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Background: The health benefits of anthocyanins impel researchers and food producers to explorer new methods to increase anthocyanin contents in plant foods. Our previous studies revealed a positive role of nitric oxide (NO) in anthocyanin accumulation in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts. The application of hemin, an inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), can effectively elevate NO production in vivo. Hemin treatment also improves plant growth and stress tolerance. This study is aimed to assess the effects of hemin treatment on anthocyanin production in radish sprouts, and to investigate whether NO signalling is involved in this process. Results: The application of hemin significantly up regulated the expressions of many anthocyanins biosynthesis related structure and regulatory genes, leading to increased anthocyanins accumulation in radish hypocotyls. Hemin treatment also raised NO contents in radish sprouts, probably through enhancing nitrate reductase (NR) activity and Nitric Oxide-Associated 1 (NOA1) expression. Comparing the effects of Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZnPP, HO-1 activity inhibitor), Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor) and carboxy-PTIO (cPTIO, NO-scavenger) on anthocyanin and NO production, a positive role of NO signalling has been revealed in hemin-derived anthocyanin accumulation. A positive feedback loop between HO-1 and NO may be involved in regulating this process. Conclusions: Hemin induced anthocyanin accumulation in radish sprouts through HO-1 and NO signalling network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People have used plants as medications since the beginning of history. With the advancement in science, people headed more towards using synthetic drugs. However, with the rise of problems like the toxic side effects of these drugs as in the case of chemotherapy, and the origin of drug resistant bacteria, the need has come for developing new drugs. The safest source of developing new drugs is natural products from plants. In this study, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of radish sprouts extracts was tested. Radish seeds were planted and watered until they sprouted. Sprouts were then dried and grinded. Radish sprouts were soaked in three different solvents, (100% water, 100% ethanol, and 80% ethanol) for three hours with sonication, and then solvents were evaporated using rotary evaporator at 40 C°. Radish sprouts extracts were then tested for anticancer activity against MCF7 and HT29 cancer cells. Their antimicrobial activity for different types of positive and negative gram bacteria (E. coli, S. pneumonia, and S. aureus) was also tested using disk-diffusion method. Results showed that radish sprouts have anticancer activity against HT29 and MCF7. The most drastic effect was observed for radish sprouts extracted with 100% ethanol against MCF7 cells where 62% of cells were found dead compared to the control. No antimicrobial activity was observed for the radish sprouts extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Se (Selenium) treatment on nutritional quality in radish sprouts. The results showed that 15 µM sodium selenite significantly increased phenolics compounds, flavonoids compounds, anthocyanins, and some essential amino acid content, while improving the total antioxidant capacity of radish sprouts. Besides, the Se‐enriched radish sprouts significantly alleviated the liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mice and improved the antioxidant capacity of the liver in mice, whereas the Se‐enriched radish sprouts alleviated the inflammatory reaction and apoptosis caused by CCl4. These results imply that Se‐enriched radish sprouts have a positive impact on mice with CCl4‐induced liver injury, and that in future Se‐enriched radish sprouts could be developed into an effective food and health care product for the liver injury prevention. Practical Application: Because selenium is an essential trace element in the human body, selenium‐enriched sprouts can help eliminate free radicals in the body, relieve aging, and selenium‐deficient diseases. They are easy to grow and have low costs. Hence, selenium‐enriched sprouts have a great potential of being widely consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a notorious foodborne pathogen known to cause severe illnesses such as hemolytic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, with fresh produce consumption being implicated in recent outbreaks. The inappropriate use of antimicrobials to combat pathogens has led to the emergence and rapid dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms including pathogenic E. coli , presenting a significant risk to humans. Here, we isolated two E. coli O157:H7 infecting bacteriophages, PECP14 and PECP20, from irrigation water and city sewage, respectively, as alternatives to antimicrobials. Both phages were stable for at least 16 h in a broad range of pH (pH 3–11) and temperature (4–40 °C) conditions and have a double-stranded DNA chromosome. PECP14 and PECP20, classified under the