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The present work was designed to investigate the effect of maceration, ultra-sound, and microwave-assisted extraction on free, esterified, and bound phenolics of Tulaipanji rice (Oryza sativa L.) flour. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH, ABTS, SOD, and reducing power assays. HPTLC analysis was performed for identification and quantification of phenolics in different extracts. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were found significantly high (p < 0.05) in microwave-assisted extraction of bound phenolics compared with other methods. Microwave-assisted extracts showed highest DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals, SOD, and reducing power activity. Further, Pearson's correlation study exhibited a significant positive correlation within % yield, TPC, and TFC. Significant negative correlation was found within % yield, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. The study found that extractive value, antioxidant activity, and phenolic contents varied with the extraction methods. Microwave-assisted extraction technique showed the best performance for extraction as compared to other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate the considerable environmental footprint associated with the global waste produced throughout the life cycle of eyeglasses, contact lenses, and related products, a sustainable solution has been devised. This involves jute cellulose nanocrystals (JCNCs) reinforced with cellulose acetate to develop a biodegradable composite for the possible application of spectacle frames. Cellulose nanocrystals were synthesized by acid hydrolysis from jute fibers, and their spherical morphology, as well as their crystalline particle size of 7 nm, was analyzed using a particle size analyzer, SEM, and XRD. The spectacle frame was prepared by dissolving cellulose acetate (CA) and JCNCs in an organic solvent and homogenizing them by an ultrasonication process. Finally, the homogeneous biopolymer liquid was cast in a resin mold and dried at 70 °C. The loading of JCNCs in the CA matrix reached 0.4%, where increasing the percentage of JCNCs influenced the thermal and mechanical behavior. The optimum JCNC loading (0.2%) increased the mechanical properties from 32.5 to 55.4 MPa, and the thermal residue (from TGA analysis) increased from 35.07% to 44.29% compared to those of the films of CA and JCNC + CA. The porosity of the JCNC + CA composites was demonstrated using surface morphology techniques, and the hydrophilic properties of the composites were investigated by contact angle measurements and WVTRA measurements. The functional groups were analyzed using the FTIR technique, and a combination of various techniques, such as TG-MS and XRD, was used to investigate the purity of CA and the JCNCs.Graphical abstract: To mitigate the considerable environmental footprint associated with the global waste produced throughout the life cycle of eyeglasses, contact lenses, and related products, a sustainable solution has been devised. This involves jute cellulose nanocrystals (JCNCs) reinforced with cellulose acetate to develop a biodegradable composite for the possible application of spectacle frames. Cellulose nanocrystals were synthesized by acid hydrolysis from jute fibers, and their spherical morphology, as well as their crystalline particle size of 7 nm, was analyzed using a particle size analyzer, SEM, and XRD. The spectacle frame was prepared by dissolving cellulose acetate (CA) and JCNCs in an organic solvent and homogenizing them by an ultrasonication process. Finally, the homogeneous biopolymer liquid was cast in a resin mold and dried at 70 °C. The loading of JCNCs in the CA matrix reached 0.4%, where increasing the percentage of JCNCs influenced the thermal and mechanical behavior. The optimum JCNC loading (0.2%) increased the mechanical properties from 32.5 to 55.4 MPa, and the thermal residue (from TGA analysis) increased from 35.07% to 44.29% compared to those of the films of CA and JCNC + CA. The porosity of the JCNC + CA composites was demonstrated using surface morphology techniques, and the hydrophilic properties of the composites were investigated by contact angle measurements and WVTRA measurements. The functional groups were analyzed using the FTIR technique, and a combination of various techniques, such as TG-MS and XRD, was used to investigate the purity of CA and the JCNCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegan leather derived from mushroom mycelium is a revolutionary technology that addresses the issues raised by bovine and synthetic leather. Jute--mycelium-based vegan leather was constructed using hessian jute fabric, natural rubber solution, and extracted polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymer from Bacillus subtilis strain FPP-K isolated from fermented herbal black tea liquor waste. The bacterial strain was confirmed using 16S rRNA genomic sequencing. The structural characteristics of sustainable mycelium vegan leather were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGA methods. To address the functional features of the developed vegan leather, solubility, swelling degree, WVP, WCA, and mechanical strength were also evaluated. Mycelium networking was further validated by micromorphological examination (SEM) of the leather sample's cross-sectional area. Jute--mycelium leather demonstrated a tensile strength of 8.62 MPa and a % elongation of 8.34, which were significantly greater than the control sample. Vegan leather displayed a strong peak in the O=H group of carbohydrates in the examination of chemical bonds. A highfrequency infrared wavelength of 1,462 cm-1 revealed the amide group of protein due to the presence of mycelium, while the absorption peak at 1,703 cm-1 in leather indicated the crosslinking of PHA. Moreover, the TGA study finalized the thermal stability of leather. The enhanced hydrophobicity and reduced swelling degree and solubility also endorsed the water resistance properties of the leather. The results of the investigation substantiated the potential properties of mycelium vegan leather as animal- and environment-free leather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research uses waste textile cotton (WTC) from the textile industry as a raw material to synthesize sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by adapting a modified etherification methodology. Yields of technical CMC (TCMC), semipurified CMC (SPCMC), and purified CMC (PCMC) were 3.45 ± 0.17 g, 2.49 ± 0.08 g, and 1.51 ± 0.016 g, respectively, per gram of cotton waste. Degree of substitution (DS) values of PCMC, SPCMC, and TCMC was 0.998 ± 0.007 , 0.79 ± 0.031 , and 0.561 ± 0.029 , respectively. For PCMC, SPCMC, and TCMC, the purity of the prepared different grades of CMC was 98.59 ± 0.12 %, 78.56 ± 1.93 %, and 61.59 ± 2.31 %, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) peak values were 3437 cm-1, 1609 cm-1, and 1427 cm-1, proving WTC conversion to CMC. Furthermore, 2 θ values of X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks were 9.7 and 20.5, confirming the transformation of WTC to CMC as well. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been assessed to define CMC's thermal stability and morphology, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]