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Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) is an important coastal fish species in New Zealand for a variety of reasons, but the large amount of research conducted on snapper has not been reviewed. Here, we review life history information and potential threats for snapper in New Zealand. We present information on snapper life history, defining stages (eggs and larvae, juvenile and adult), and assess potential threats and knowledge gaps. Overall we identify six key points: 1. post-settlement snapper are highly associated with certain estuarine habitats that are under threat from land-based stressors. This may serve as a bottleneck for snapper populations; 2. the largest knowledge gaps relate to the eggs and larvae. Additional knowledge may help to anticipate the effects of climate change, which will likely have the greatest influence on these early life stages; 3. ocean acidification, from land-based sources and from climate change, may be an important threat to larval snapper; 4. a greater understanding of population connectivity would improve certainty around the sustainability of fishery exploitation; 5. the collateral effects of fishing are likely to be relevant to fishery productivity, ecosystem integrity and enduser value; 6. our understanding of the interrelationships between snapper and other ecosystem components is still deficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This article reviews and compares the tolerability profiles of atypical antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: A systematic search of the BIOSIS, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases was conducted for English-language papers and abstracts that reported RCTs comparing > or =2 atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) in the treatment of adult patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The search was completed in December 2007. A panel of 4 psychiatrists with expertise in the treatment of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder identified potentially relevant outcomes that would reflect patients' subjective perception of adverse effects during treatment with antipsychotic medications. These outcomes were daily activities, anxiety or depression, bodily anxiety or restlessness, dizziness or nausea, extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), sexual dysfunction, stiffness or tremor, tiredness or weakness, and weight gain. Data on these outcomes were extracted from relevant studies, and mixed treatment comparisons were conducted using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. Summary effect estimates (odds ratios [ORs] and 95% credible intervals [95% CrIs]) were calculated and reported in comparison with risperidone. RESULTS: The search identified 2963 potentially relevant publications, of which 50 provided data on 48 RCTs comparing > or =2 atypical antipsychotics. Outcomes that were statistically significant compared with risperi-done at the 5% level were decreased bodily anxiety or restlessness with quetiapine (OR = 0.506; 95% CrI = 0.290, 0.789), decreased EPS with quetiapine (OR = 0.441; 95% CrI = 0.129, 0.910), increased weight gain with olanzapine (OR = 2.139; 95% CrI = 1.764, 2.626), and decreased weight gain with ziprasidone (OR = 0.466; 95% CrI = 0.317, 0.657). CONCLUSION: The atypical antipsychotics had mixed tolerability profiles in this mixed treatment comparison, with some agents having significantly greater tolerability than others depending on the outcome assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective More and more highly treatment-experienced patients are achieving viral suppression. However, the durability of suppression remains unclear. Methods Patients from Royal Free Hospital (London, UK) and JW Goethe University Hospital (Frankfurt, Germany) who had failed ≥1 antiretroviral (ARV) regimen in all three main drug classes and ≥3 previous ARV regimens and subsequently achieved viral load <50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL were included. They were followed until stopping pre-combination antiretroviral therapy, end of follow-up or viral rebound (two viral loads >400 copies/mL). Results Two hundred and forty-seven patients contributed 723 person-years and 114 viral rebounds [rate=15.8 per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval (CI) 12.9–18.7]. More recent calendar years of viral suppression [relative risk (RR)=0.90 per year later; 95% CI 0.81–1.00; P=0.05] and greater number of ARVs in the regimen not previously failed (RR=0.78 per 1 ARV more; 95% CI 0.65–0.95; P=0.01) were associated with lower viral rebound rates. At 0–1, 1–2, 2–3 and >3 years after achieving suppression, the rebound rates were 30.9, 9.2, 4.3 and 3.5 per 100 person-years, respectively. Compared to 0–1 years, the adjusted RRs (95% CIs) after 1–2, 2–3 and >3 years were 0.33 (0.18–0.58), 0.21 (0.09–0.48) and 0.14 (0.06–0.33), respectively ( P<0.0001). Conclusions Although rebound rates are high, especially in the first year after viral suppression, this risk reduces substantially if highly treatment-experienced patients can maintain viral suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between age and the time to treatment discontinuation in the absence of virological failure as well as the development of specific