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Electrochemical immunosensors, surpassing conventional diagnostics, exhibit significant potential for cancer biomarker detection. However, achieving a delicate balance between signal sensitivity and operational stability, especially at the heterostructure interface, is crucial for practical immunosensors. Herein, porous carbon (PC) integration with Ti 3 C 2 T x -MXene (MX) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) constructs a versatile immunosensing platform for detecting extracellular matrix protein-1 (ECM1), a breast cancer-associated biomarker. The inclusion of PC provided robust structural support, enhancing electrolytic diffusion with an expansive surface area while synergistically facilitating charge transfer with Ti 3 C 2 T x. The biosensor optimized with 1.0 mg PC demonstrates a robust electrochemical redox response to the surface-bound thionine (th) redox probe, utilizing an inhibition-based strategy for ECM1 detection. The robust antibody-antigen interactions across the PC-integrated Ti 3 C 2 T x -Au NPs platform (MX-Au-C-1) enabled robust ECM1 detection within 0.1–7.5 nM, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.012 nM. The constructed biosensor shows improved operational stability with a 98.6 % current retention over 1 h, surpassing MXene-integrated (MX-Au) and pristine Au NPs (63.2 % and 44.3 %, respectively) electrodes. Moreover, the successful adaptation of the artificial neural network (ANN) model for predictive analysis of the generated DPV data further validates the accuracy of the biosensor, promising its future application in AI-powered remote health monitoring. [Display omitted] • Integrating PC with Ti 3 C 2 T x and Au NPs for immunosensing of ECM-1 biomarker. • The PC integration enhances operational stability with a 98.6 % current retention. • Inhibition sensing leveraging antibody-antigen interactions with LOD of 0.012 nM. • Integration of ML and ANN for predictive analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the development of an electrochemical sensor system for the determination of bisphenol A using tannic acid functionalized CuO nanoglobules. The utilized tannic acid acted simultaneously as both bio-compatible template and functionalizing agent for the as-synthesised CuO nanostructures. The excellent synergy of high surface area and favorable interactions between the moieties of tannic acid and bisphenol A molecules enabled sensitive electrochemical oxidation of bisphenol A within wide detection window (0.1–5.5 µM) and limit of detection estimated to be 0.01 µM. Moreover, the sensor exhibited satisfactory stability and strong anti-interference capability when evaluated against common interferents molecules such as phenol, hydroquinone, and 4-nitrophenol. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study describes sensitive determination of atropine using glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with Co 3 O 4 nanostructures. The as-synthesised nanostructures were grown using cysteine (CYS), glutathione (GSH) and histidine (HYS) as effective templates under hydrothermal action. The obtained morphologies revealed interesting structural features, including both cavity-based and flower-shaped structures. The as-synthesised morphologies were noted to actively participate in electro-catalysis of atropine (AT) drug where GSH-assisted structures exhibited the best signal response in terms of current density and over-potential value. The study also discusses the influence of functional groups on the signal sensitivity of atropine electro-oxidation. The functionalisation was carried with the amino acids originally used as effective templates for the growth of Co 3 O 4 nanostructures. The highest increment was obtained when GSH was used as the surface functionalising agent. The GSH-functionalised Co 3 O 4 -modified electrode was utilised for the electro-chemical sensing of AT in a concentration range of 0.01–0.46 μM. The developed sensor exhibited excellent working linearity (R 2 = 0.999) and signal sensitivity up to 0.001 μM of AT. The noted high sensitivity of the sensor is associated with the synergy of superb surface architectures and favourable interaction facilitating the electron transfer kinetics for the electro-catalytic oxidation of AT. Significantly, the developed sensor demonstrated excellent working capability when used for AT detection in human urine samples with strong anti-interference potential against common co-existing species, such as glucose, fructose, cysteine, uric acid, dopamine and ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the application of gold nanocages (Au NCs) for the development of enzyme free electrochemical glucose sensor. The described sensor system is based on the direct modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with Au NCs prepared using simple galvanic replacement reaction. The excellent sensitivity in this case was attributed to the high surface area (interior/exterior) and cavity confinement phenomena (cage effect) associated with Au NCs during the oxidation of glucose. The observed electro-catalytic cage confinement phenomena for Au NCs was elaborately studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) against solid gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) modified electrode. In addition to this, the developed sensor system was found highly resistive towards interfering species such as uric acid (UA), ascorbic (AS), dopamine (DP) and monosaccharide like fructose (FC) and maltose (ML). The electro-catalytic affinity of Au NCs for the oxidation of glucose enabled development of highly sensitivity (2131 μA cm −2 mM −1 ) and selective sensor with lower detection limit estimated to be 0.1 mM and linear working range of 1.0–9.0 mM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study describes the application of CuO nanostructures as an effective electrode modifying material for the direct electrocatalytic oxidation of N -acetyl- l -cysteine (NAC). The CuO nanostructures were synthesized using hydrothermal growth method with the assistance of NAC, adipic acid (AS) and citric acid (CA) utilized as effective growth modifiers. The morphological characterization of the as-synthesized nanostructures reveled formation of highly distinct and attractive structural features signifying the efficient growth controlling and directing capabilities of the used modifiers. Although, all the fabricated nanostructures were known to possess electrocatalytic potential for the oxidation of NAC. However, the CA modified CuO nanostructures were noted to demonstrate greater sensitivity compared to its other competitors. The developed sensor system relies on the relatively high electro-active area and charged moieties associated with the surface of CA assisted CuO, thus creating a favorable environment for the faster diffusion of analyte towards catalyst surface. The developed sensor exhibited excellent working linearity in the selected concentration range of 0.1 to 5.0 μM with estimated LOD value of 0.01 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the fabrication of unique arrow head shaped CuO nanostructures using simple hydrothermal treatment method. The highly attractive features were obtained by the application of glutaric acid utilised simultaneous as template and functionalising agent. The functionalised nanostructures were known to possess excellent potential towards the electro-catalytic oxidation of carbofuran pesticide. The generated intense electrochemical signal with lower potential value enabled sensitive and selective determination of carbofuran up to 1×10−3 µM with wide sensing window in range of 0.01 to 0.16 µM. The feasibility of the developed sensor system for the practical application was also studied by testing its potential in real sample extracts of various vegetables. The excellent recoveries demonstrated the analytical robustness of the developed sensor system. The sensor system utilises a new and simple approach towards sensitive determination of toxic pesticides reflecting its wide spectrum application in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for organophosphate pesticide (malathion) based on unique and attractive CuO nanostructures. The discussed nanostructures were synthesized using low temperature hydrothermal growth method utilizing green amino acids such as glycine, serine, threonine and histidine as effective bio-compatible templates. The morphological evaluation demonstrated formation of unique and attractive 1-D nanostructures reflecting the effective growth controlling and