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The article discusses the conflict on the structure and actual operation between village-level organizations and township governments. The existing system of rural organization regarding the autonomy of villages as government entities following the proliferation of resources and organizational structure contradicts the strict control of townships over villages. Rural stability entails the need for governmental system changes and policy direction reforms. The trends in the relations between the peasants and local government, the township administration of village cadres including their finances and the area management and the baocun system of townships are discussed.

The article discusses the accountability system of township governments. County leaders hold the responsibility of managing the auditing system of their area which target economic development, the construction of spiritual civilization, and party construction. The aims of townships' accountability system cover the promotion of stability, and development as shown by the absence of mass incidents, limited petitions normal payment of wages, and governmental operation based on peasant incomes and government fiscal income as primary development indicators. It is noted that the existing accountability system of township governments does not emphasize peasant participation and supervision reflecting inverse accountability. An overview of the audit system is provided.

The article presents the changes in township governments and an analysis of township government reforms. The goals of these reforms which focus on the reduction of personnel, change in government's functions, and the improvement of the efficiency of government operations have not been achieved and have provided little changes in various aspects of township government. The structures of township governments such as the use of old departmental structure, utilization of large-scale mergers and departmental modifications, and the use of mergers for a single administrative staff stem from the diversity of reforms in various localities in terms of timing, intensity, and planning. The changes in township governments in township personnel and structure and the staffing system are discussed.

The article presents an overview of the financial system of township governments. The problems occurring in townships involving their finances are brought by the impact of the tax-sharing system and various evolutions in their economic structure. The emergence of township finances may be attributed to the separation of government and commune management and to the establishment of township governments following the lack of control over finances by county-level governments. It is noted that the financial system of township governments has a high degree of polarization reflecting the structural gap in the revenues of townships. The effects of tax reform and background of financial revenues and expenditures of township governments are discussed.

The article presents an analysis of the debt problems of township governments. Debt issues of township governments stem from the community's need for financial assistance for the establishment of business enterprises, elevation of quality education, agricultural development and infrastructure investment, advances for tax payments, auxiliary projects to advocate investments for abroad, and unpaid wages of cadres which are owed to construction teams and labor contractors in various townships. Township debts reflect structural problem such as poor management and careless administration that affect development plans and governments' operation leading to social instability. The structure, development, and proposals for the elimination of debts are provided.

The article presents an overview of township government reforms focusing on institutional streamlining. The aspects of township reforms needing attention include efficiency, functional changes, and the degree of streamlining. Constant streamlining has influenced the stable increase in personnel rate leading to the reduction in the number of temporarily engaged persons and in the rate of elderly personnel. Various townships have executed post-rotation system for institutional streamlining where selected cadres at a township are required to take part in a post rotation. Proposals for township government reforms are provided.

The article presents the obligatory interactions of township governments involving their affairs and relations. The obligations of township governments include participation in meetings by township leaders, performance of assignments written on various documents for cadre management and local functionaries, creation of report-back materials, receiving cadres, and inspections. Apart from the meetings assembled by higher authorities, meetings of village cadres are also conducted. County departments and provincial-level departments release an estimate of 300 to 500 kinds of documents per annum to townships containing assignments for work tasks. The need for the eradication of luxurious and wasteful practices of township authorities is suggested.

The article offers information on the power system of township governments. The government system in townships holds greater responsibilities due to the lack of equality between powers and mission, available power resources, and incomplete power structures contradicting the belief that township governments are mainly dictatorships. Township institutions are distinctive compared to other levels of government because of the degree of integration on its structure and its unitary power system. It is noted that the few powers and the lack of self-determined management on the agencies of township governments may be balanced by township leaders who hold centralized power.

Five compounds, terephthalic acid mono-[2-(4-carboxy-phenoxycarbonyl)-vinyl] ester (1), (E)-3-(5′-hydroperoxy-2,2′-dihydroxy[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-propenoic acid (2), 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (3), succinic acid (or butanedioic acid) (4), and 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxybenzoic acid (5), were isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by means of spectral techniques including IR, MS, and 1D/2D NMR. 1 and 2 are new compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]