laboratory abnormalities, in patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the first time. Methods Analyses included 8708 antiretroviral-naïve patients from the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) study who started HAART from 1998 onwards. We considered time to the first discontinuation of any drug in the initial HAART regimen for reasons other than virological failure; the association between this and age at the start of HAART was determined using proportional hazards regression after adjustment for potential confounders. The incidence of specific laboratory abnormalities in the first year after starting HAART was compared in those of different ages using multiple logistic regression. Results A total of 2650 patients discontinued at least one drug in their HAART regimen in the first year for reasons other than virological failure; after controlling for confounders, those aged < 30 years at the time of starting HAART were more likely to discontinue than those aged 30–39 years [relative hazard (RH) 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.24] as were those aged ⩾ 50 years (RH 1.14; 95% CI 1.00, 1.31). There were strong associations between greater age and raised total cholesterol, decreased haemoglobin and raised triglycerides over the first year, although the latter disappeared after adjustment for pre-HAART levels, suggesting that this finding reflected higher pre-HAART triglyceride levels in older individuals. Conclusions Continued attempts to improve the tolerability of HAART regimens may help to sustain the good outcomes in all age groups over the longer term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe outcomes in patients starting first-line antiretroviral regimens including lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in a routine clinic setting. Methods: Previously naïve patients starting LPV/r-containing antiretroviral therapy were included in the study. Virological failure was defined as the first of two viral loads >500 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL more than 6 months after starting LPV/r. Cumulative percentages experiencing virological failure were calculated using Kaplan-Meier methods. Results: A total of 195 individuals had a median follow-up time of 1.7 years. At 48 weeks, 87.9, 77.4 and 71.6% of patients with pretreatment CD4 counts of <50, 50-200 and >200 cells/[mu]L, respectively, remained on LPV/r. By 48, 72 and 96 weeks, 2.2, 3.0 and 5.0% of patients, respectively, had experienced virological failure, ignoring treatment changes but censoring follow-up at discontinuation of all antiretrovirals; these percentages became 24.0, 33.7 and 42.3% when LPV/r discontinuation was considered as virological failure. Censoring those who stopped LPV/r with a viral load <50 copies/mL and considering as virological failures those who stopped LPV/r with a viral load >50 copies/mL gave 12.1, 14.6 and 17.0% virological failure at 48, 72 and 96 weeks, respectively. Median CD4 count increases at 24, 48 and 72 weeks were 167, 230 and 253 cells/[mu]L, respectively. Conclusions: Few patients experienced virological failure whilst on a LPV/r-based regimen, although it was not uncommon for patients in our clinic with higher baseline CD4 counts to discontinue LPV/r. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aims of the study were to describe gender differences in haemoglobin and albumin and to investigate the prognostic value of these measurements in relation to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods: Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin <13.5 g/dL for men and <11.5 g/dL for women. Albumin <35 g/L was defined as hypoalbuminaemia. Proportional hazards models were used to describe relationships between these markers and HIV progression and death. Results: A total of 291 patients had pre-HAART and 1-year measurements. Mean haemoglobin and albumin levels pre-HAART were lower in women than in men (haemoglobin: 11.2 vs 13.2 g/dL, respectively, P<0.0001; albumin: 37.4 vs 40.2 g/L, respectively, P<0.0001), and a higher proportion of women were anaemic and hypoalbuminaemic compared with men. Despite a rise in both markers in the first year on HAART, mean haemoglobin levels remained lower by 2.08 g/dL ( P<0.0001) and albumin by 2.88 g/L ( P<0.0001) in women. In the 495 patients included in this analysis, haemoglobin and albumin levels were both significantly related to short-term risk of AIDS and death independently of CD4 count [hazards ratio (HR)=0.73/g/dL higher haemoglobin, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-0.82, P<0.0001 and HR=0.87/g/L higher albumin, 95% CI 0.83-0.91, P<0.0001]. The prognostic value did not differ by gender. Conclusions: Women were more likely to be anaemic and/or hypoalbuminaemic pre-HAART, but post-HAART increases were similar to those in men. Both haemoglobin and albumin were strong independent prognostic factors for risk of AIDS and death, regardless of gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Relatively few data are available on the association between the use of specific antiretroviral drugs and the rate of viral rebound in those attaining a viral load (VL) <50 copies/mL while receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Methods: Patients achieving a VL <50 copies/mL for the first time while receiving HAART were followed