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Radical Decentralization (RD) is a form of self-management where the authority and decision-making relationship between manager and subordinate is eliminated. A popular RD structure is Holacracy, which pushes decision-making down to the individual employee level. We examined Holacracy adoption within a Canadian technology with 445 employees using a mixed-methods design. We found that the perceived efficacy of RD was contingent on the extent that employees felt there was authentic leadership, efficient administration, role clarity, and role accountability. Perceived efficacy of RD positively predicted employee motivation, which facilitated lower turnover intentions and intent to recommend the organization to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does theory of mind play a significant role in where people choose to hide an item or where they search for an item that has been hidden? Adapting Anderson's "Hide-Find Paradigm" Anderson et al. ( Action, Perception and Performance, 76, 907-913, 2014) participants viewed homogenous or popout visual arrays on a touchscreen table. Their task was to indicate where in the array they would hide an item, or to search for an item that had been hidden, by either a friend or a foe. Critically, participants believed that their sitting location at the touchtable was the same as-or opposite to-their partner's location. Replicating Anderson et al., participants tended to (1) select items nearer to themselves on homogenous displays, and this bias was stronger for a friend than foe; and (2) select popout items, and again, more for a friend than foe. These biases were observed only when participants believed that they shared the same physical perspective as their partner. Collectively, the data indicate that theory of mind plays a significant role in hiding and finding, and demonstrate that the hide-find paradigm is a powerful tool for investigating theory of mind in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a bias towards believing information is true rather than false. The Spinozan account claims there is an early, automatic bias towards believing. Only afterwards can people engage in an effortful re-evaluation and disbelieve the information. Supporting this account, there is a greater bias towards believing information is true when under cognitive load. However, developing on the Adaptive Lie Detector ( ALIED) theory, the informed Cartesian can equally explain this data. The account claims the bias under load is not evidence of automatic belief; rather, people are undecided, but if forced to guess they can rely on context information to make an informed judgement. The account predicts, and we found, that if people can explicitly indicate their uncertainty, there should be no bias towards believing because they are no longer required to guess. Thus, we conclude that belief formation can be better explained by an informed Cartesian account - an attempt to make an informed judgment under uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a variety of methods have been used to show that unconscious processes can boost lie-detection accuracy. This article considers the latest developments in the context of research into unconscious cognition. Unconscious cognition has been under attack in recent years because the findings do not replicate, and when they do show reliably improved performance, they fail to exclude the possibility that conscious processing is at work. Here we show that work into unconscious lie detection suffers from the same weaknesses. Future research would benefit from taking a stronger theoretical stance and explicitly attempting to exclude conscious-processing accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor calibration and inaccurate drift correction can pose severe problems for eye-tracking experiments requiring high levels of accuracy and precision. We describe an algorithm for the offline correction of eye-tracking data. The algorithm conducts a linear transformation of the coordinates of fixations that minimizes the distance between each fixation and its closest stimulus. A simple implementation in MATLAB is also presented. We explore the performance of the correction algorithm under several conditions using simulated and real data, and show that it is particularly likely to improve data quality when many fixations are included in the fitting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People believe others are telling the truth more often than they actually are; this is called the truth bias. Surprisingly, when a speaker is judged at multiple points across their statement the truth bias declines. Previous claims argue this is evidence of a shift from (biased) heuristic processing to (reasoned) analytical processing. In four experiments we contrast the heuristic-analytic model ( HAM) with alternative accounts. In Experiment 1, the decrease in truth responding was not the result of speakers appearing more deceptive, but was instead attributable to the rater's processing style. Yet contrary to HAMs, across three experiments we found the decline in bias was not related to the amount of processing time available (Experiments 1-3) or the communication channel (Experiment 2). In Experiment 4 we found support for a new account: that the bias reflects whether raters perceive the statement to be internally consistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are biased towards thinking that people are telling the truth. Our study represents the first test of how beliefs about the base rate of truths and lies affect this truth bias. Raters were told either 20, 50 or 80% of the speakers would be telling the truth. As the speaker delivered their statement, participants indicated moment by moment whether they thought the speaker was lying or being truthful. At the end of the statement, they made a final lie-truth judgment and indicated their confidence. While viewing the statement, base rate beliefs had an early influence, but as time progressed, all conditions showed a truth bias. In the final judgment at the end of the statement, raters were truth biased when expecting mostly truths but did not show a lie bias when expecting mostly lies. We conclude base rate beliefs have an early influence, but over time, a truth bias dominates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews several educational web sites which include www.anglo-saxons.net, www.great-britain.co.uk, and www.bbc.co.uk.