directing capabilities of the utilized amino acids. The as-synthesized CuO nanostructures were noted to possess high affinity towards malathion which enabled their application as electrode material for the development of affinity based electrochemical sensor. Although, the as-synthesized morphologies were all sensitive towards malathion but the glycine directed triangular flake-like nanostructures exhibited greater sensitivity compared to other competitors. The electrochemical behaviour of the modified electrodes was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) whereas, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was utilized for the analytical evaluation of the sensor. The developed sensor demonstrated high reproducibility, stability, wide detection window (1–12 nM), and sensitivity to detect malathion up to 0.1 nM based on suppressive signal measurement. In addition, the sensor system exhibited high anti-interference capability in the presence of common co-existing pesticides like lindane, carbendazim, and trichlorfon. The developed sensor provides an effective measure for detecting extremely low concentration of malathion with wide applicability in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study reports the synthesis of cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ) nanostructures and their application in enzyme free electrochemical sensing of glucose. The synthesized nanostructures were elaborately characterized via number of analytical techniques including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The as-synthesized nanostructures of Co 3 O 4 were found to exhibited nanodisc like morphology with the size dimension in range of 300–500 nm. The obtained morphological features were evaluated for their electrochemical potential towards oxidation of glucose which enabled development of sensitive (27.33 µA mM −1 cm −2 ), and stable enzyme free glucose sensor. In addition, the developed sensor showed excellent linearity ( r 2 =0.9995), wide detection range (0.5–5.0 mM), lower detection limit (0.8 µM) and extreme selectivity towards glucose in the presence of common interferents like dopamine (DP), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). The successfully application of developed sensor for real blood glucose analysis further reflects its capability for routine glucose measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study describes the application of oxidation resistant copper nanostructures as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the treatment of organic dye containing waste waters. Copper nanostructures were synthesized in an aqueous environment using modified surfactant assisted chemical reduction route. The synthesized nanostructures have been characterized by UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). These surfactant capped Cu nanostructures have been used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the comparative reductive degradation of methyl orange (MO) in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) used as a potential reductant. Copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were found to be more efficient compared to copper nanorods (Cu NRds) with the degradation reaction obeying pseudofirst order reaction kinetics. Shape dependent catalytic efficiency was further evaluated from activation energy (EA) of reductive degradation reaction. The more efficient Cu NPs were further employed for reductive degradation of real waste water samples containing dyes collected from the drain of different local textile industries situated in Hyderabad region, Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the synthesis of novel hedgehog-like NiO nanostructures via hydrothermal method using l -cysteine as a structure directing agent. The as-synthesized hedgehog-like NiO nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS) X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques for morphological, compositional and structural studies respectively. The prepared NiO nanostructures were applied for the design and engineering of non-enzymatic glucose sensor in the alkaline medium. The electrode material for glucose sensing based on the hedgehog-like NiO nanostructures demonstrated extremely high electrochemical response with high sensitivity (1052.8 μA mM −1 cm −2 ), low detection limit (LOD) (1.2 μM), high selectivity, wide linear range (0.1–5.0 μM) ( R 2 = 0.9982) and the outstanding reproducibility. A plausible growth mechanism has been proposed to explain the formation process of the hedgehog-like NiO nanostructures. The excellent sensing performance can be attributed to the unique surface architectures, which enhanced the electron transfer rate and the molecular approach during the electrochemical sensing of glucose. Furthermore, the sensor showed excellent performance for the quantification of glucose in real blood sera reflecting universal nature of the presented glucose sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg2+) as environmental pollutant is a widespread concern due to its cytotoxic effect in humans and animals and needs to be monitored through cost effective methods based on naked-eye detection. Herein, in this study, we extracted and isolated the limonin (LMN) via a facile procedure and then employed it as capping agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (LMN-AgNPs) as a first report. LMN-AgNPs were characterized through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta Potential Analyzer (ZPA) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. As-formed LMN-AgNPs were recognized as extremely selective and highly sensitive colorimetric sensor for Hg2+ with potential analytical application. The developed sensor showed an outstanding linear correlation with the concentration of Hg2+ in the range of 0.002 − 55 µM via a color change from deep yellow to transparent showing hypsochromic-hypochromic shift with the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) as low as 0.21 nM and 0.7 nM respectively. The sensor was further allied with smartphone for immediate and on-site quantification of Hg2+. The LOD and LOQ of 0.42 µM and 1.4 µM was true for smartphone based sensing in the range of 7.5–55 µM Hg2+. The detection of Hg2+ was not disrupted by the presence of other metals in either of mentioned cases. The practical applicability of the proposed Hg2+ sensor was tested using spectrophotometric and smartphone based approaches in human serum and urine as well as in tap water samples with acceptable ranges of recovery. As-developed sensor can work as a potential candidate for monitoring of Hg2+ pollution in diverse fields of studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research focuses on enhancing the energy storage capabilities of mesoporous silica (MCM-41) for supercapacitor applications. Electrodes made solely from MCM-41 do not possess the desired energy density required for electronic devices. To address this, combining ferrites with MCM-41 has been proposed as a means to enhance the electrochemical behavior. In this study, various contents of COF were loaded on MCM-41. Different characterization methods were used to study the physical and surface properties of the as synthesized materials like XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDX and SEM-mapping. TEM images confirmed that all the as-synthesized composites retained the mesoporous structure, and the particle size of ferrites ranged from 8 to 14 nm. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) techniques were employed to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of the composite materials in H2SO4 electrolyte solution (1.0 M) and a potential window ranging from 0.0 to 0.8 V. