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The provision of rule of law and justice contributes to the building of equitable, inclusive, and economically prosperous societies. However, mere legal protection of the rights of the people in developing societies remains insufficient to ensure due protections guaranteed by the law. This study examines the impact of a legal empowerment project in the two districts of rural Punjab in Pakistan through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The findings show that the project leads to awareness and fulfilment of rights, financial empowerment, agency development, especially of women, and reduction of oppression, exploitation, and injustice. It plays a significant role in building inclusive and sustainable societies where accountable public services are available and accessible to all without discrimination. This study emphasizes how the state including public and private administrative bodies should instead of oppressing, exploiting, or ignoring the needy masses create opportunities for them and develop their set of capabilities. This multidimensional paralegal assistance model rooted in existing community-based structures and support is scalable and adaptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study highlights the creative use of deviation as a stylistic device for presenting linguistic innovations in the novel Duty Free (originally published in 2011) written in English by a Pakistani writer Moni Mohsin. It has been explored how and to what extent the eight types of deviation, such as lexical, grammatical, semantic, phonological, graphological, dialectal, deviation of register, and deviation of historical period suggested by Geoffrey N. Leech have been employed by Moni Mohsin in her novel. By identifying how morphological, compound, and idiomatic neologisms have been created, words from native languages have been borrowed, and innovative similes, metaphors, and tautologies rooted in Pakistani culture have been employed, the study helps in understanding the extent to which novel uses of English language create unique stylistic effects, add to the richness and vitality of English, and cause variation simultaneously. Deviation of historical period and certain subcategories of phonological deviation have not been found. The study has implications for Pakistani English, lexicology, stylistic foregrounding, and creative writing in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technical and non-technical presentations made in English by the undergraduate engineering students at the University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Lahore include lab and survey report presentations, project presentations, mid-term or final term presentations in English. The goal of the study was to figure out the engineering students' reasons behind feeling anxious while giving presentations in English at UET Lahore. For this purpose, 518 undergraduate engineering students from UET, Lahore filled a questionnaire and responded to an open-ended question to determine the causes of anxiety. The data was coded and categorized using in vivo coding system. Findings indicate that the participants mainly experience anxiety due to poor proficiency in English, fear of judgment by the audience, lack of confidence, lack of exposure to speaking English and making presentations in English at school or college level, poor preparation or practice, and insufficient linguistic input. The study has implications for specific lingual assessments, English as a foreign language, and psycholinguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In data analysis, the first step for broad analysis is outlying items. Outlying items cause false results, biased parameter estimation and model misspecification. Some of the methods for detection of outlier are: Distance based method, Distribution based method, Density based method and Clustering based method. In this research, clustering based method is used for outlying items. The purpose of this study is to detect outlier in multivariate data by performing cluster analysis. The K means and Partitioning Around Medoid (PAM) methods were performed. After cluster the data outliers are detected by measuring distance. The comparison of the clustering techniques in outlier detection methods are analyzed. The secondary data was used for analysis. In this data set impact of zinc phosphide with three sub lethal doses (concentrations) on different body tissues of rat are used to find any anomalies. R software was used for data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester. In 2010, PLA became the second highest consumed bioplastic in the world due to its wide application. Conventionally, PLA is produced by direct condensation of lactic acid monomer and ring opening polymerization of lactide, resulting in lower molecular weight and lesser strength of polymer. Furthermore, conventional methods of PLA production require a catalyst which makes it inappropriate for biomedical applications. Newer method utilizes metabolic engineering of microorganism for direct production of PLA through fermentation which produces good quality and high molecular weight and yield as compared to conventional methods. PLA is used as decomposing packaging material, sheet casting, medical implants in the form of screw, plate, and rod pin, etc. The main focus of the review is to highlight the synthesis of PLA by various polymerization methods that mainly include metabolic engineering fermentation as well as salient biomedical applications of PLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipases are important hydrolytic enzymes that hydrolyze long chain triacylglycerol into diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acids. Lipases are found in microorganisms, fungi, plants and animals. Commercially, useful extracellular lipases are isolated from different bacterial species, including Bacillus, Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Chromobacterium species. Among the Pseudomonas species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. cepacia and P. fluorescence are the major producers of lipases. Bacterial lipases have great industrial applications because of their stability, selectivity and broad substrate specificity. Due to their large scale application in industrial sectors, attention is given to isolate Pseudomonas lipases. In this review, purification strategies for lipases isolated from Pseudomonas species have been focussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]