Epseptimavirus and Mosigvirus genera, respectively, exhibit specificity in targeting different host receptors, BtuB protein and lipopolysaccharide. Interestingly, these phages demonstrate the ability to infect not only E. coli O157:H7 but also other foodborne enteric pathogens like Shigella sonnei and S. flexneri. Upon mixing phages with their respective host bacteria, rapid adsorption (at least 68 % adsorption within 10 min) and substantial bacterial lysis were observed. The efficacy of phage treatment was further validated through the reduction of E. coli O157:H7 on radish sprouts. Moreover, purified endolysins, LysPECP14 and LysPECP20, derived from each phage exhibited remarkable bacteriolytic activity against E. coli O157:H7 cells pretreated with EDTA. In particular, the activity of LysPECP20 was also noticeable against Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus , suggesting its potential for broader antimicrobial applications in food industry. The combined results showed that the phages PECP14, PECP20, and their endolysins could be used for biological control of E. coli O157:H7 in various circumstances, from production, harvesting, and storage stages to processing and distribution steps of agricultural products. • New lytic bacteriophages PECP14 and PECP20 were isolated from environmental samples. • Both infect and lyse various strains of EHEC serotype O157:H7 and some other enteric pathogens. • No harmful genes were present in the genomes of PECP14 and PECP20. • The phages exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against E. coli O157:H7 in radish sprouts. • Derived endolysins were also effective in controlling E. coli O157:H7 and some foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of gaseous essential oils (EO gases) against Listeria monocytogenes on the surfaces of a laboratory medium and radish sprouts. We determined the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) values of EO gases from eight EOs extracted from basil leaves, carrot seed, cinnamon bark, cinnamon leaves, clove flower buds, oregano leaves, thyme flowers (linalool), and thyme leaves (thymol) against L . monocytogenes on a nutrient agar supplemented with 1% glucose and 0.025% bromocresol purple (NGBA). Oregano, thyme thymol, and cinnamon bark EO gases showed the strongest antilisterial activities (MIC and MLC, 78.1 μL/L). We also investigated the inhibitory and lethal activities of these gases against L . monocytogenes on the surface of radish sprouts. The number of L . monocytogenes after exposure to EO gases at ≥ 156 μL/L was significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) lower than that of untreated L . monocytogenes . For example, the initial number of L . monocytogenes on the surface of radish sprouts (ca. 6.3 log CFU/g) decreased by 1.4 log CFU/g within 24 h at 30 °C and 43% relative humidity (RH) without EO gas treatment, whereas the number of L . monocytogenes after exposure to oregano, thyme thymol, and cinnamon bark EO gases at 156 μL/L decreased by 2.1, 2.1, and 1.8 log CFU/g, respectively, after 24 h. Although EO gases exerted greater lethal activities at higher concentrations (312 and 625 μL/L), L . monocytogenes on the surface of radish sprouts was not completely inactivated. The number of L . monocytogenes on sprouts treated with oregano, thyme thymol, and cinnamon bark EO gases at 625 μL/L decreased by 2.7–3.0 log CFU/g after 24 h at 30 °C and 43% RH. Results indicate that EO gases that showed antilisterial activities on a laboratory medium also exhibited reduced lethal activity on the surface of radish sprouts. These findings will be useful when developing strategies to inactivate L . monocytogenes and possibly other foodborne pathogens on sprouts and perhaps other foods using EO gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of cold plasma treatment (CPT) on the inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium on radish sprouts and the quality attributes of the sprouts. Radish sprouts were treated with nitrogen (N 2 )-cold plasma at 900 W and 667 Pa for 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20 min using a microwave-powered CPT system. The sensory attributes of the radish sprouts, appearance and odor, were evaluated before and after the treatment. The effects of N 2 -CPT for 10 min on microbial growth and the quality attributes of the radish sprouts were evaluated during storage for 12 days at 4 and 10 °C. N 2 -CPT at 900 W and 667 Pa for 20 min reduced the number of S . typhimurium by 2.6 ± 0.4 log CFU/g. The moisture content of the radish sprouts decreased with treatment time. The appearance and odor of the radish sprouts were not altered by CPT ( p > 0.05) and this treatment did not affect the quality attributes of the sprouts in terms of color, ascorbic acid concentration, or antioxidant activity during storage at both 4 and 10 °C. These findings suggest that CPT has the potential to improve the microbiological safety of radish sprouts with reference to S . typhimurium during cold storage without significant detriment to its quality properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucoraphenin, the predominant glucosinolate