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of ferrites onto MCM-41 led to an elevation in specific capacitance, with the highest value (746 F.g−1) observed at 35 COF-MCM-41 composite. However, further increasing the content of ferrites resulted in a decrease in specific capacitance. Furthermore, the prepared composites exhibited excellent cycling stability even after 5000 cycles, with MCM-41, COF, and 35 COF-MCM-41 retaining 84.4%, 89.4%, and 94.8% of their initial specific capacitance, respectively. These findings highlight the significant role played by the dispersion of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in enhancing pseudocapacitance behavior, thus improving the overall electrochemical performance of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NiWO 4 induced partial oxidation of MXenes. • NiWO 4 /MXene heterojunction to construct photo-active biosensing platform. • EC-mechanism based PEC immuno-sensor for protein-specific antigen (PSA) biomarker. MXene-based hybrid composites are gaining substantial attention due to their impressive chemical and electronic characteristics. Herein, an in-situ engineered heterojunction is constructed using partially-oxidised Ti 3 C 2 T x sheets and photo-active NiWO 4 nanoparticles (NPs). The NiWO 4 NPs were used to induce partial surface oxidation of Ti 3 C 2 T x , resulting in the formation of a Ti 3 C 2 T x -TiO 2 /NiWO 4 hybrid composite (MX-NiWO 4). The electrocatalytic and photo-electrochemical (PEC) characteristics of MX-NiWO 4 were studied in reference to the reduced graphene oxide-NiWO 4 (rGO-NiWO 4) and H 2 O 2 -treated Ti 3 C 2 T x (MX-H 2 O 2) hybrids. The MX-NiWO 4 , based on its in-situ driven configuration, constructed an ideal interfacial arrangement for the electrocatalytic mechanism-based PEC immuno-sensing of prostate-specific antigens (PSA). The developed PEC biosensor was capable of detecting PSA, over a wide detection range of 1.2 fg.mL−1 to 0.18 mg.mL−1, with a detection limit of 0.15 fg.mL-1. The synergic integration of Ti 3 C 2 T x with photo-active NiWO 4 offers a superior signal response and practical applicability when used for the quantification of PSA from human saliva samples, anticipating the hybrid's promising future in clinical detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial charge-carrier recombination is a bottle-neck issue restricting photoelectrochemical biosensors advancement in the wearable clinical electronics. In this study, we propose a simple approach to construct a highly efficient photoactive heterojunction capable of functioning as an active substrate in PEC biosensing of CD44 proteins. Taking the advantage of high photocatalytic activity of BiVO 4 , and biocompatible yet conductive 2D-Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets, a workable heterojunction was constructed between in-situ formed TiO 2 from the partially oxidized Ti 3 C 2 T x and lysine functionalized BiVO 4 (TiO 2 /MX-BiVO 4). The interfacial arrangement was ideal for promoting fast charge transfer from photo-excited BiVO 4 and TiO 2 to Ti 3 C 2 T x , constructing an energy level-cascade that permits minimal charge-carrier recombination besides robust photocatalytic redox activity. The PEC biosensor relies on the ligand-protein interaction, where hyaluronic acid was directly immobilized over TiO 2 /MX-BiVO 4 based on the interactions between carboxyl of lysine and amino moieties of hyaluronic acid. The PEC biosensor response depends on the inhibition in the measured photo-oxidation current of mediator species, i.e., ascorbic acid after the addition of CD44 proteins. The superior photo-activity, and robust heterojunction arrangement, produced a sensitive signal capable of recognizing CD44 in the wide concentration window of 2.2 × 10−4 ng mL−1 to 3.2 ng mL−1 with a low-detection limit of 1.4 × 10−2 pg mL−1. The strong interaction between lysine functionalized BiVO 4 and hyaluronic acid enabled biosensor to exhibit robust antifouling characteristics towards similar proteins such as PSA and NSE. The quantification of CD44 protein from real-blood serum samples further confirmed the biosensor's reliability for clinical application. • Partially oxidized MXene-based hybrid for PEC sensing. • BiVO 4 /TiO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x -based heterojunction as photo active platform. • Photo-active electrode for sensitive detection of CD44 proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procalcitonin (PCT) protein has recently been identified as a clinical marker for bacterial infections based on its better sepsis sensitivity. Thus, an increased level of PCT could be linked with disease diagnosis and therapeutics. In this study, we describe the construction of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) PCT immunosensing platform based on it situ grown photo-active CuWO4 nanospheres over reduced graphene oxide layers (CuWO4@rGO). The in situ growth strategy enabled the formation of small nanospheres (diameter of 200 nm), primarily composed of tiny self-assembled CuWO4 nanoparticles (2–5 nm). The synergic coupling of CuWO4 with rGO layers constructed an excellent photo-active heterojunction for photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing. The platform was then considered for electrocatalytic (EC) mechanism-based detection of PCT, where inhibition of the photocatalytic oxidation signal of ascorbic acid (AA), subsequent to the antibody–antigen interaction, was recorded as the primary signal response. This inhibition detection approach enabled sensitive detection of PCT in a concentration range of 10 pg·mL−1 to 50 ng.mL−1 with signal sensitivity achievable up to 0.15 pg·mL−1. The proposed PEC hybrid (CuWO4@rGO) could further be engineered to detect other clinically important species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the construction of highly-sensitive photo-electrochemical (PEC) immunosensor for the detection of neuron-specific enolase (NSE). The biosensing platform is comprised of photo-active NiWO 4 nanostructures, in-situ-grown over a conductive substrate (indium tin oxide) using a low-temperature template-based co-precipitation approach. The discussed approach enables the formation of discrete, yet morphologically-analogous, nanostructures with complete coverage (pinhole-free) of the electrode surface. The in-situ-grown nanostructure possess dense population with sharp saw-blade like morphological features that can support substantial immobilisation of anti-NSE agent. The constructed platform demonstrated excellent photo-catalytic activity towards uric acid (UA) which served as the base for the Electrochemical –mechanism (EC) based PEC inhibition sensing. The detection of NSE, relied on its obstruction in analytical signal observed for the photo-oxidation of UA after binding to the electrode surface via protein-antibody interaction. The constructed PEC immunosensor exhibits signal sensitivity up to 0.12 ng mL−1 of NSE with excellent signal reproducibility and electrode replicability. Moreover, the constructed platform was successfully used for NSE determination in human serum samples. • In-situ-grown photo active saw-blade-like NiWO 4 nanostructures. • PEC immunosensor for the detection of neuron-specific enolase. • Binder-free photo-active electrode for sensitive detection of NSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of high-performance photocatalysts plays a pivotal role in realizing the efficient conversion of solar energy-hydrogen energy. In this work, we employed an electrostatic self-assembly approach to couple Cd 0.3 Mn 0.7 S with FeS 2 , thereby fabricating the FeS 2 /Cd 0.3 Mn 0.7 S S-scheme heterojunction. When used as a catalyst, the heterojunction achieved a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of 11.88 mmol/g/h, utilizing the full spectrum region. This performance was 66.7 and 1.5 times higher than that of FeS 2 and Cd 0.3 Mn 0.7 S, respectively. Furthermore, the as-fabricated FeS 2 /Cd 0.3 Mn 0.7 S exhibited long-term stability, with hydrogen production demonstrating a linear growth trend over the irradiation time. The enhancement in photocatalytic performance was attributed to the formation of the S-scheme heterojunction, which boosts the separation efficiency of charge carriers through interface engineering, thereby improving light energy utilization. Additionally, FeS 2 served as an efficient cocatalyst, providing active sites for photocatalytic hydrogen production. This work offers valuable insights into the rational design of efficient cocatalysts and the construction of S-scheme heterojunctions. • FeS 2 /Cd 0.3 Mn 0.7 S heterojunction photocatalysts were constructed via electrostatic self-assembly method. • The strong interaction in FeS 2 /Cd 0.3 Mn 0.7 S interface can boost the spatial separation/transfer of photogenerated carriers. • The HER activity of 20%FeS 2 /Cd 0.3 Mn 0.7 S is 66.7 and 1.5 times higher than that of FeS 2 and Cd 0.3 Mn 0.7 S. • The enhanced HER activity of FeS 2 /Cd 0.3 Mn 0.7 S is attributed to formation of the S-scheme heterojunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) have recently attracted considerable attention owing to their resource abundance, low cost and environmental friendliness. Graphite as a mature commercial anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, has been proved as a promising anode candidate for KIBs by reversible forming potassium‐graphite intercalation compounds. However, large volume expansion and sluggish