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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the aviation sector. Correspondingly, Extensive research has explored various perspectives on the effects of the pandemic on the aviation sector. With the pandemic gradually coming to an end, it is important to conduct a detailed review of the literature and analyze past events carefully. This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on the impact of COVID-19 on air passenger travel at different stages. It identifies potential direct effects and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also investigates the two stages of the pandemic-aviation relationship, providing insights into how the relationship has evolved over time. Additionally, the research summarises key findings on the effects of COVID-19 on air travel demand and supply. These findings encompass various aspects, including travel demand, airport operations, airline operations, and network operations. The paper concludes by suggesting that ongoing analysis of the pandemic's effects can inform future policies and measures that can help the aviation industry recover and thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare and evaluate the improvement degree of spermatogenic dysfunction mice at different recovery periods after cyclophosphamide modeling. Methods Forty-eight male ICR mice aged 4-5 weeks with the body weight of approximately 18-20 g were randomly divided into three control groups and three model groups, with 8 mice in each group. Each mouse of three model groups was intraperitoneally injected with 60 mg/kg cyclophosphamide continuously from the 1st to 7th day of the experiment, while each mouse of three control groups was intraperitoneally injected with the corresponding volume of normal saline. Then these mice were continued to be fed for another 7, 14 and 21 days after cyclophosphamide injection, respectively. A corresponding control group was set for each model group. The mice in each group were sacrificed after blood collection through orbital veins at corresponding time points. Testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle were taken and weighed, and their reproductive organ indexes were calculated. Histopathological changes of testis and epididymis were compared after HE staining.Sperm quality analysis was used to determine sperm-related indexes. Serum reproductive hormone content, testicular oxidative stress level and testicular signature enzyme activity were detected by ELISA and related kits.Results Compared with the control group, on the 7th, 14th and 21st day after cyclophosphamide treatment, the testicular index of mice in the model group decreased significantly (P<0.01). The epididymis index decreased significantly on the 7th and 14th day, and the seminal vesicle index decreased obviously on the 7th and 21st day (P<0.05). And the histopathological damage of testis and epididymis of the model group gradually alleviated over time. On the 7th and 14th day after cyclophosphamide treatment, the sperm count of the model group declined remarkably (P<0.01), the serum testosterone (T) level reduced (P<0.05), the malonaldehyde (MDA) content of testis increased significantly (P<0.01), the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased obviously (P<0.05),the lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of testis reduced obviously (P<0.05), the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) activity increased significantly (P<0.05), the latter two of which are important testicular signature enzymes. Therein on the 7th day after cyclophosphamide treatment, the sperm motility decreased significantly (P<0.001), the rate of sperm malformation increased obviously (P<0.05), the serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) increased notably (P<0.01). Nevertheless on the 21st day after cyclophosphamide treatment, the sperm-related indexes, the content of serum reproductive hormone, the level of testicular oxidative stress and the activity of testicular signature enzyme did not change significantly (P＞0.05). Conclusion The reproductive toxicity in mice was more apparent on the 7th day after intraperitoneal injection with 60 mg/kg cyclophosphamide for seven days, at which time the more desirable spermatogenic dysfunction model of mice could be established. However, with the prolongation of the recovery period, the indexes of spermatogenic dysfunction in mice gradually recovered and approached the normal level on the 21st day after cyclophosphamide treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to determine the best intervention time (acute, subacute, and chronic stages) for Walkbot robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) rehabilitation to improve clinical outcomes, including sensorimotor function, balance, cognition, and activities of daily living, in hemiparetic stroke patients. Thirty-six stroke survivors (acute stage group (ASG), n = 11; subacute stage group (SSG), n = 15; chronic stage group (CSG), n = 10) consistently received Walkbot RAGT for 30 min/session, thrice a week, for 4 weeks. Six clinical outcome variables, including the