in radish sprouts, is hydrolyzed by myrosinase to sulforaphene that is implicated to exert anticancerogenic effects. The effects of germination and subsequent cooking processes on the levels of glucoraphenin and its hydrolysis products were investigated in this research. HPLC analysis revealed that the levels of glucoraphenin and sulforaphene decreased with germination time. In agreement with the above results, the antiproliferation activity of radish sprouts extracts on human lung cancer cells was also found to decline gradually in line with the germination process. Furthermore, when we applied three traditional cooking treatments to radish sprouts, the glucoraphenin and sulforaphene were markedly decreased; while the antiproliferation activity of cooked radish sprouts was considerably decreased. This research showed that 3-day-old radish sprouts are an excellent source of bioactive compounds that could potentially benefit human health, while any cooking process appears to cause the devastation of beneficial attributes in radish sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Application of Se promoted growth, antioxidant system and nutrients in radish sprouts. • 10 μM Se increased photosynthesis and sucrose synthesis in radish sprouts. • Se promoted anthocyanin accumulation in hypocotyl by inducing sucrose transport. Red radish sprout become a popular dietary vegetable because of its unique flavor, abundant nutrients and short production cycle. As a cruciferous plant, it has strong ability to absorb and assimilate Se which can promote the content of anthocyanin in plants. However, the mechanisms of Se on anthocyanin accumulation are still unclear. In this study, we explored that appropriate Se promoted growth, antioxidant system and nutrients in radish sprouts. The enhancement of photosynthesis by Se treatment resulted in more sucrose synthesis in radish sprouts. And the transport of sucrose from cotyledon to hypocotyl promoted by Se through up-regulating the gene expression of sucrose transporters, and more sucrose increased the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes to promote anthocyanin accumulation in hypocotyl. These results reveal the beneficial effect of Se on radish sprouts quality, and provide a new insight into the function of Se on sucrose-induced anthocyanin accumulation in radish sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanitizing radish seeds intended for edible sprout production was achieved by applying simultaneous treatments with gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ), high relative humidity (RH, 100%), and mild heat (55 °C). Gaseous ClO 2 was produced from aqueous ClO 2 (0.66 ml) by mixing sulfuric acid (5% w/v) with sodium chlorite (10 mg/mL) in a sealed container (1.8 L). Greater amounts of gaseous ClO 2 were measured at 23% RH (144 ppm after 6 h) than at 100% RH (66 ppm after 6 h); however, the lethal activity of gaseous ClO 2 against naturally occurring mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB) on radish seeds was significantly enhanced at 100% RH. For example, when exposed to gaseous ClO 2 at 23% RH, the number of MAB on radish seeds decreased from 3.7 log CFU/g to 2.6 log CFU/g after 6 h. However, when exposed to gaseous ClO 2 at 100% RH for 6 h, the MAB population decreased to 0.7 log CFU/g after 6 h. Gaseous ClO 2 was produced in higher amounts at 55 °C than at 25 °C, but decreased more rapidly over time at 55 °C than at 25 °C. The lethal activity of gaseous ClO 2 against MAB on radish seeds was greater at 55 °C than at 25 °C. When radish seeds were treated with gaseous ClO 2 (peak concentration: 195 ppm) at 100% RH and 55 °C, MAB were reduced to populations below the detectable level (<−0.7 log CFU/g) within 2 h without decreasing the seed germination rate (97.7%). The lethality of combined treatments against artificially inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7 was also evaluated. When exposed to gaseous ClO 2 at 100% RH and 55 °C for 6 h, the initial number of E. coli O157:H7 (3.5 log CFU/g) on radish seeds decreased to below the detection limit (0.7 log CFU/g) by direct plating but it was not eliminated from seeds. The germination rate of radish seeds was not significantly ( P > 0.05) decreased after treatment for 6 h. The information reported here will be useful when developing decontamination strategies for producing microbiologically safe radish seed sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Raphanus sativus L. cv. Yanghua sprouts are rich in health-promoting anthocyanins; thus hypocotyls show a red color under light. In this study, effects of UV-B irradiation at 5 W m−2 on anthocyanin biosynthesis in the hypocotyls of radish sprouts were investigated. RESULTS Anthocyanins began to accumulate rapidly from 24 h irradiation and increased continuously until 48 h, showing a similar pattern to phenylalanine ammonia lyase ( PAL) activity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.804. The expression of DFR and ANS paralleled the upward trend in anthocyanin accumulation, while CHS, CHI and F3H were upregulated before accumulation. When sprouts were moved into the dark from UV-B, the anthocyanin accumulation did not stop immediately. By contrast, anthocyanin accumulated continuously for more than 12 h in the dark, which was further supported by the significantly higher PAL activity monitored at 24 h after irradiation. Similarly, the transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes were much higher over 6 h after 12 h UV-B irradiation. CONCLUSION UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation continues in the dark after irradiation, which was supported by unfading PAL activity and high levels of biosynthesis-related genes. This will provide evidence to produce high-quality sprouts with more anthocyanins but less energy wastage in practice. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known on structure-activity relationships of antioxidant anthocyanins. Raphanus sativus cv Sango sprouts are among the richest sources (270mg/100g fresh weight). We isolated from sprouts' juice 9 acylated anthocyanins, including 4 new compounds. All comprise a cyanidin core bearing 3-4 glucose units, multiply acylated with malonic and phenolic acids (ferulic and sinapic). All compounds were equally effective in inhibiting the autoxidation of linoleic acid in aqueous micelles, with rate constant for trapping peroxyl radicals kinh=(3.8±0.7)×104M-1s-1 at 37°C. In acetonitrile solution kinh varied with acylation: (0.9-2.1)×105M-1s-1 at 30°C. Each molecule trapped a number n of peroxyl radicals ranging from 4 to 7. Anthocyanins bearing sinapic acid were more effective than those bearing the ferulic moiety. Under identical settings, deacylated cyanin, ferulic and sinapic acids had kinh of 0.4×105, 0.3×105 and 1.6×105M-1s-1 respectively, with n ranging 2-3. Results show the major role of acylation on antioxidant performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Multiple infection sources for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) are known, including animal products, fruit and vegetables. The ecology of this pathogen outside its human host is largely unknown and one third of its annotated genes are still hypothetical. To identify genetic determinants expressed under a variety of environmental factors, we applied strand-specific RNA-sequencing, comparing the SOLiD and Illumina systems. Results Transcriptomes of EHEC were sequenced under 11 different biotic and abiotic conditions: LB medium at pH4, pH7, pH9, or at 15°C; LB with nitrite or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; LB-agar surface, M9 minimal medium, spinach leaf juice, surface of living radish sprouts, and cattle feces. Of 5379 annotated genes in strain EDL933 (genome and plasmid), a surprising minority of only 144 had null sequencing reads under all conditions. We therefore developed a statistical method to distinguish weakly transcribed genes from background transcription. We find that 96% of all genes and 91.5% of the hypothetical genes exhibit a significant transcriptional signal under at least one condition. Comparing SOLiD and Illumina systems, we find a high correlation between both approaches for fold-changes of the induced or repressed genes. The pathogenicity island LEE showed highest transcriptional activity in LB medium, minimal medium, and after treatment with antibiotics. Unique sets of genes, including many hypothetical genes, are highly up-regulated on radish sprouts, cattle feces, or in the presence of antibiotics. Furthermore, we observed induction of the shiga-toxin carrying phages by antibiotics and confirmed active biofilm related genes on radish sprouts, in cattle feces, and on agar plates. Conclusions Since only a minority of genes (2.7%) were not active under any condition tested (null reads), we suggest that the assumption of significant genome over-annotations is wrong. Environmental transcriptomics uncovered hitherto unknown gene functions and unique regulatory patterns in EHEC. For instance, the environmental function of azoR had been elusive, but this gene is highly active on radish sprouts. Thus, NGS-transcriptomics is an appropriate technique to propose new roles of hypothetical genes and to guide future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The freeze-dried sprouts’ juice of Raphanus sativus (L.) cv. Sango was prepared and analysed for the first time. HPLC analysis of total isothiocyanates, after protein displacement, resulted in 77.8±3.0μmol/g of dry juice while GC–MS analysis of hexane and acetone extracts showed E- and Z-raphasatin (8.9 and 0.11μmol/g, respectively) and sulforaphene (11.7μmol/g), summing up to 20.7±1.7μmol/g of free isothiocyanates. Sprouts’ juice contained an unprecedented wealth of anthocyanins and a new fractionation methodology allowed us to isolate 34mg/g of acylated anthocyanins (28.3±1.9μmol/g), belonging selectively to the cyanidin family. Analysis was performed by HPLC–PDA–ESI–MSn and extended to deacylated anthocyanins and aglycones, obtained, respectively, by alkaline and acid hydrolysis. This study identified 70 anthocyanins, 19 of which have never been described before and 32 of which are reported here in R. sativus for the first time. Sango radish sprouts are exceptional dietary sources of