K+ kinetics caused by the incompatibility between large radius of K+ and the small interlayer spacing of graphite, result in the poor cycle stability and rate performances, hindering its practical application. Extensive research efforts have focused on improving the potassium storage performance of graphite anodes. This review provides an overview of recent advances in addressing these challenges and optimizing the electrochemical performance of graphite anodes for KIBs. Various strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of graphite and graphitic carbon anodes, such as microcrystalline regulation, heteroatom doping, morphological adjustment, and coating modification, are discussed, while the critical issues and challenges associated with graphite anodes and the prospects for their advancement in KIBs are highlighted. The review offers valuable guidelines for rational structural design and promotes the commercial development of high‐performance graphite anode materials for KIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This correction notice is for an article titled "3D prickle-like hierarchical NiO nanostructures with oxygen vacancies for electrochemical detection of enrofloxacin antibiotics" published in Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing. The correction addresses the incorrect figures that appeared in the article as Figs. 2 and 3b. The corrected figures show FE-SEM images of hierarchical NiO nanostructures and TEM images of NiO nanostructures with thistle-like growth. The correction also includes revised citations in the 2nd paragraph of Sect. 3.1. The original article has been corrected. [Extracted from the article]

Owing to unique physical and optical properties, fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) are used in various biomedical applications. In this study, C-dots have been integrated as sensing agent on paper surface for colorimetric determination of clinically important analytes. Polyacrylamidebased C-dots coated C-dips showed visible color change from white to brown for iron (Fe2+, Fe3+) sample. Moreover, iron and copper (Cu2+) samples showed significant quenching of C-dots under UV. Images captured with/without UV were analyzed to study the relationship between different iron and copper concentrations and colorimetric intensity values. Color intensity and fluorescence showed a linear relationship with concentrations of iron and copper (Range: 1×10-4 to 1×10-2 M, Linearity: R² = 0.94). LOD from the paper sensor showed a sensitivity of 3.89×10-5 μM, 4.65×10-5 μM and 6.7×10-5 μM for Fe3+, Fe2+ and Cu2+ respectively, reflecting its reliability as low-cost sensing solution to analyze clinically relevant analytes as reported in current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the potential of newly developed ITO based electrode for the electro-catalytic detection of Sudan I. The ITO based electrode utilizes a dense layer of 2D CuO nanostructures as an effective electron-transfer facilitator which promotes the electro-catalytic sensing of Sudan I in aqueous solution. The in-situ growth of CuO nanostructures was achieved using simple hydrothermal route with the assistance of tartaric acid utilized as an effective template. The in-situ grown layer comprises of 2D CuO nanostructures with morphological features similar to flowers composed of sharp-flake like features. The electro-catalytic oxidation of Sudan I over the described electrode system demonstrated low-over potential value and excellent working stability with good analytical linearity in the range of 0.001–1.56 µM. The ITO based electrode was found highly selective and sensitive towards Sudan I with limit of detection determined to be 1.2 × 10 −4 µM (S/N = 3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the hydrothermal synthesis of NiO, CuO and Co 3 O 4 nanostructures using acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) as a growth-controlling/directing agent. The as-synthesised nanostructures were shown to possess unique structural features and distinct morphologies, portraying the efficiency of ASA as a suitable growth modifier. The formed metal oxide nanostructures, when used for electrode modification purposes, exhibited excellent electro-catalytic capabilities against the oxidation of nelbuphine hydrochloride (NAL) in aqueous buffer solution. The modified electrodes exhibited distinct electrochemical characteristics, with CuO-based electrodes exhibiting a superior signal sensitivity and lower over-potential value compared to the NiO and Co 3 O 4 nanostructures. The study further explores the variation in the observed electro-catalytic oxidation signal referenced to the distinct morphologies of the metal oxides nanostructures. The CuO-based electrode was selected for the sensitive quantification of NAL in aqueous solution over the linear range 0.001–2.25 μM. The electrode demonstrated excellent working linearity, with signal sensitivity achieved down to 1 × 10 − 4 μM. Moreover, the successful quantification of NAL in complex matrices, such as human urine and clinical waste water, further reflected the analytical capability of the proposed sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the emergence of zero waste concept, efficient waste recycling system and recovery of energy from the waste materials become challenging tasks globally. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is considered as one of a potential sources of energy. In the present study, bio-compactable iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by hydrothermal method. These NPs were characterized by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for size determination and surface morphology. The organic fraction of MSW (OFMSW) such as food waste (FW) was utilized as a substrate in this study. The anaerobic digestion of OFMSW in batch test was carried out under mesophilic temperature (37 ± 0.5°C). Four different concentrations of Fe3O4NPs i.e 50mg/L, 75mg/L, 100mg/L, and 125mg/L were added in each batch test. It was observered that 75mg/L yielded maximum CH4and followed by 50mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A plate-like Bi/Bi 2 O 3 -C heterostructure with boosted potassium storage performances is designed through a MOF-derived structure-inheritance strategy, where the Bi and Bi 2 O 3 can form hetero-particles that are uniformly embedded within the MOF-derived carbon skeleton. [Display omitted] Bismuth-based materials are regarded as promising anode materials for potassium ion batteries (PIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity and low working potential. However, the large volume expansion and sluggish kinetics during cycling are major limitations to their practical application. Herein, a unique Bi/Bi 2 O 3 -C heterostructure was designed through a simple Bi-metal–organic framework (MOF) modulation-pyrolysis process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction revealed that the Bi and Bi 2 O 3 can form hetero-particles, which were uniformly embedded in a plate-like carbon skeleton, constructing a Bi/Bi 2 O 3 -C heterostructure. The carbon skeleton and the formation of numerous hetero-interfaces between Bi, Bi 2 O 3 , and carbon can effectively promote the interfacial charge transfer, shorten the K+ diffusion pathway, and alleviate the volume expansion of Bi/Bi 2 O 3 during potassiation. Consequently, the Bi/Bi 2 O 3 -C heterostructure exhibited a high reversible capacity of 426.0 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1, excellent cycle performance of 251.8 mAh g−1 after 350 cycles with a capacity retention of 76.6 %, and superior rate capability of 82.7 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, demonstrating its promising potential for the application of PIBs anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plate-like Bi/Bi 2 O 3 -C heterostructure with boosted potassium storage performances is designed through a MOF-derived structure-inheritance strategy, where the Bi and Bi 2 O 3 can form hetero-particles that are uniformly embedded within the MOF-derived carbon skeleton. [Display omitted] Bismuth-based materials are regarded as promising anode materials for potassium ion batteries (PIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity and low working potential. However, the large volume expansion and sluggish kinetics during cycling are major limitations to their practical application. Herein, a unique Bi/Bi 2 O 3 -C heterostructure was designed through a simple Bi-metal–organic framework (MOF) modulation-pyrolysis process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction revealed that the Bi and Bi 2 O 3 can form hetero-particles, which were uniformly embedded in a plate-like carbon skeleton, constructing a Bi/Bi 2 O 3 -C heterostructure. The carbon skeleton and the formation of numerous hetero-interfaces between Bi, Bi 2 O 3 , and carbon can effectively promote the interfacial charge transfer, shorten the K+ diffusion pathway, and alleviate the volume expansion of Bi/Bi 2 O 3 during potassiation. Consequently, the Bi/Bi 2 O 3 -C heterostructure exhibited a high reversible capacity of 426.0 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1, excellent cycle performance of 251.8 mAh g−1 after 350 cycles with a capacity retention of 76.6 %, and superior rate capability of 82.7 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, demonstrating its promising potential for the application of PIBs anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D MXenes have emerged as promising supercapacitor electrode materials due to their metallic conductivity, pseudo‐capacitive mechanism, and high density. However, layer‐restacking is a bottleneck that restrains their ionic kinetics and active site exposure. Herein, a carbon dots‐intercalated strategy is proposed to fabricate flexible MXene film electrodes with both large ion‐accessible active surfaces and high density through gelation of calcium alginate (CA) within the MXene nanosheets followed by carbonization. The formation of CA hydrogel within the MXene nanosheets accompanied by evaporative drying endow the MXene/CA film with high density. In the carbonization process, the CA‐derived carbon dots can intercalate into the MXene nanosheets, increasing the interlayer spacing and promoting the electrolytic diffusion inside the MXene film. Consequently, the carbon dots‐intercalated MXene films exhibit high volumetric capacitance (1244.6 F cm−3 at 1 A g−1), superior rate capability (662.5 F cm−3 at 1000 A g−1), and excellent cycling stability (93.5% capacitance retention after 30 000 cycles) in 3 m H2SO4. Additionally, an all‐solid‐state symmetric supercapacitor based on the carbon dots‐intercalated MXene film achieves a high volumetric energy density of 27.2 Wh L−1. This study provides a simple yet efficient strategy to construct high‐volumetric performance MXene film electrodes for advanced supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to develop a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for Hesperidin (HES) and Rutin (RUT) to improve their biopharmaceutical properties. The wound healing potential of HES-RUT-SNEDDS was compared to those of pure HES suspension (HES-s), empty SNEDDS (E-SNEDDS), and standard Fusidic Acid via topical application. To produce various HES-RUT-loaded SNEDDS, aqueous phase titration was used to select cinnamon oil, Labrasol and Tween 80 (surfactants), Transcutol (co-surfactant) from a diverse pool of surfactants, oils and co-surfactants. The thermodynamic stability of HES-RUT-loaded SNEDDS was assessed by examining the globule size, surface morphology, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), and percent (%) transmittance. The improved physicochemical properties of the optimized HES-RUT-SNEDDS (S-N4) formulation included particle size, zeta potential, and % transmittance. Smooth and spherical particles were discovered using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). These improved SNEDDS formulations demonstrated enhanced solubility and skin permeation. When compared to HES-s, E-SNEDDS, and standard fusidic acid, the optimized HES-RUT-SNEDDS demonstrated significant wound healing activity following topical application. HES-RUT-SNEDDS is a promising approach for enhancing the wound-healing potential of HES and RUT through topical administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, we firstly synthesized nitro calix [4] resorcinarene compound (referred as KA30) and characterized it though proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. KA30 was applied as functionalizing agent for the formation of silver nanoparticles (KA30-AgNPs). These NPs were confirmed as highly selective and extremely sensitive colorimetric sensor for ultra-low level detection of emamectin (EMA) as a novel report. Significant aspect of the sensor is its unique detection range between 0.0005 and 29.5 μM via color change from yellow to colorless with hypochromic-bathochromic shift exhibiting limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) as 0.12 nM and 0.4 nM respectively. The sensor was applied to colorimetrically and optically detect EMA in real samples of serum, urine and food. The sensor was further allied with smartphone for real-time, and on-site detection of EMA and results were validated through UPLC. [Display omitted] • Nitro calix [4] resorcinarene (KA30) was synthesized via facile procedure. • KA30 was used as capping agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). • These AgNPs were used as colorimetric sensor for low level detection of emamectin. • The colorimetric sensor was allied with smartphone for improved detection. • The sensor was used for emamectin detection in food, biofluids and water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mo-based MXene is first applied as a cathode catalyst for Li-CO 2 batteries. • An innovative surface modification strategy, mild oxidation by CO 2 , is employed. • The catalyst optimizes the growth and decomposition of discharge products. • This MoO 2 @Mo 2 C-based Li-CO 2 battery outperforms most other MXene-based catalysts. The lithium-carbon dioxide (Li-CO 2) batteries hold promise for energy storage, given their capacity to capture and convert carbon dioxide (CO 2). However, the practical application of Li-CO 2 batteries continues to face substantial obstacles caused by sluggish CO 2 reduction/evolution kinetics, resulting in high overpotential and short lifespan. This work presents the fabrication of a highly effective MoO 2 @Mo 2 C heterostructure hybrid catalyst using a CO 2 oxidation strategy. This strategy integrated (in-situ) MoO 2 onto the surface of two-dimensional (2D) Mo 2 C MXene, enhancing catalytic activity while preserving 2D electron/ion pathways. As a result, the MoO 2 @Mo 2 C, when used as a catalyst in Li-CO 2 battery showcased a discharge capacity of 20790.8 mAh g−1 at a current density of 200 mA g−1. Notably, it achieved a long cycling life of 230 cycles at a cutoff capacity of 1000 mAh g−1 with a voltage gap as low as 1.85 V, which was significantly superior to that of a pristine Mo 2 CT x catalyst (3.61 V after twenty cycles). This work provides critical insights into the design of MXenes-based high-performance catalysts for advanced Li-CO 2 batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • MXene was used as conductive substrate to reinforce the structural stability of Sb@C. • The MXene and carbon can spatially confine the Sb particles during cycling. • The MXene-Sb@C shows better lithium storage properties than the Sb@C composite. • The assembled Li ion full cell delivers a maximum energy density of 381.2 Wh kg−1. Antimony (Sb) is recognized as a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and adequate working potential. However, its application is hindered by the significant volume expansion during lithiation and low intrinsic conductivity, leading to considerable capacity fading and reduced rate capability. Herein, a unique MXene-reinforced Sb@C (MSC) nanocomposite is constructed via in-situ growing Sb-MOF over the conductive MXene substrate, followed by annealing. MXene substrate and MOF-derived carbon layer coupling effectively creates a continuous and conductive framework, encapsulating Sb nanoparticles. This unique architecture mitigates volume expansion, prevents particle aggregation, and enhances interfacial charge transfer, significantly improving the lithium storage performance of the MSC nanocomposite over its Sb@C (SC) counterpart. The MSC nanocomposite achieves a high capacity of 625 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, superior rate capability of 305 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1, as well as excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 84.4 % over 2000 continuous cycles. Additionally, a lithium-ion full batteries with MSC anode and LiFePO 4 cathode demonstrates a capacity of 168.9 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and a maximum energy density of 381.2 Wh kg−1 based on the cathode mass, illustrating its promising potential for constructing high-performance lithium ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving metal oxides intrinsic electrochemical characteristics