Fugl–Meyer Assessment (FMA), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), and Mini-Mental State Examination, were examined before and after the intervention. Significant differences in the FMA, BBS, TIS, and MBI were observed between the ASG and the SSG or CSG. A significant time effect was observed for all variables, except for the MAS, in the ASG and SSG, whereas significant time effects were noted for the FMA, BBS, and TIS in the CSG. Overall, Walkbot RAGT was more favorable for acute stroke patients than for those with subacute or chronic stroke. This provides the first clinical evidence for the optimal intervention timing for RAGT in stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between the dynamic changes of serum 2019-nCoV IgM/IgG and immunity alteration for patients after 6-month hospital discharge. Methods: One IgM(+) and IgG(−), 32 IgM(+) and IgG(+), 38 IgM(−) and IgG(+), and 40 IgM(−) and IgG(−) patients were included. Demographic data were collected. IgM and IgG antibodies, hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and lymphocyte subsets in serum were determined at weeks 0, 2 and 4. Results: The hs-CRP and IL-6 levels of all patients were within the normal ranges. The number of patients with all lymphocyte subset testing items within normal ranges was 12/110 (10.9%) at week 0, 15/110 (13.6%) at week 2 and 18/110 (16.4%) at week 4. The percentages of CD8 + cells, NK cells and B lymphocytes in the IgM(+) and IgG(+) group were quite different from those in the IgM(−) and IgG(+) group and the IgM(−) and IgG(−) group, with much higher percentages of CD8 + cells and much lower percentages of NK cells and B lymphocytes at weeks 0, 2 and 4. Twelve IgM(+) patients in the IgM(+) and IgG(+) group converted to IgM(−), and the percentages of NK cells and B lymphocytes in these patients were significantly increased at week 4. Conclusions: The changes of serum IgM and IgG are closely related to immunity in patients in the recovery stage. However, immunity does not recover when the patients test negative for these antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ] Ｔｈｅ ｓｔｕｄｙ ａｉｍｅｄ ｔｏ ｅｘｐｌｏｒｅ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ｆｏｌｉａｒ ｓｐｒａｙｉｎｇ Ｎ-ａｃｅｔｙｌ-Ｌ-ｃｙｓｔｅｉｎｅ ( ＮＡＣ) ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙ ｏｆ ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ-ｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔｅｄ ｒｉｃｅ. [Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ]Ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ ｒｉｃｅ'Ｎｉｎｇｊｉｎｇ ７'ｗａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ ｖａｒｉｅｔｙ ａｎｄ ｓｐｒａｙｅｄ ｔｏ ｓｅｅｄｌｉｎｇ ｌｅａｖｅｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ ＮＡＣ ｆｏｒ ２ ｔｉｍｅｓ ａｔ ２ ｄａｙｓ ｂｅｆｏｒｅ ｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔｉｎｇ. Ａｎｄ ４ ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｓｅｔ:ｓｐｒａｙｉｎｇ ｗａｔｅｒ( ＣＫ); ｓｐｒａｙｉｎｇ ２０ μｍｏｌ􀅰Ｌ-１ ＮＡＣ( Ｆ-ＮＡＣ２０ ); ｓｐｒａｙｉｎｇ ２００ μｍｏｌ􀅰Ｌ-１ ＮＡＣ( Ｆ-ＮＡＣ２００ ); ｓｐｒａｙｉｎｇ ２ ０００ μｍｏｌ􀅰Ｌ-１ ＮＡＣ (Ｆ-ＮＡＣ２０００ ). Ｔｈｅｎ ｔｈｅ ｔｉｌｌｅｒｓ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ, ｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ ｉｎｄｅｘ( ｐｌａｎｔ ｈｅｉｇｈｔ, ｓｔｅｍ ｂａｓｅ ｗｉｄｔｈ, ｒｏｏｔ ｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙ ｉｎｄｅｘ), ｃｈｌｏｒｏｐｈｙｌｌ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ, ａｎｔｉｏｘｉｄａｎｔ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ(ＳＯＤ, ＰＯＤ, ＣＡＴ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ), ＡｓＡ-ＧＳＨ ｐｏｏｌ( ＡＰＸ, ＧＲ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ＡｓＡ, ＧＳＨ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ) ａｎｄ ＭＤＡ, Ｈ２Ｏ２ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄ. [Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ]Ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｓｈｏｗｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ＮＡＣ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｒｅｄｕｃｅ Ｈ２Ｏ２ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ ＧＲ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ＧＳＨ ｗｈｉｃｈ ａｌｌｅｖｉａｔｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｏｘｉｄａｔｉｖｅ ｄａｍａｇｅ, ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｅｄ ｃｅｌｌ ｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ, ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ ＭＤＡ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ, ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｅｄ ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃ ｏｒｇａｎｓ, ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ ｃｈｌｏｒｏｐｈｙｌｌ ｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎ, ａｎｄ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｄ ｒｏｏｔ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ａｎｄ ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｉｏｎ, ａｎｄ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ｐａｎｉｃｌｅｓ ａｔ ｍａｔｕｒｉｔｙ. Ａｔ ２ ｄ ａｆｔｅｒ ｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔｉｎｇ, ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ＣＫ, Ｆ-ＮＡＣ２０００ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ＧＲ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ ｂｙ ６.４％, ＧＳＨ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ ｂｙ ９２.２％, ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ Ｈ２Ｏ２ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ ｂｙ ２５.