until viral rebound (2 consecutive VLs >500 copies/mL). Pre-HAART antiretroviral-naive patients were analyzed separately from those with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) experience.Results: Of 3565 suppressed antiretroviral-naive patients, 381 experienced viral rebound (rate, 6.26 events/100 person-years of follow-up [pyrs] [95% confidence interval {CI}, 5.63-6.89 events/100 pyrs]). For those receiving efavirenz, the rate was 4.08 (95% CI, 3.16-5.01) events/pyrs. Compared with this, the rebound rate for those receiving indinavir was 1.52 times higher (rate ratio [RR], 1.52 [95% CI, 0.82-2.84]). RRs (95% CIs) for other drugs were: soft-gel saquinavir, 0.54 (0.07-3.97); nelfinavir, 2.44 (1.68-3.54); indinavir/ritonavir, 1.96 (1.02-3.77); saquinavir/ritonavir, 1.12 (0.48-2.61); lopinavir/ritonavir, 1.23 (0.58-2.59); nevirapine, 1.53 (1.11-2.10); and abacavir, 2.03 (1.26-3.25). Of 810 NRTI-exposed patients, 145 experienced viral rebound (rate, 8.29 [95% CI, 6.94-9.64] events/pyrs). For those receiving efavirenz, the rate was 5.25 (95% CI, 3.11-8.30) events/pyrs. Compared with this, the RRs (95% CIs) were: indinavir, 1.75 (0.82-3.73); hard-gel saquinavir, 3.48 (0.36-33.37); nelfinavir, 2.64 (1.37-5.08); indinavir/ritonavir, 0.32 (0.04-2.49); saquinavir/ritonavir, 0.64 (0.23-1.80); nevirapine, 1.65 (0.90-3.02); and abacavir, 1.82 (0.73-4.52).Conclusions: We must make comparisons of antiretroviral outcomes in observational data with caution; however, our results suggest that, in those with VLs <50 copies/mL, certain drugs may be associated with higher rebound rates than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: Although the benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been dramatic, studies have started to report a variety of drug-related side effects and toxicities. We sought to characterize the risk factors for cardiovascular disease present in an HIV-positive population. METHODS: A total of 394 HIV-positive ambulant patients attending the Royal Free Hospital, London, were asked to complete a questionnaire. Questions focused on smoking habits and general health. RESULTS: In total, 38% of patients were aged >40 years, 37% had a family history of heart disease, 3% had diabetes, 14% suffered from raised blood pressure, 20% had a body mass index (BMI)>26 kg/m3, 7% had an alcohol consumption above the recommended UK limit, and 18% had total cholesterol levels >6.3 mmol/L [corrected]. The rate of smoking observed (45%) was much higher than that observed amongst the general population in the British Health Survey for England (34%). There were significant differences between those receiving and not receiving ART. Those on ART tended to be younger (P<0.0001) and less likely to smoke cigarettes (P=0.06) or have an alcohol consumption above the recommended limit (P=0.08), but were more likely to have diabetes (P=0.05). More patients receiving ART reported, and so perceived themselves to have, raised blood fats (P<0.0001). This was confirmed when considering blood lipid levels, where those on ART had significantly raised total cholesterol levels compared to those not currently receiving ART (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated an excess of cardiovascular risk factors in this cohort. These issues must be addressed if we wish to maintain the benefit of treating HIV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years the issue of 'grandparents raising their grandchildren' seems to have leapt into the consciousness of researchers, advocates, service providers, policy analysts and the general public. Current estimates indicate that there are 2.5 million American households headed by grandparents (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1998). This article explores the development of this issue, seeking to (1) explain why it is capturing the attention of some advocates, researchers and policymakers, (2) identify the challenges for grandparent-headed families and (3) explore public policies and programs emerging from a developing intergenerational agenda directed at assisting such families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 79-year-old lady presented with subclinical autoimmune hypothyroidism and proximal muscle weakness, which failed to respond to thyroxine. Subsequent electromyography and muscle biopsy confirmed polymyositis, which responded well to immunosuppressive therapy. She presented 4 months later with a thyroid carcinoma, most likely anaplastic, and died shortly afterwards. Although the association between malignancy and polymyositis remains controversial, to our knowledge this is the first report of thyroid carcinoma occuring in association with polymyositis and autoimmune hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a correction to the article "Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Antiretroviral Therapy in an HIV-Positive UK Population," published in the July 2004 issue of "HIV Medicine."