without altering their structural or compositional elements is a challenge, especially when designing a single component-based analytical sensor for monitoring emerging pollutants. Herein we propose the induction of oxygen vacancies in hierarchical NiO nanostructures using a simple wet-chemical reduction route to improve its inherent electrochemical redox characteristics. The synthesized NiO nanostructures possessed a thistle-like morphology with nanoprickles based structural features. The 3D prickle-like nanostructures with abundant surface-oxygen vacancies realized robust redox characteristics during the electrochemical oxidation of enrofloxacin (ENF) antibiotics. The existence of oxygen vacancies in NiO (ov-NiO NPKs) increased electrochemical conductivity and elevated redox activity, resulting in a 1.46-fold increase in the oxidation response of ENF compared to its non-vacancy counterpart. The ov-NiO NPKs based sensor showed an excellent linear working response for ENF in the concentration range of 0.001 to 0.15 µM, with a detection limit of 0.12 nM. Moreover, the sensor could effectively detect ENF from environmental samples with a high recovery rate confirming its suitability for practical applications. The suggested engineering of generating oxygen vacancies in metal oxides for improving intrinsic performance opens up new avenues for developing sophisticated single-platform-based sensors for rapid and efficient monitoring of emerging environmental contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as a kind of promising candidate for large‐scale energy storage technology. The development of advanced carbon anodes with high Na‐storage capacity and initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) from low cost, resources abundant precursors is critical for SIBs. Here, a carbon microcrystalline hybridization route to synthesize hard carbons with extensive pseudo‐graphitic regions from lignite coal with the assistance of sucrose is proposed. Employing the cross‐linked interaction between sucrose and lignite coal to generate carbon‐based hybrid microcrystalline states, the obtained hard carbons possess pseudo‐graphitic dominant phases with large interlayer spaces that facilitate Na ion's storage and transportation, as well as fewer surface defects that guarantee high ICE. The LCS‐73 with an optimum cross‐link demonstrates the highest Na‐storage capacity of 356 mAh g−1 and an ICE of 82.9%. The corresponding full‐cell delivers a high energy density of 240 Wh kg−1 (based on the mass of anode and cathode materials) and excellent rate capability of 106 mAh g−1 at 10 C in addition to outstanding cycle performance with 80% retention over 500 cycles at 2 C. The proposed work offers an efficient route to develop high‐performance, low‐cost carbon‐based anode materials with potential application for advanced SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Energy storage devices (ESD) are getting significant attention regarding their ability to reduce fossil fuel usage. Batteries and electrochemical supercapacitors are two well‐known ESDs with supercapacitors preferred for their high energy discharge potential. The metal oxides (MOs) with robust redox characteristics are ideal candidates for supercapacitors, although their capacitance still lacks behind the theoretical values. Here, partial reduced or oxygen‐deficient MOs have been identified have proven promising to reach the desired capacitance. The introduction of oxygen vacancies into MOs can effectively enhance their electrochemical properties without altering the inherent characteristics of MOs. This review discusses the recent progress on new oxygen‐deficient MOs and their performance as a supercapacitor. The importance of oxygen vacancy is described, followed by the traditional synthesis route to producing MOs. The present pathways for generating oxygen vacancies and their analytical assessment are covered in‐depth, followed by a section on the most advanced analytical techniques for detecting and interpreting the creation of such vacancies. The influence of oxygen vacancies on the supercapacitive performance of the most researched MOs is provided with the challenges and prospects of oxygen‐deficient MOs in supercapacitor application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd2+) has been declared as possible cancer causing heavy metal ion in humans and animals. Here in this research work we used an economical, facile, simpler, and one pot method for the formation of secnidazole derived silver nanoparticles (SEC-AgNPs). SEC-AgNPs were characterized through advanced techniques like, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique, zeta potential (ZP) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). These prepared SEC-AgNPs were investigated and verified as extremely sensitive, highly stable, rapidly responding and cost-effective colorimetric sensor for the low level detection of Cd2+. As-developed colorimetric Cd2+ sensor proved to be extremely selective in the presence of eighteen monovalent, divalent, trivalent and tetravalent metal ions and associated anions showing negligible interference with even ten-fold greater concentration of these ions as compared to Cd2+. The SEC-AgNPs based colorimetric Cd2+ sensor was linearly responsive to Cd2+ in the range of 5–27 µM with limit of detection (LOD) equal to 0.021 µM and LOQ value of 0.07 µM with R2 of 0.9965. The newly developed SEC-AgNPs based colorimetric sensor was successfully applied for cadmium detection in real tap water sample and human blood plasma samples within acceptable recovery levels. • Secnidazole based silver nanoparticles (SEC-AgNPS) were formed easily. • SEC-AgNPs were characterized through advanced techniques. • SEC-AgNPs were verified as highly sensitive colorimetric sensor for Cd2+. • As-prepared sensor was stable, rapid, highly selective and cost-effective. • The sensor was effectively applied for Cd2+ detection in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MXenes are gaining immense attention owing to their robust conductivity, presence of favorable surface-functional groups and excellent hydrophilicity. Herein, a simple solution-based approach was adopted to functionalize few-layer thick MXene-Ti 3 C 2 T x with chitosan (Chi) molecules, creating a stable electro-active screen-printed electrode (SPE) platform for the detection of sarcosine (SAR), a new biomarker for prostate cancer. In comparison to pristine MXene, the chitosan-functionalized Ti 3 C 2 T x (MX-Chi/SPE) offered favorable surface functionalization for easy immobilization of sarcosine oxidase (SO x) enzymes, which led to the improved enzymatic oxidation of SAR. The detection mechanism relied upon the efficient reduction of enzymatically produced H 2 O 2 over MX-Chi/SPE, enabling selective detection of SAR both in low (0.1–0.3 µM) and high (1.5–3.5 µM) concentration ranges, with an estimated limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.012 µM and 0.14 µM (S/N = 3), respectively. Due to its robust enzymatic configuration, the biosensor enabled selective detection of SAR even in the presence of interfering species like ascorbic acid, uric acid, and glucose. Furthermore, the biosensor demonstrated excellent signal repeatability and stability and effectively recovered spiked SAR levels (98–106%) from artificial urine samples. This approach demonstrated the successful integration of MXenes as redox-active materials in clinical biosensors with a simple electrode preparation procedure, which has the potential to be extended to other MXene compositions. • Binder-free MX-Chi anode for sensitive enzymatic biosensing of the SAR biomarker. • Chitosan functionalized Ti 3 C 2 T x for high conductivity and linker-free immobalization of sacrocine oxidase. • Ti 3 C 2 T x and chitosan network creates a robust network with LOD of 0.012 µM for SAR. • MX-Chi Integrated SPE for SAR at low (0.1–0.3 µM) and high (1.5–3.5 µM) concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) were synthesized through facile chemical method. • CoNPs were used for ultra-rapid catalytic reduction of methyl green (MG). • MG dye containing real water sample also showed similar response to CoNPs. Cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) were fabricated from cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl 2 ·6H 2 O) through a novel aqueous phase reduction protocol using sodium borohydride (NaBH 4) as reducer and tetra methyl ammonium bromide (TMAB) as stabilizing reagent. As synthesized CoNPs were characterized via different advanced techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results