７％, ａｎｄ ＭＤＡ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ ｂｙ ２６.３％, ｗｈｉｃｈ ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎ- ｔｈｅｔｉｃ ｐｉｇｍｅｎｔ ｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｃｈｌｏｒｏｐｈｙｌｌ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ ｂｙ １９.３％, ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｃａｒｏｔｅｎｏｉｄ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ ｂｙ ３６.６％, ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ｒｏｏｔ ｔｉｐｓ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ １６４.７％, ｒｏｏｔ ｌｅｎｇｔｈ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ １０１.０％, ｒｏｏｔ ｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ２６.８％. Ｔｈｅ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｓｅｅｄｌｉｎｇｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ｔｒａｎｓ- ｐｌａｎｔｉｎｇ ｗａｓ ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄ. Ａｔ ７ ｄ ａｆｔｅｒ ｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔｉｎｇ, ｔｈｅ ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ｔｉｌｌｅｒｓ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ２.３％ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ＣＫ, ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｎｕｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ｐａｎｉ- ｃｌｅｓ ｐｅｒ ｐｌａｎｔ ｗａｓ ０.４ ｍｏｒｅ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈａｔ ｏｆ ＣＫ. [Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｓ]Ｆｏｌｉａｒ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ＮＡＣ ｃａｎ ａｌｌｅｖｉａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔ ｓｈｏｃｋ ｏｎ ｓｅｅｄｌｉｎｇｓ, ｓｈｏｒｔｅｎ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｙ ｓｔａｇｅ, ａｎｄ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｏｆ ｔｉｌｌｅｒｉｎｇ ａｆｔｅｒ ｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔｉｎｇ, ｏｆ ｗｈｉｃｈ ２ ０００ μｍｏｌ􀅰Ｌ-１ ＮＡＣ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isochronal annealing followed by residual resistivity measurements at 12 K was performed in Fe-0.6Ni-0.6Si and Fe-1.5Mn-0.6Si alloys irradiated with 1 MeV proton ions below 70 K, and recovery stages were compared with those of Fe–0.6Ni and Fe–1.5Mn. The effects of silicon addition in the Fe-Ni alloy was observed as the appearance of a new recovery stage at 282–372 K, presumably corresponding to clustering of solute atoms in matrix, and as a change in mixed dumbbell migration at 122–142 K. Silicon addition mitigated the manganese effect in Fe–Mn alloy that is obstructing the recovery of radiation defects. Reduction of resistivity in Fe-Mn-Si alloy also suggested formation of small solute atom clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The service performances of asphalt pavement, especially rutting, will be inevitably affected by climate change. However, existing studies have generally focused on the rutting depth and rutting life, and thus became insufficient for comprehensively evaluating the influence of climate change on rutting over the service life. A resilience assessment method for asphalt pavement rutting is developed to solve the above problem. First, the original resilience method is extended to fit the system whose performance level continues to decline. Then, the calculation formulas of rutting resilience are derived by combining the rutting prediction model and the level assessment model. Subsequently, the influence degrees of climate change in representative cities on rutting resilience are studied. The results suggest that neglecting climate change in rutting design of asphalt pavement will lead to insufficient resilience, especially in northern China. Furthermore, the predicted temperature under RCP8.5 should be employed for asphalt pavement design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dysfunctional eating patterns and excessive weight gains have been observed during recovery from drug and alcohol addictions. Yet, little is known about food choice behaviors among substance abusers and the role that food plays in their lives. The purpose of this study was to understand how men at different stages of recovery from substance addictions experienced food and eating, weight changes, and used food in recovery. A purposive, multi-ethnic sample of 25 urban men at different stages of recovery from drug and alcohol addictions participated in qualitative interviews. Data analysis based on the constant comparative method revealed three main themes: excess weight gain, meaningful use of food, and disordered eating and a struggle to eat healthy that differed by recovery stage (early, mid, and later recovery). Men in early recovery described dysfunctional eating practices such as mood and binge eating, the use of food as a substitute for drug use, and the use of food to satisfy cravings. Men in mid to later recovery expressed weight concerns and distress about efforts to lose weight. The findings also suggest that food deprivation in active addiction and interactions between stage of recovery and living environment may contribute to changes in food choice behaviors and to excess weight gains in recovery. These findings highlight behavioral interactions between food and substance abuse and opportunities for nutrition and weight interventions in recovery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Although