heath-promoting micronutrients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aims: To identify Lactococcus garvieae isolates from radish and broccoli sprouts and compare them with virulent and less virulent mutant strains obtained from yellowtails with regard to KG phenotype, presence of a capsule and virulence towards yellowtails and mice. Methods and Results: Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of six isolates obtained from radish and broccoli sprouts indicated that they were L. garvieae (similarity >99%). They were compared with KG9502, Lg2 and ATCC49156 strains obtained from yellowtails. A less virulent mutant strain Lg2-S was obtained by Lg2 subculture. Biochemical characterization of the six strains resembled that of KG9502, Lg2, ATCC49156 and Lg2-S, except for saccharose and tagatose acidification and the presence of hippuricase. These six strains were nonpathogenic towards yellowtails and mice, nonsusceptible to bacteriophages and demonstrated heterogeneity on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. Using transmission electron microscopy, a capsule was observed in KG9502 and Lg2 but not in ATCC49156 and Lg2-S. Conclusions: We isolated L. garvieae strains that lacked pathogenicity towards yellowtails and mice from radish and broccoli sprouts; these were noncapsulated and exhibited KG+ phenotype. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first documentation of L. garvieae isolated from terrestrial plants. These isolates exhibited genetic diversity; however, they were noncapsulated and nonpathogenic towards yellowtails and mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated combinations of gaseous essential oils (EO gases) for their synergistic inhibitory activities against Listeria monocytogenes on a laboratory medium and radish sprouts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum lethal concentrations of oregano, thyme thymol, and cinnamon bark EO gases against L. monocytogenes were 0.0781 μL/mL on nutrient agar supplemented with glucose and bromocresol purple (NGBA). A checkerboard assay showed that combinations of oregano and thyme thymol EO gases and of oregano and cinnamon bark EO gases exert the strongest synergistic antilisterial activity (fractional inhibitory concentration index [FICI] = 0.3750). A combination of thyme thymol and cinnamon bark EO gases also had a synergistic effect (FICI = 0.5000) on L. monocytogenes on NGBA. Combinations of oregano and thyme thymol EO gases were tested for synergistic antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes on radish sprouts. A combination of these gases, each at 0.313 μL/mL, caused a significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in the number of L. monocytogenes on radish sprouts compared with reductions caused by treatment with oregano or thyme thymol EO gas alone at the same concentration. Our findings provide information that will be useful when developing antimicrobial applications using EO gases to control L. monocytogenes in the food industry. • Essential oils (EOs) with synergistic antilisterial activities were identified. • MIC and MLC of oregano, thyme thymol, and cinnamon bark EO gases were 0.0781 μL/mL. • Oregano and thyme thymol EO gases had synergistic antilisterial effects on a medium. • Oregano and thyme thymol EO gases had synergistic antilisterial effects on radish sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydrogen gas (H2) is the most abundant element in the universe, and has been reported to act as a novel beneficial gaseous molecule in plant adaptive responses. Radish sprouts are popular because they contain substantial amounts of antioxidants and health-promoting compounds, such as anthocyanin and glucosinolates. Although radish sprouts accumulated more anthocyanin under UV-A after treatment with hydrogen-rich water (HRW), the molecular mechanism responsible is still elusive. To explore these mechanisms, RNA-seq analysis was used. Results: Four cDNA libraries from radish sprout hypocotyls were constructed, and a total of 14,564 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through pairwise comparisons. By Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, these unigenes were found to be implicated in light signal perception and transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex accounted for the majority of the transcription factors found to be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, and levels of transcripts for this complex were in accordance with the anthocyanin concentrations observed. In addition, other transcription factors (such as NAC, bZIP and TCP) might participate in HRW-promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis. Furthermore, the signaling processes of plant hormones, MAPKs and Ca2+ might be involved in HRW-promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis under UV-A. The expression patterns of 16 selected genes were confirmed using qRT-PCR analysis. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of this study may expand our understanding of HRW-promoted anthocyanin accumulation under UV-A in radish sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]