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Non-pecuniary damages are a form of just satisfaction that the ECtHR may award if a violation of protected rights is found. These damages can be claimed by individuals, groups of persons, non-governmental organizations and states, whereby the awarded amount must be distributed to individual victims. However, for the Court to award compensation for non-pecuniary damage, several requirements must be met. The Court has awarded compensation for non-pecuniary damage on several grounds, such as pain, stress, anxiety, frustration, embarrassment, humiliation, and loss of reputation. Unfortunately, the criteria for determining the amounts of compensation for moral damage are still not clear and precise, so they have been determined by the Court on an equitable basis, taking into account its case-law standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condition of the substation grounding grid is vital for the safety of the people. Inadequate grounding may cause failures in major substation's equipment, as well as in control, metering and telecommunication equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly identify damaged elements on grounding grid. This paper presents an approach to test the integrity of the grounding grid in a general framework of IEEE Std. 81-2012. More precisely, in order to locate damaged grounding riser(s) and/or grounding grid conductor(s), this paper is focused on novel unambiguous criteria for post-processing of raw-data collected from the measurements. In order to avoid the effect of power frequency interference on the measurement, we use DC test current of 100 A. The field test is described and discussed in details. The outcome of field test clearly shows the validity and feasibility of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the study of a measurement technique for touch and step voltages. In essence, we elaborate an approach which is very similar to the measurement of the grounding system impedance. In addition, the main focus is on the measurements at energized substation where different types of coupling between the test leads, grounding grids, sheats of underground cables and overhead ground wires affect the precise measurement. In order to avoid the measurement difficulties, we use low magnitude variable frequency AC test current (so called Frequency Shift Method – FSM). We compare FSM measurement results with the corresponding results obtained by well-known Test Current Reversal Method. The field tests were conducted in two quite different substations. Experimental results demonstrate the validity and usability of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axial magnetic force calculation between two ring permanent magnets is presented in the paper. One magnet is magnetized in radial direction while the other one is magnetized in axial direction. Configuration like this one resembles the one passive magnetic bearing has. Force calculation is performed using semi analytical approach based on fictitious magnetization charges and discretization technique. For comparison purposes, and in order to check preciseness of the method applied, Finite Element Method (FEM) results were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calculation of the interaction magnetic force between two ring permanent magnets with radial magnetization is presented in the paper. Such configuration corresponds to a radial passive magnetic bearing. The simple and fast analytical approach is used for this calculation based on magnetization charges and discretization technique. The results for interaction magnetic force obtained using proposed approach are compared with finite element method (FEM). The advantage of presented approach is its simplicity and time efficiency since only complete elliptic integrals of the second kind are used and other additional integrations are avoided in this calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the problem of environment protection during armed conflicts. The authors primarily focus on examining the possibility of applying international environmental law in armed conflicts. In the first part of the paper, the authors provide an overview of relevant rules of international humanitarian law which are important for environment protection and contained in different sources of law governing this area (international treaties, international customs and general principles). In this part, the authors point out to the weaknesses and shortcomings of the IHL environmental provisions, including both the traditional rules which have an indirect effect on environment protection and the contemporary rules which in most cases directly protect the environment. The second part of the article deals with the rules of international environmental law applicable in armed conflicts. The authors first examine the possibility of applying multilateral environmental treaties in armed conflicts. In that context, the authors point out to different types of such treaties, with specific reference to the treaties which do not contain provisions on their applicability during armed conflicts. Further on, the authors analyze the application of customary environmental rules in armed conflicts. These rules are considerably less important than international treaties and they commonly comprise a few general principles which may be considered nowadays as the rules of customary law. Finally, the authors explore the possibility of applying the rules of environmental soft law, such as the rules contained in different declarations and resolutions adopted at international conferences or within the framework of international organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of optimising the thermal environment and design parameters of underground cable lines for cable crossings with the aim of increasing the ampacities of cables is considered in this paper. Particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm, formulated as a continuous non‐linear optimisation problem with constraints, for solving this hot spot problem is applied. It is found, using the PSO algorithm, that there are a suitable size of cable bedding and an arrangement of cables within that bedding, which can eliminate or significantly mitigate the hot