process. This article discusses the policy implications of the CRTC's vision of an alternative path for Canada's television broadcast system. It is a vision that deviates from the subscription-based cable, satellite, and Internet Protocol television modes of delivery in Canada and positions OTA as a viable component of Canada's television delivery future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses how the norm against mercenarism shapes the legitimate parameters of exchange in the market for military outsourcing. The dominant interpretation of this dynamic is that neoliberal states and private military companies (PMCs) have come to restrict their transactions to non-combat functions in order to circumvent contemporary articulations of this norm. The article, by contrast, contends that even within these narrowed parameters of exchange, neoliberal states and PMCs have been required to work through the norm against mercenarism. Using the ‘global security assemblages’ approach, and drawing upon new data relating to the UK case, it explores how the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and PMCs have sought to appropriate symbolic capital from a domestic private security licensing regime so as to distance their non-combat transactions from the norm against mercenarism. In so doing, it facilitates a reappraisal of the regulatory potential of this norm within today’s pluralised military landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mostassaf is the custodian of weights and measurements; he controls and intervenes in production, sales conditions, the quality of products, the management of the market space's sanitation, consumer protection and fraud. His action suggests a new reading of the frameworks of the trades' regulation of work in their day-to-day application. By intervening in the quality of the products or in the form sales take, does the mostassaf contribute to the standards of the trades or does he restrict them? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le don volontaire et non rémunéré est préconisé par toutes les instances internationales – OMS/Conseil de l’Europe/ISBT/EBA – car il représente la meilleure façon de tendre vers l’autosuffisance en produits sanguins de toutes natures, tout en assurant un niveau de qualité et de sécurité optimal tant pour les patients que pour les donneurs. Encore minoritaire, notamment dans les pays en voie de développement, il tend à se développer. Toutefois, l’objectif fixé par l’OMS d’atteindre 100 % de dons volontaires et non rémunérés en 2020 semble très ambitieux, notamment pour la collecte de plasma destiné à l’industrie du fractionnement. L’évaluation des directives européennes portant sur le don d’éléments issus du corps humain devrait permettre une proche harmonisation des pratiques des différents États membres. The voluntary and unpaid blood donation is recommended by all international authorities (WHO, Council of Europe, ISBT, EBA), because it represents the best way of aiming towards self-sufficiency in blood products of all kinds, while preserving an optimal level of quality and safety for recipients as for donors. Still infrequent in many developing countries it tends to develop. However, the objective assigned by the WHO to reach 100% of unpaid and voluntary blood donations in 2020 appears ambitious, in particular for the collection of plasma intended to the splitting industry. The close evaluation of European directives concerning the donation of human body elements should allow harmonization of practices by Member States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les différentes affaires sanitaires qui ont eu lieu en France depuis une quarantaine d’années ont influencé la réglementation des produits cosmétiques. L’influence la plus évidente est celle de « L’affaire du talc Morhange » qui a initié leur réglementation. Par la suite, « L’Affaire du sang contaminé », par le biais de la création de l’Afssaps, a donné aux produits cosmétiques une autorité de tutelle et les fait désormais classer comme des produits de santé. Enfin, plus récemment « L’Affaire Médiator » a entraîné, entre autres, une prise de conscience de la notion de conflits d’intérêt dans le domaine des produits de santé, donc des produits cosmétiques. The various health scandals which have happened in France over the past 40 years have influenced the regulation of cosmetic products. The most obvious influence is the “Talc Morhange Scandal” which triggered their regulation. Then, “the Infected Blood Scandal”, through the creation of Afssaps, provided a regulatory authority for cosmetics products and from then onwards, they were classed as health products. Lastly, one of the effects of the more recent “Médiator scandal” was to bring about an awareness concerning the notion of conflicts of interests in the field of health products, therefore including cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I test for the effects on retail gasoline prices of a price regulation introduced in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in July 2006. Using a difference-in-differences empirical model, I find that prices decreased (relative to the control group) only in New Brunswick after the regulation’s introduction. Further analysis suggests that prices could also have decreased in Nova Scotia if the regulation in that province had been better designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement burn is a common cause of chemical burns in France. They usually need surgical treatment. This retrospective study was performed among 49 patients, aged 21-71 years, admitted to the St Joseph-St Luc Hospital in Lyon, France. Patients were mainly male, fairly young (mean 44 years) and had a professional activity, although burns usually occurred at home. Burns were deep, on the lower limbs, and were not extensive (3% TBS). All but one patient needed grafting, performed on d13. LOS was eight days. Seven patients had to be admitted to a rehabilitation centre afterwards. This study confirms the local seriousness of cement burns. It emphasises their socio-economic impact since