depict that as prepared CoNPs were spherical in shape, evenly distributed, crystalline in nature and possessed an average diameter of 10 nm. These CoNPs (1.3 mg) were found to play the role of highly efficient catalysts for ultra-rapid reduction of methyl green (MG) designated as a model dye in one minute of time for 0.1 mM (≈ 45.5 ppm) MG as evident from ultra-violet visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. These CoNPs were reused 5 times with 100–94.2 % catalytic efficiency. CoNPs were applied for reduction of MG dye in tap water demonstrated as representative environmental sample with outstanding performance. The application of this catalyst could be extended for rapid reduction of other toxic dyes in several types of aqueous matrices. This study is important because the synthesis of cheaper catalyst like CoNPs is quite easy while its significance is enhanced catalytic reduction efficiency for MG. These findings can be used by our group to solve the issue of environmental contamination especially caused by synthetic dyes like methyl violet, methylene blue, eosin B and so on. We can use the waste water from textile and food industry for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing need for high-performance energy storage systems necessitates the exploration of novel electrode materials. In this study, the utilization of polyaniline/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PANI/MWCNTs) was demonstrated as a conductive scaffold for the formation of heterostructures comprising nickel manganese phosphate (NiMn(PO 4) 2) using probe sonication, leading to the development of an efficient hybrid supercapacitor. The PANI/MWCNTs composite exhibits favorable conductive properties, acting as a suitable framework for the nucleation/growth and integrating NiMn(PO 4) 2 structures. The synergistic combination of PANI/MWCNTs and NiMn(PO 4) 2 resulted in the development of a highly efficient hybrid anode, exhibiting a remarkable specific capacitance of 917.3 F g‐1 (912.2 C g−1) at 1 A g‐1 in a 1 M KOH electrolyte. The optimized composite, PCNT-NMP-40, as a positive electrode in a two-electrode cell configuration with activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode, operates within an extended output potential range of 0–1.6 V in a 2 M KOH electrolyte, delivering an outstanding energy density of 58 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 918 W kg−1, reflecting the substantial potential use of PCNT-NMP-40 as an excellent candidate for advanced energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic supported graphene oxide (GO)/Attapulgite (ATP) composite membrane (GOA) was simply prepared by vacuum filtration for efficient removal of heavy metal contamination. The ATP nanorods were incorporated within the laminar layers of GO, influencing the interlayer distance and facilitating greater number of channels for enhanced water transportation. The GOA possessed greater surface wettability with improved water flux rate of 6.3 L m−2 h−1 compared to 0.4 L m−2 h−1 measured for its pristine counter-part. The GOA demonstrated excellent rejection efficiency (nearly 100%) for heavy metal ions such as Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+. The excellent separation efficiency of GOA could be ascribed to the synergic combination of size exclusion effect based on the formation of 3D network structures between the GO layers and increased electrostatic interaction in between the negatively charged surface moieties of GOA and heavy metal ions. More importantly, the use of Al 2 O 3 as a support substrate resulted in improved stability and allowed extended usage of the membrane for a period of 3500 min while maintaining 99% rejection efficiency for Cu2+ ions. The high flux rate, great water stability and prominent rejection capability of the designed membrane is suggestive of its practical application in removal of heavy metal contamination from water. Image 1 • Ceramic supported GO-ATP membrane was simply prepared by vacuum filtration. • Incorporation of ATP nanorods enhances the surface wettability and water flux. • Al 2 O 3 is an excellent substrate support that prolonged the stability of the GOA. • The GOA demonstrates excellent water stability with high flux rate. • The GOA exhibits excellent rejection of nearly 100% for heavy metal ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel direct Z-scheme Bi 2 O 3 /Bi 2 MoO 6 nanocomposite was successfully obtained via simple alkali treatment of Bi 2 MoO 6 succeeded by air calcination approach, which exhibited excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of phenol and hydrogen evolution reaction due to the direct Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism. This Z-scheme system not only greatly promoting the efficient separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, but also preserves strong and continuous redox ability, resulting in the very high photocatalytic performance. • Novel direct Z-scheme Bi 2 O 3 /Bi 2 MoO 6 composites was successfully obtained. • The composites exhibited excellent photocatalytic degradation of phenol and hydrogen evolution reaction. • Direct Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism used to explain activity enhancement. • O 2 −, h+ and OH as the major reactive species in the forming Z-scheme system. • Oxygen vacancy serves as electron mediator to promote the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Semiconductor based photocatalytic technology has attracted substantial research attention based on its potential to overcome environmental and energy crisis. The conventional photocatalysts with their issues such as rapid charge recombination are considered unfavorable candidates for practical applications. Herein, a novel direct Z-scheme based photocatalyst composed of Bi 2 O 3 /Bi 2 MoO 6 hetrojunction is proposed for efficient photo-degradation of phenol and hydrogen (H 2) production reaction. The hetrojunction comprises of ultra-thin (2D) Bi 2 O 3 nanosheets, in-situ grown over 3D Bi 2 MoO 6 microspheres via simple alkali treatment of Bi 2 MoO 6 succeeded by air calcination step. The relative mass ratio of Bi 2 O 3 and Bi 2 MoO 6 could be fine-tuned by controlling the alkali dosage (i.e. NaOH or KOH). Unlike the conventional Bi 2 O 3 /Bi 2 MoO 6 hetrojunction, the proposed catalyst follow a direct Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism which permits superior photocatalytic activity with 96.4% phenol degradation efficiency and high hydrogen evolution rate of 52 μmol·g−1 under visible light irradiation. The exuberant performance is accredited to the spatially separated redox charge carriers, excellent light harvesting capability and fast-charge transportation characteristics of the proposed photocatalyst. The present work serves as a primary pathway to design and develop efficient Bi 2 MoO 6 -based direct Z-scheme photocatalysts with promising applications in environmental remediation and solar fuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern agriculture and the chemical industries rely heavily on ammonia and nitrate-based products. However, the classic Haber-Bosch and Ostwald processes are extremely energy-consuming and environmentally damaging. Herein, we proposed In-doped Bi 2 MoO 6 photocatalyst to achieve "overall nitrogen fixation" via relay catalysis (N 2 →NH 3 /NH 4 +→NO 3 -). Density functional theory (DFT) supported the partial substitution of Bi3+ with In3+ in Bi 2 MoO 6. The density of states further testified that In3+ doping has significantly altered the d -band center, achieving a lower energy barrier for N 2 chemisorption/activation and the subsequent hydrogenation reaction at the H 2 O/In-doped Bi 2 MoO 6 interface. The experiment revealed that using N 2 and H 2 O as feedstock, 5% In-Bi 2 MoO 6 realized 1.4 folds higher charge-carrier density under illumination with expedited spatial separation/transfer and extended charge-carrier lifespan compared to Bi 2 MoO 6. The photocatalyst attained the NH 3 production rate of 53.4 μmol·g–1·h–1 at 5% In-Bi 2 MoO 6 , which was 13-fold higher than Bi 2 MoO 6 (4.1 μmol·g–1·h–1) while the NO 3 - production rate reached 54 μmol·g–1·h–1. This work overcame the thermodynamic barrier of N 2 being first reduced to NH 3 /NH 4 +, then further oxidized to NO 3 - products, realizing "overall nitrogen fixation", opening a new avenue toward developing clean, energy-saving, and cost-effective ammonia and nitrate production. [Display omitted] • In-doped Bi 2 MoO 6 photocatalysts were rationally designed and constructed using a one-step solvothermal