Objectives: Previous UK studies have reported disparities in HIV treatment outcomes for women. We investigated whether these differences persist in the modern antiretroviral treatment (ART) era. Methods: A single-centre cohort analysis was carried out. We included in the study all previously ART-naïve individuals at our clinic starting triple ART from 1 January 2006 onwards with at least one follow-up viral load (VL). Time to viral suppression (VS; first viral load < 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL), virological failure (VF; first of two consecutive VLs > 200 copies/mL more than 6 months post-ART) and treatment modification were estimated using standard survival methods. Results: Of 1086 individuals, 563 (52%) were men whose risk for HIV acquisition was sex with other men (MSM), 207 (19%) were men whose risk for HIV acquisition was sex with women (MSW) and 316 (29%) were women. Median pre-ART CD4 count and time since HIV diagnosis in these groups were 298, 215 and 219 cells/µL, and 2.3, 0.3 and 0.3 years, respectively. Time to VS was comparable between groups, but women [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.32; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-4.22] and MSW (aHR 3.28; 95% CI 1.91-5.64) were at considerably higher risk of VF than MSM. Treatment switches and complete discontinuation were also more common among MSW [aHR 1.38 (95% CI 1.04-1.81) and aHR 1.73 (95% CI 0.97-3.16), respectively] and women [aHR 1.87 (95% CI 1.43-2.46) and aHR 3.20 (95% CI 2.03-5.03), respectively] than MSM. Conclusions: Although response rates were good in all groups, poorer virological outcomes for women and MSW have persisted into the modern ART era. Factors that might influence the differences include socioeconomic status and mental health disorders. Further interventions to ensure excellent response rates in women and MSW are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Lipid levels during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM) have been extensively studied; however, it remains unclear whether dyslipidaemia is a potential marker of preexisting insulin resistance. Objective To evaluate the relationship between lipid measures throughout pregnancy and GDM. Search strategy We searched Pub Med- Med Line and SCOPUS (inception until January 2014) and reference lists of relevant studies. Selection criteria Publications describing original data with at least one raw lipid (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [ HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [ LDL-C], or triglyceride) measurement during pregnancy in women with GDM and healthy pregnant controls were retained. Data collection and analysis Data extracted from 60 studies were pooled and weighted mean difference ( WMD) in lipid levels was calculated using random effects models. Meta-regression was also performed to identify sources of heterogeneity. Main results Triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in women with GDM compared with those without GDM ( WMD 30.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 25.4-36.4). This finding was consistent in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. HDL-C levels were significantly lower in women with GDM compared with those without GDM in the second ( WMD −4.6, 95% CI −6.2 to −3.1) and third ( WMD −4.1, 95% CI −6.5 to −1.7) trimesters of pregnancy. There were no differences in aggregate total cholesterol or LDL-C levels between women with GDM and those without insulin resistance. Author's conclusions Our meta-analysis shows that triglycerides are significantly elevated among women with GDM compared with women without insulin resistance and this finding persists across all three trimesters of pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Autism/autistic disorder (MIM number 209850) is a complex, largely genetic psychiatric disorder. The authors recently mapped a susceptibility locus for autism to chromosome region 2q24-q33 (MIM number 606053). In the present study, genes across the 2q24-q33 interval were analyzed to identify an autism susceptibility gene in this region.Method: Mutation screening of positional candidate genes was performed in two stages. The first stage involved identifying, in unrelated subjects showing linkage to 2q24-q33, genetic variants in exons and flanking sequence within candidate genes and comparing the frequency of the variants between autistic and unrelated nonautistic subjects. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that showed evidence for divergent distribution between autistic and nonautistic subjects were identified, both within SLC25A12, a gene encoding the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier (AGC1). In the second stage, the two SNPs in SLC25A12 were further genotyped in 411 autistic families, and linkage and association tests were carried out in the 197 informative families.Results: Linkage and association were observed between autistic disorder and the two SNPs, rs2056202 and rs2292813, found in SLC25A12. Using either a single affected subject per family or all affected subjects, evidence for excess transmission was found by the Transmission Disequilibrium Test for rs2056202, rs2292813, and a two-locus G*G haplotype. Similar results were observed using TRANSMIT for the analyses. Evidence for linkage was supported by linkage analysis with the two SNPs, with a maximal multipoint nonparametric linkage score of 1.57 and a maximal multipoint heterogeneity lod score of 2.11. Genotype relative risk could be estimated to be between 2.4 and 4.8 for persons homozygous at these loci.Conclusions: A strong association of autism with SNPs within the SLC25A12 gene was demonstrated. Further studies are needed to confirm this