Deals with the entry of a writing student into a community of writers. Challenges faced by the student in writing; Knowledge of the student about writing; Way to champion the importance of writing identities.

The article reviews several web sites including Online Workshops: Teaching about the Holocaust, http://www.ushmm.org/education/foreducators/guidelines/, The Holocaust's Legacy,http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/holocaust/, and Teaching about the Holocaust, http//www.ushmm.org/education/foreducators/.

This article focuses on evaluating online resources and assessing the importance of critical reading skills in online environments. Electronic resources are said to be the primary source for students. The Internet has become a popular text source for adolescents working on school assignments. It was found that the number of classrooms with Internet connectivity is growing. In the U.S., 99 percent of public schools have Internet access. Teachers need to be aware that continuing advances in technology have broadened the definition of literacy to include the ability to use electronic as well as printed materials.

Presents information on the American Memory Web site of the Library of Congress. Ways to access the online materials; Features of the Web site; Training and resources for teachers.

Discusses the use of newspapers in teaching social studies. Information on the Newspaper in Education program; Teaching strategies for social studies teachers; Use of newspapers as motivation for reading.

The article presents a lesson in social studies to encourage critical thinking through the use of a commemorative coin to understand the Monroe Doctrine. It discusses the factors involved in the formation of the Monroe Doctrine as well as its limitations. Some quotations from the Monroe Doctrine are included. It discusses how images on the commemorative coin relate to the Monroe Doctrine. It also explores examples of coins, stamps and monuments used by countries, towns and universities to commemorate people or events.

This section presents several Web sites that contain lesson plans, teacher resources, and other information related to Earth Day and environmental education in the U.S. The Web site of the EnviroLink Network provides a detailed history of Earth Day. The site of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency consists of information about grants and scholarship opportunities, workshops and conferences, community service projects, and curriculum resources. The site of the Natural Resources Defense Council includes articles on research updates, legislative issues, financial concerns, and current events.

Presents a guide for social science teachers on using the Internet to explore the French Revolution. Definitions of information literacy; Web sites for information on the French Revolution; Role of teachers in developing the skills of students in using online resources.

Provides information on several Web sites containing information about the expedition, lesson plans and teacher resources related to the celebration of the journey of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Public Broadcasting Service television network; 'Time Magazine'; Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.

The 180-degree rule is thought to help smooth the change between film shots. When two individuals are speaking to each other, there is an imaginary axis of action running between them. If the camera crosses this axis, it breaks the 180-degree rule. A violation of the 180-degree rule is thought to have negative effects on viewers' enjoyment of films. The present study investigated this idea. Experiment 1 established that naive participants can detect violations in videos. Experiment 2 tested the putative negative effects of 180-degree rule violations. The results indicated that violations can confuse and disorient viewers. Critically, as revealed by Experiment 3, violations did not alter the viewers' liking of a video: Viewers were as likely to prefer a video with a 180-degree violation as one without. Collectively, these data shed light on fundamental beliefs regarding the 180-degree rule, which may help inform filming decisions around film enjoyment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of the micro‐expressions training tool (METT) in identifying and using micro‐expressions to improve lie detection. Participants (n = 90) were randomly assigned to receive training in micro‐expressions recognition, a bogus control training, or no training. All participants made veracity judgements of five randomly selected videos of targets providing deceptive or truthful statements. With the use of the Bayesian analyses, we found that the METT group did not outperform those in the bogus training and no training groups. Further, overall accuracy was slightly below chance. Implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study analyzed how an online learning community developed among a cohort of 18 students in an instructional design and technology master's degree program taught at a distance. Students' reflections about the effectiveness of the program revealed that a community-centered approach to learning, a constructivist learning environment, and authentic assessment practices most supported community development. Positive interactions among community members facilitated by faculty contributed to community development, but did not correlate with academic achievement. Students ranked computer-mediated communication, which provided technological support for learning, and participation in critical discourses across multiple forums, as conditions highly conducive to community development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]