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Football players frequently face the occurrence of non-contact injuries. Although there are likely multiple factors that contribute to increased risk of non-contact injury, it remains a challenge to correlate all these factors. However, it is not clear how much of individual training abilities may interfere in these events. As such, the primary aim of the present study was to determine whether the reduction of functional performance of the thigh in the isokinetic knee tests, anthropometric and morbid history can establish risk factors for lower-limb musculoskeletal injuries throughout the season. The incidence of injuries and odds ratios were calculated for suspected risk factors. Hamstring/Quadriceps conventional ratio outside of the safety range (55–64%) may be involved in the occurrence of non-contact muscle injuries and the risk for any musculoskeletal injuries in the lower extremities is 16 times higher when extensor peak of torque exceeds 10% and 12 times higher when flexor peak of torque difference was greater than 10%. This kind of evaluation can result in intervention programs that may decrease the risk of lower-limb musculoskeletal injuries. Based on these results we can establish a specific and individualized exercise program for each athlete and thus protect them during the season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study of risk factors for antisocial and delinquent behavior has flourished in the past 20 years, as great strides have been made in understanding the developmental pathways that give rise to the onset, course, and desistance of the behavior. However, as a body of literature, risk factor research (RFR) is characterized by heterogeneity in definitions, conceptualization, and measurement of key constructs that can make it difficult to discern robust from spurious findings. This may pose challenges to child-serving agencies invested in developing crime reduction policies and programs but lack the resources to carefully comb through and make sense of the literature. Objective: This article reviews the terminological, conceptual, and methodological issues in the RFR literature with an aim towards clarifying some of the inconsistencies that limit interpretation and application of findings. Risk factors related to antisocial and delinquent behavior are used to illustrate the concepts discussed. Method: We reviewed the RFR literature pertaining to antisocial and delinquent behavior in children and youth to identify key concepts and discrepancies in this area. Conclusions: The literature would be well served if researchers were consistent in their use of terminology to describe the effects of risk factors on antisocial and delinquent behavior. There is also a need to study the processes and causal mechanisms that link past events to future outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]