they occur in job-active patients. Education on cement hazards should be developed, targeting this population, who are seldom building professionals. Current regulations, classifying cement as an 'irritant', do not address the causticity of wet cement and should be amended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The island of Newfoundland has an isolated electrical grid. In recent years, its regulated price of electricity has deviated substantially from marginal cost. This has led to economic inefficiency, causing significant welfare costs, higher electricity consumption, and excess reliance on thermal generation. In the next few years, substantial but costly hydroelectric capacity will be constructed, largely displacing reliance on thermal generation. In tandem with that new generation, subsea transmission facilities ending Newfoundland’s isolation from the North American grid will be put in place. However, without a change in the governing legislation and the regulatory framework, economic efficiency will remain unattainable. Policy reforms that support efficient pricing and adapt the regulatory regime to the new circumstances are called for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise can cause marine mammals to interrupt their feeding, alter their vocalizations, or leave important habitat, among other behavioural responses. The current North American paradigm for regulating activities that may result in behavioural responses identifies received levels (RL) of sound at which individuals are predicted to display significant behavioural responses (often termed harassment). The recurrent conclusion about the need for considering context of exposure, in addition to RL, when assessing probability and severity of behavioural responses led us to conduct a systematic literature review (370 papers) and analysis (79 studies, 195 data cases). The review summarized the critical and complex role of context of exposure. The analysis emphasized that behavioural responses in cetaceans (measured via a linear severity scale) were best explained by the interaction between sound source type (continuous, sonar, or seismic/explosion) and functional hearing group (a proxy for hearing capabilities). Importantly, more severe behavioural responses were not consistently associated with higher RL and vice versa. This indicates that monitoring and regulation of acoustic effects from activities on cetacean behaviour should not exclusively rely upon generic multispecies RL thresholds. We recommend replacing the behavioural response severity score with a response/no response dichotomous approach that can represent a measure of impact in terms of habitat loss and degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern western societies are becoming increasingly diverse, undergoing rapid demographic change as a product of new patterns of migration driven by processes of globalization. As populations and cultures have become more heterogeneous in this way, public space has been increasingly defined as a space of encounter. The growing focus on the significance of everyday contact with difference raises questions about the frameworks within which such encounters occur and, specifically, the extent to which incidental encounters are shaped or regulated by perceptions of formal obligations to comply with legislative frameworks, or informal expectations about appropriate ways of behaving in public space. Using original empirical data about what ordinary people think about equality laws, the paper contributes to social geographies by considering the spatial sensitivities and regulatory frameworks that shape encounters with difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using rich administrative tax data, this article offers new evidence on the role of size as well as the private-public distinction in the operation of foundations. Large private foundations have average disbursements just above the minimum requirement, while large public, medium-sized public, and medium-sized private foundations have average disbursements well in excess of the minimum. This suggests consideration of a looser regulatory environment for medium foundations as has recently been implemented for small foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I explore arenas of contention in which long haul truckers' workplace mobilities are enmeshed. I critically analyze the grounded implications of Hours of Service (HoS) regulations, a primary regulatory mechanism for addressing the dangers posed by truck driver fatigue. I argue that HoS regulations enforce a neoliberal individualization of responsibility that fails to account for industry power dynamics or truckers' lived experiences of labour mobility. These dynamics add to concerns about the potential exploitation of migrant truck drivers, including through the Temporary Foreign Worker Program. Inasmuch as they fail to address the classed, gendered and racialized dynamics of trucking mobilities, HoS regulations are implicated in perpetuating hierarchies of power in the industry. As such, they are inadequate and - in contextually specific ways - counterproductive to promoting employment equity or overall public safety. These issues are particularly evident in the contentious politics of blame concerning heavy truck-involved collisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In France, a derogation to pesticide regulation allows spraying on blooms with insecticides or acaricides bearing the bee label (mention « Abeilles »), but only when no bees are foraging on crops. Nevertheless, no decision rule is available for farmers to assess bees' absence on the crop. To fill this gap, the Ministry of Agriculture initiated a reflection about environmental and climatic factors influencing the presence of forager bees. This review takes an inventory of data available about foraging activity according to environment or weather. Decision rules based on such criteria appear inappropriate. Only nocturnal sprays of pesticides on crops significantly reduce the risk of bees' exposure to chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-enterprises