spot effect without the use of any additional cooling equipment. In this manner, the ampacities of both crossing cable lines increase by about 15% on average with respect to the case of a similar crossing with installation parameters commonly used. In addition, it is shown how the cross‐sectional areas of the conductors and metal screens and the metal screen bonding methods affect the optimal solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid boundary element method for solving a three-dimensional magnetostatic problem is presented in this paper for the first time. The interaction force between the cuboidal permanent magnet and the bar, made of soft magnetic material, is calculated. Results of the presented approach are confirmed using COMSOL Multiphysics as well as with the results of the image theorem that is applicable when the dimensions of the bar are large enough; so it could be considered an infinite soft magnetic plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to emphasize the influence of the magnetization vector misalignment to the magnetic force. In this concrete example the force between permanent ring magnet and soft magnetic cylinder was analyzed. Configuration that can be seen in different devices that incorporate permanent magnets. Magnetic force between permanent ring magnet and soft magnetic cylinder is calculated using hybrid boundary element method and semi-analytical approach based on fictitious magnetization charges. By selecting the angle of the magnetization vector inclination, obtained expression can be used for the force calculation of axially or radially magnetized permanent magnet and magnetic body of finite dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a modification of the Hybrid Boundary Element Method (HBEM) for electrostatic problems solving. Such improved method is applied for transmission lines analyses. By taking a quasi-static TEM approach, the Hybrid Boundary Element Method is applied to determine the effective relative permittivity and the characteristic impedance of different stripline structures. Comparisons with already published numerical results and software simulation have been also performed with an aim to test the validity of the proposed approach. A close results match can be noticed. The main novelties of the proposed HBEM modification are better accuracy and ability to determine the polarization charges distribution on the separating surface between a strip and a dielectric layer. This was not possible before, using the previous version of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an approach to efficient computation of radiation pattern in FDTD simulation environment is presented. A necessary large distance from the radiating object is achieved by multigrid space discretization with unilaterally connected subdomains. A numerical dispersion is reduced using more general complex-envelope finite difference time domain (CE-FDTD) formulation and high order accuracy FDTD schemes where possible. In order to examine how much the introduced algorithm complexity and increased demands concerning computational power and memory are justified by the gain in accuracy, several different scenarios were considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different configurations of striplines are analyzed using the hybrid boundary element (HBEM) method, developed at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering of Niš. The quasi TEM analysis is applied. The effective dielectric permittivity as well as the characteristic impedance of several 2D striplines are determined. In order to validate the obtained HBEM values of the characteristic impedance, in terms of accuracy, they have been compared with the corresponding ones obtained by the finite element method. Fast convergence of the results, short computation time, and possibility to solve complex multi-layered configurations of striplines, make hybrid boundary element method very efficient in the calculation of 2D striplines parameters. All results are presented in tables and graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid boundary element method is applied for the calculation of the characteristic impedance of 2D microstrip lines with a finite width dielectric layer and with finite width or infinite ground planes. Even though these forms of microstrips are very typical in practice, they have not been investigated very often. The basic idea of this method is that an arbitrary shaped electrode can be replaced by equivalent electrodes, and an arbitrary shaped boundary surface between any two dielectric layers can be replaced by discrete equivalent total line charges placed in the air. The discretization technique is similar to the method of moments and is well known. As a contribution to the boundary element method, we combine it with the equivalent electrodes method, creating in that way a new hybrid boundary element method. This method could be applied to a large variety of very complex 2D problems, regarding microstrip lines with or without symmetry. The quasi TEM analysis is applied. We compare values of characteristic impedance obtained applying our method with the corresponding ones obtained by the finite element method and values already reported in the literature. Relative error less than 0.5%, fast convergence of the results and several times shorter computation time comparing to the time required by finite element method make our method very efficient in the calculation of parameters of 2D microstrip lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical analysis of a vertical broadside symmetrically coupled strip line assuming TEM propagation mode is presented in the paper. The effective dielectric permittivity and characteristic impedance of the analysed strip line is determined applying the Equivalent Electrodes Method (EEM), and the results are compared with the ones obtained using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The paper shows determination of the closed-form Green's function of uniform charge per unit line length placed in an anisotropic medium between two parallel infinite grounded plates. Additionally, dielectric permittivity tensor has a diagonal form, and both, even and odd, modes are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]