route. • In3+ doping altered the D-band center, achieved a lower energy barrier for N 2 chemisorption/activation. • In-doped Bi 2 MoO 6 photocatalyst boosted the "overall nitrogen fixation" reaction via relay catalysis. • In-Bi 2 MoO 6 achieved the NH 3 generation rate of 53.4 μmol·g–1·h–1, and NO 3 - production rate of 54 μmol·g–1·h–1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global pandemic of COVID-19 poses significant challenge to the recycling of disposable polypropylene (PP)-based waste masks. Herein, a simple but effective sulfonation route has been proposed to transform PP-based waste masks into value-added hard carbon (CM) anode materials for advanced sodium-ion batteries. The sulfonation treatment improves the thermal stability of the PP molecule, preventing their complete decomposition and the release of massive gas molecules during the carbonization process. Meanwhile, the oxygen functional groups introduced during sulfonation effectively facilitates the cross-linking between the PP chains, hindering the rearrangement of carbon microcrystalline structures and enhancing its structural disorder. As a result, the prepared hard carbon anode (CM-180) with a high disorder degree and minimal surface defects realizes a high sodium storage capacity of 327.4 mAh g−1 with excellent cycle and rate capability. In addition, when coupled with O 3 –NaNi 1/3 Fe 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 cathode, the fabricated sodium-ion full cell delivers a high energy density of 238 Wh kg−1 and achieves an outstanding rate capability with a retained capacity of 75 mAh g−1 even at an ultrahigh current rate of 50 C. This work offers a novel insight into transforming the waste masks to value-added hard carbons with promising prospects for sodium-ion batteries. [Display omitted] • Masks-derived hard carbons are prepared via sulfonation-carbonization treatment. • The obtained CM-180 anode delivers a high Na-storage capacity of 327.4 mAh g−1. • The sodium-ion full cells with CM-180 anode realize exceptional rate capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the potential of a newly-developed indium tin oxide (ITO) based electrode for the development of an electro-catalytic inhibition sensor system for organophosphorus pesticides. The sensor relies on the redox signal inhibition of pralidoxime chloride (PAM) immobilised over the pimelic acid functionalised CuO nanostructures grown in-situ over an ITO substrate. The in-situ growth enabled on-pot modification and functionalisation of ITO electrodes with the formation of uniform nanostructures possessing high surface area and excellent interface contact. The versatility of the proposed electrode was evident from its excellent electrochemical characteristics evaluated in comparison to bare and slurry-driven glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs). The high structural uniformity and greater surface coverage achieved by in-situ growth provided a uniform surface environment for electrode-analyte interaction, leading to good inhibition signal sensitivity and repeatability. The developed sensor was successful in detecting chlorpyrifos, fenthion and methyl parathion within the concentration range of 0.01–0.16 μM with signal sensitivity reaching down to 1.6 × 10 −9 , 2.5 × 10 −9 and 6.7 × 10 −9  M respectively. Moreover, the proposed sensor demonstrated excellent applicability when tested for chlorpyrifos from vegetable extracts using a standard addition method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth tungstate (Bi 2 WO 6 ) flake-like nanostructures with zigzag periphery and 30–40 nm thickness in high yield were produced by facile and efficient modified hydrothermal technique. The as-synthesized nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Bi 2 WO 6 nanostructures were investigated as visible light photocatalyst to degrade model dye coomassie brilliant blue (CBB). The role of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) used as initiator was also studied by varying concentrations during photocatalysis. It was observed that photocatalytic activity significantly enhanced for lower initiator concentrations. The growth mechanism for nanostructures was also discussed briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although hard carbons are considered as promising anode candidates for commercial sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), the trade-off between high Na-storage capacity and initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) remains a critical challenge for their practical application. Herein, nitrogen/oxygen co-doped hard carbon microspheres (N/O–HCs) for SIBs are prepared by a simple solvothermal treatment to allow the efficient cross-linking of phenolic resin with melamine and followed high-temperature pyrolysis process. The heteroatom doping promotes structural disordering of hard carbons and generates more active sites for Na ion storage, whereas the cross-linking of melamine with phenol resin efficiently restricts the formation of surface defects. Therefore, the obtained N/O-HC-1200 electrode exhibits both high reversible Na-storage capacity of 319.7 mAh g−1 and much improved ICE of 81.6%. Moreover, the electrode demonstrates excellent cycle and rate performance with the capacity stabilized at 253.9 mAh g−1 at 1C over 1000 cycles. When coupled with NaFe 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 cathode, the constructed full cell delivers a high energy density of 247.6 Wh kg−1 and outstanding rate capability with a retained capacity of 70 mAh g−1 at an ultrahigh current rate of 50C. The proposed work offers a new perspective on the surface chemistry and structural design of high-performance hard carbon anodes for SIBs. [Display omitted] • N/O co-doped phenol resin-based carbon microspheres (N/O–HCs) have been prepared. • The N/O–HCs achieves both high structural disordering and reduced surface defects. • The N/O-HC-1200 delivers a high capacity of 319.7 mAh g−1 with an ICE of 81.6%. • The capacity of N/O-HC-1200 stabilizes at 253.9 mAh g−1 at 1C over 1000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A facile and green seed mediated growth approach for fabrication of well dispersed l-threonine derived nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) in an aqueous medium via a modified borohydride reduction method is described. l-Threonine molecules served to organize the nanoscale composites in the form of well dispersed Ni NPs. The basic pH 8.5 was found to favor the formation of spherical and well dispersed Ni NPs as shown in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs. Freshly prepared Ni NPs possess the nanoscale dimension of 1.68–5.06nm, as determined from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and TEM data. The Ni NPs thus prepared were used for their catalytic potential in the reduction of congo red (CR) dye selected as a model reagent. The results revealed negligible reduction of dye in the absence of Ni NPs. Conversely the addition of only 0.2mg Ni NPs produced 100% reduction/degradation efficiency. The used Ni NPs were recovered and reutilized several times for reducing CR without any loss of activity. The current findings are equally extendable for safeguarding the aquatic environment against the pollution caused by other dyes via a facile, highly economical, rapid and efficient reduction/degradation method based on the catalytic potential of Ni NPs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study was to reduce the highly toxic hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) into less toxic chromium Cr(III) species by using nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) as catalysts in order to provide safety to the aqueous environment. In the first phase Ni NPs were synthesized in ethylene glycol and capped with 1-cysteine by a modified microwave irradiation method using NaOH as the accelerator. The formed Ni NPs were characterized by various techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In the second phase the formed Ni NPs were immobilized on glass surfaces and employed as catalyst for the reduction of Cr(VI) ions. According to observations, 99% reduction of Cr(VI) ions was achieved in the presence of 0.5 mg of Ni NPs catalyst in just five minutes as compared to nickel powder that showed only 16% reduction in 15 minutes. The study has a great impact on the aqueous pollution control of Cr(VI) especially caused by the discharge of waste water from several industries utilizing Cr(VI) containing salt as one of the essential gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]