association and to decipher any potential etiological role of AGC1 in autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the gain in body mass index ( BMI) observed immediately after antiretroviral therapy ( ART) initiation on the subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD) and diabetes. Methods We analysed data from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti- HIV Drugs ( D: A: D) cohort study. Outcomes were development of (i) CVD (composite of myocardial infarction/stroke/coronary procedure) and (ii) diabetes. The main exposure variable was change in BMI from ART initiation (pre- ART) to 1 year after initiation (continuous variable) in treatment-naïve individuals initiating ART with no history of CVD or diabetes (for respective outcomes). BMI [weight (kg)/(height (m))2] was categorized as underweight (< 18.5), normal (18.5-25), overweight (25-30) and obese (> 30). Poisson regression models were fitted stratified for each pre- ART BMI category to allow for category-specific estimates of incidence rate ratio ( IRR). Models were adjusted for pre- ART BMI and CD4 count, key known risk factors (time-updated where possible) and calendar year. Results A total of 97 CVD events occurred in 43 982 person-years ( n = 9321) and 125 diabetes events in 43 278 person-years ( n = 9193). In fully adjusted analyses for CVD, the IRR/unit gain in BMI (95% confidence interval) in the first year of ART, by pre- ART BMI category, was: underweight, 0.90 (0.60-1.37); normal, 1.18 (1.05-1.33); overweight, 0.87 (0.70-1.10), and obese, 0.95 (0.71-1.28) ( P for interaction = 0.04). For diabetes, the IRR/unit gain in BMI was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.21), regardless of pre- ART BMI ( P for interaction > 0.05). Conclusions Short-term gain in BMI following ART initiation appeared to increase the longer term risk of CVD, but only in those with pre- ART BMI in the normal range. It was also associated with increased risk of diabetes regardless of pre- ART BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background We examined whether determinants of disease progression and causes of death differ between injecting drug users (IDUs) and non-IDUs who initiate combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Methods The ART Cohort Collaboration combines data from participating cohort studies on cART-naïve adults from cART initiation. We used Cox models to estimate hazard ratios for death and AIDS among IDUs and non-IDUs. The cumulative incidence of specific causes of death was calculated and compared using methods that allow for competing risks. Results Data on 6269 IDUs and 37 774 non-IDUs were analysed. Compared with non-IDUs, a lower proportion of IDUs initiated cART with a CD4 cell count <200 cells/μL or had a prior diagnosis of AIDS. Mortality rates were higher in IDUs than in non-IDUs (2.08 vs. 1.04 per 100 person-years, respectively; P<0.001). Lower baseline CD4 cell count, higher baseline HIV viral load, clinical AIDS at baseline, and later year of cART initiation were associated with disease progression in both groups. However, the inverse association of baseline CD4 cell count with AIDS and death appeared stronger in non-IDUs than in IDUs. The risk of death from each specific cause was higher in IDUs than non-IDUs, with particularly marked increases in risk for liver-related deaths, and those from violence and non-AIDS infection. Conclusion While liver-related deaths and deaths from direct effects of substance abuse appear to explain much of the excess mortality in IDUs, they are at increased risk for many other causes of death, which may relate to suboptimal management of HIV disease in these individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have shown that the incidence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is rising in the U.K. and U.S.A. Death registrations and primary care data were used to determine the current trends in IPF incidence in the U.K. Because routine clinical data sets were used, the term IPF clinical syndrome (IPF-CS) is used to describe individuals in this study.Methods: Age- and stratum-specific death registration rates between 1968 and 2008 were calculated and these were applied to the 2008 population to generate annual standardised expected number of deaths. Annual mortality rate ratios were calculated using Poisson regression. Computerised primary care records were used to determine incidence rates of IPF-CS between 2000 and 2008 stratified by age, sex and geographical region, and survival rates between calendar periods were compared.Results: Annual death certificate recording of IPF-CS rose sixfold across the study period from 0.92 per 100,000 in the 1968-1972 calendar periods to 5.10 per 100,000 in the 2006-2008 calendar period, and were higher in men and the older age groups. The incidence of IPF-CS in primary care increased by 35% from 2000 to 2008, with an overall incidence rate of 7.44 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 7.12 to 7.77). Incidence was higher in men, the older population and in Northwest England.Conclusions: The incidence of IPF-CS in primary care and registered deaths from this cause in the U.K. continues to rise in the 21st century. The current findings suggest that there are >5000 new cases diagnosed each year in the U.K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]