many investigators reported the diagnostic and therapeutic value of bronchoscopy in the early stage of inhalation injury, few findings in the late stage of inhalation injury have been reported. We investigated histopathological changes of in trachea and bronchi after inhalation injury. Five survivors with inhalation injury underwent bronchoscopic examinations combined with biopsies from the early stage to the late stage. Although the bronchotracheal membranes improved to near normal under the bronchoscopic findings in the late or recovery stage, invasion of inflammatory cells and the capillary dilatation in the subepithelial region were still remarkable histologically. Goblet cells also increased on the surface of mucous membranes. In cases of the inhalation injury with severe burn, pulmonary edema, bronchial edema and secretions tended to be prolonged. Results suggested that continuous secretions in the respiratory tracts sometimes cause airway obstruction. Bronchoscopic and histologic findings in the healing process of inhalation injury predict long-term pulmonary functional outcome. Moreover, the aggressive pulmonary toilet seemed to be effective in removing foreign particles and accumulated secretions which also cause the inflammatory response and the obstruction in inhalation injury. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The effect of irradiation dose (kGy) on a set of AlCu8.5 samples has been studied. The samples were irradiated to doses of 10, 30, 50, 70, 100, 300, 500, 700 and 1000 kGy of 60Co γ-source at room temperature. The effect of γ-ray irradiation on the values of the S- and W-parameters reveals two stages. In the first stage, the S-parameter increases, while the W-parameter decreases up to 70 kGy. In the second stage, the S- and W-parameters decrease and increase respectively in the dose region from 100 to 1000 kGy. The dominant controlling mechanism of the S- and W-parameters was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The subject of the paper is the derivation of finite volume evolution Galerkin schemes for the three-dimensional wave equation system. The aim is to construct methods which take into account all of the infinitely many directions of propagation of bicharacteristics. The idea is to evolve the initial function using the characteristic cone and then to project onto a finite element space. Numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and the multidimensional behaviour of the solutions. Moreover, we construct further new EG schemes by neglecting the so-called source term, i.e. we mimic Kirchhoff''s formula. The numerical test shows that such schemes are more accurate and some of them are of second order. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The subject of the paper is the derivation and analysis of third order finite volume evolution Galerkin schemes for the two-dimensional wave equation system. To achieve this the first order approximate evolution operator is considered. A recovery stage is carried out at each level to generate a piecewise polynomial approximation U[supn] = R[subh]U[supn] ∈ S[², subh] from the piecewise constant U[supn] ∈ S[sup0, subh], to feed into the calculation of the fluxes. We estimate the truncation error and give numerical examples to demonstrate the higher order behaviour of the scheme for smooth solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought-tolerant sugarcane genotypes have been proposed to alleviate the issue of early water deficits; however, it is important to investigate the impact of phenology on the crop growth rate and growth patterns. This study aimed to investigate the responses of different water deficit-tolerant cultivars on crop growth rate patterns of both plant crop and ratoon under rain-fed and well-irrigated conditions, and to determine the relationship between final stalk dry weight and crop growth rates during water deficit, recovery, and maturity phases. A 2 × 6 split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Two water regimes, namely, field capacity (FC) and rain-fed conditions, were assigned as the main plot, whereas six sugarcane cultivars differing in water deficit-tolerant levels were assigned as sub-plots. Sugarcane cultivar KK3 consistently possessed high potential and low reduction in dried shoot weight. A correlation was found between stalk dry weight and stem growth rate, shoot growth rate, and height growth rate (HGR) during the recovery period in the first season, and HGR at the recovery stage was correlated with the dry weight of ratoon. The recovery phase of early water deficit stress was a key stage for determining the final stalk dry matter. The desired cultivars having a good adaptation to water deficit stress at the formative stage, such as KK3, showed a gradually increased growth rate during the early water deficit stage, but this growth accelerated, and the maximum growth rate was reached, during the recovery period. This knowledge will help to clarify the selection of sugarcane cultivars in breeding programs that can resist water deficit at the early growth stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]