have traditionally been considered a burden for development, from both the theoretical perspective of social sciences as well as policy praxis. However, for some years now, some of the specialized literature has presented evidence that despite their low productivity, the contribution of the informal economy to job creation and income in less-developed economies is significant. Given that other countries have begun to develop policies to encourage productivity in the informal sector, the main purpose of this paper is to understand, through a review of the regulations that support micro-enterprises, as well as new decrees and regulations, the current position of Mexico in this debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La transfusion est actuellement encadrée par des règles et des références scientifiques extrêmement rassurantes. Les acteurs intervenant à ces différentes étapes doivent connaître les exigences relatives à sa pratique au risque de voir leur responsabilité engagée, ou celle de l'établissement où ils travaillent, en cas de dommage occasionné au patient du fait de l'absence de leur respect. La loi no 03-94 relative au don, au prélèvement et à l'utilisation du sang et les textes pris pour son application nécessitent une mise au point des exigences législatives et réglementaires qui encadrent la transfusion au Maroc. Elle encourage le don de sang anonyme, volontaire et bénévole et elle prévoit une série de dispositions pour la sélection des candidats au don du sang, la collecte, la qualification biologique du don, la préparation, la conservation, la délivrance du sang et de ses composantes ainsi que pour l'hémovigilance. Cet article mettra le point sur la réglementation marocaine relative à l'ensemble du processus transfusionnel de la prescription jusqu'au suivi du receveur en se limitant à l'utilisation des produits sanguins labiles. Il a pour objectif d'identifier les principales exigences réglementaires afin d'adapter le même niveau des connaissances des personnels et de les maîtriser malgré un environnement difficile et dans le respect des droits des patients au regard des bénéfices et des conséquences de l'acte transfusionnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linseed and hempseed oils characteristics. Linseed and hempseed oils belong to the family of vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids containing alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). According to nutritional surveys, the recommended daily amounts of ALA are not fulfilled, leading to a non-optimised balance between omega 6 and 3 in the diet; in this context, vegetable oil sources of ALA have their role to play. Authorisations for food uses or regulation in the specific case of linseed oil in France have taken this nutritional asset into account, provided that the conditions of storage and utilisation are mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supermarkets require considerable amount of electricity and gas for refrigeration and maintenance of comfortable retail environment conditions. They are also responsible for a large amount of both direct and indirect CO 2 emissions. Nowadays advanced refrigeration systems for supermarkets can reduce both annual energy consumption and total equivalent warming impact. One of these advanced solutions is the water-loop self-contained refrigeration system, where the thermal power of each cabinet is rejected to a fluid-loop, refrigerated either by a dry-cooler or by a central chiller. In this study the performances of a real water-loop self-contained plant are analyzed to establish whether the activation of the water-loop chiller is energy effective or not varying the external air temperature. The activation strategy of the chiller is a crucial issue, which dramatically affects the energy performances of the whole system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le tabagisme est la première cause évitable de morbidité et de mortalité. On estime qu’il y a eu environ 14 millions de fumeurs en France en 2012 et que le tabac est responsable de 70 000 décès par an. Toute intervention qui réduit efficacement l’incidence et la prévalence du tabagisme est à considérer pour prolonger l’espérance de vie. La cigarette électronique (cig.e.) est un phénomène de société, mais elle est aussi un produit qui délivre des substances pharmacologiquement actives et qui concerne aujourd’hui plusieurs millions de personnes en France. De ce fait, il est devenu indispensable pour la pratique clinique, d’avoir un certain niveau de connaissances sur les cig.e. La très grande majorité des cig.e. contient de la nicotine ; c’est un système électronique de délivrance de nicotine (SEDEN) ( electronic nicotine delivery system [ENDS]). Il est vraisemblable que les SEDEN, produits de consommation et non produits de santé, délivrent la nicotine avec une bonne biodisponibilité et peuvent contribuer, s’ils sont utilisés largement, à la réduction de la prévalence du tabagisme. Cependant, en l’absence de réglementation, à ce jour, le rapport bénéfice/risque des SEDEN comme aide à l’arrêt de la consommation tabagique et leur profil d’effets indésirables ne peuvent pas être évalués. C’est une responsabilité de santé publique de promouvoir l’acquisition des connaissances fondées sur les preuves pour connaître leur rapport bénéfice/risque. Smoking is the first avoidable cause of morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that there were around 14 million smokers in France in 2012 and that smoking results in 70,000 deaths per year. All types of interventions reducing with efficacy the incidence and prevalence of smoking are to consider in prolonging life expectancy. Electronic cigarettes (e.cig.) are a social phenomenon but they also are a system delivering pharmacologically active substances; their use concerns today several millions of individuals in France. By this fact, it became important for clinical practitioners to acquire some knowledge about e. cig. Most of the e.cig. contains nicotine, thus, e.cig. are now called in the medical literature as electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS). It is highly plausible that ENDS, which are, as of today, consumer products and not health products, deliver nicotine with a good bioavailability and could, if largely used, help to reduce smoking prevalence. However, because of current lack of regulations, as of today, the risk/benefit ratio of ENDS as an aid to help smokers quit and their adverse effect profile cannot be established. It is of public health responsibility to promote evidence based knowledge about e.cig. to know with confidence their risk/benefit ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate four household water treatment (HWT) products currently seeking approval for distribution in Haiti, through the application of a recently-developed national HWT product certification process. Methods Four chemical treatment products were evaluated against the certification process validation stage by verifying international product certifications confirming treatment efficacy and reviewing laboratory efficacy data against WHO HWT microbiological performance targets; and against the approval stage by confirming product composition, evaluating treated water chemical content against national and international drinking water quality guidelines and reviewing packaging for dosing ability and usage directions in Creole. Results None of the four evaluated products fulfilled validation or approval stage requirements. None was certified by an international agency as efficacious for drinking water treatment, and none had data demonstrating its ability to meet WHO HWT performance targets. All product sample compositions differed from labelled composition by >20%, and no packaging included complete usage directions in Creole. Conclusions Product manufacturers provided information that was inapplicable, did not demonstrate product efficacy, and was insufficient to ensure safe product use. Capacity building is needed with country regulatory agencies to objectively evaluate HWT products. Products should be internationally assessed against WHO performance targets and also locally approved, considering language, culture and usability, to ensure effective HWT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les indications des traitements délivrés en conditions stéréotaxiques connaissent, à l’heure actuelle, un développement considérable devant l’émergence de nouvelles indications. Les conditions de réalisation de ces traitements sont multiples. L’étape initiale est essentielle, elle concerne la validité de l’indication au regard du niveau de preuve grâce auquel elle est proposée en réunion de concertation multidisciplinaire. Ces techniques émergentes ne bénéficient pas d’évaluation à long terme pouvant être considérée comme définitives pour les traitements extracrâniens, d’une part, de leur efficacité et, d’autre part, des seuils de tolérance des tissus sains. C’est dire la priorité qui doit être offerte aux patients de bénéficier des études cliniques prospectives, indépendantes, validées par un conseil scientifique indépendant, encadrées dans un programme d’assurance de qualité pertinent et multicentrique qui favorise la connaissance et la sélection des indications. La Société française de radiothérapie oncologique (SFRO) prépare dans son guide des procédures la description des conditions de réalisation de ces traitements et elle collabore avec tous les acteurs institutionnels à la rédaction de guide de pratique qui permettront d’offrir le cadre estimé prérequis indispensable à tous, patients et professionnels de la radiothérapie. Indications of treatment by stereotactic body radiotherapy are dramatically increasing due to new potential indications. The conditions associated with the treatment delivery are multiple. The first step of the process is crucial. It is related to the validation of the indication proposed during the multidisciplinary meeting as regard the evidence-based proof of the concept. These emerging techniques mainly extracranial stereotactic body irradiation do not benefit from long-term evaluation in terms of efficiency as well as normal tissue late toxicities. Priority should be given to prospective independent clinical trials, validated by an independent scientific committee, performed under a relevant and well dedicated multicentric quality assurance program aiming to improve knowledge and selection of indications. The SFRO is still working with others professionals on the definition of the conditions for the implementation of such treatments and actively collaborates with the authorities to define the appropriate conditions to preserve the quality of the treatment delivery under these specific conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the legal and regulatory instruments for water quality management that have been set in place in Singapore for control of water pollution, and their evolution since the time of independence in 1965. The role of institutions in the strict implementation of the laws and regulations is also discussed, with special emphasis on the efficient inter-institutional coordination machinery that has made it possible. The analyses show that overall long-term planning and policy-making and a strong political will have been instrumental to give all aspects of water management high priority in the national agenda, thus directly supporting urban, industrial and commercial growth. EditorZ.W. Kundzewicz [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years Ontario's local electrical utilities, encouraged by the provincial government, have merged such that the number of utilities has been reduced from over 300 in the 1990s to 74 in 2011. This article examines the determinants of utility costs with a focus on whether larger utilities are more cost-effective than smaller ones. Based on the latest data, we find that costs decrease, although this is not statistically significant, up to 165,000 customers. Beyond 400,000 customers, significant cost increases are encountered, and therefore mergers beyond this size should not be allowed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]