Search

Background: Postoperative sore throat and sleep disturbance are prevalent among patients undergoing spinal surgery, and these conditions can substantially impact their postoperative satisfaction and quality of life. The present study aimed to examine the impact of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block (SGB) on the occurrence of postoperative sore throat (POST) and postoperative sleep disturbance (PSD) in patients who undergo lumbar spine surgery under general anesthesia. Methods: Sixty patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (SGB group) or the control group (CG). Both groups received the same induction and maintenance drugs. However, the SGB group received a right SGB under ultrasound guidance 15 min before anesthesia induction, while the CG did not receive any block anesthesia intervention before anesthesia induction. We monitored the incidence and severity of POST at 1, 6, 24, and 48 h after surgery in both groups. Additionally, we evaluated the deep sleep quality score on the first, second, and fifth days after surgery in both groups. Results: The incidence of POST at 1 h and 6 h after surgery was significantly lower in the SGB group (10.0% and 13.3%) than in the CG (43.3% and 36.7%) (P < 0.05). The postoperative sore throat scores of the SGB group (0.10 ± 0.31 and 0.17 ± 0.46) at 1 h and 6 h after surgery were lower than those of the CG (0.57 ± 0.73 and 0.50 ± 0.77) (P < 0.05). Moreover, the deep sleep quality score on the first, second, and fifth days after surgery were significantly higher in the CG (5.40 ± 3.37, 4.70 ± 3.19, 4.53 ± 3.44) than in the SGB group (3.87 ± 2.30, 3.13 ± 1.77, 3.03 ± 1.84) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided SGB can reduce the incidence and severity of POST and improve PSD in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. Trial registration: This study was registered on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, (ChiCTR2200065279) on 01/11/2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC), as one of the important intravenous routes for the rescue and treatment of critically ill patients, has been widely used in the fluid resuscitation of critically ill patients in intensive care. In particular, PICC can be widely used in the treatment of cancer patients. With the wide application of peripheral central venous catheterization, the clinical findings of bloodstream infection complications caused by PICC have gradually attracted the attention of doctors and patients. Aims. To investigate the effect of specialized placement and PICC placement care on patients with lung cancer who underwent PICC puncture. Patients were selected and divided into a comparison group and an observation group of 40 patients each according to the randomized residual grouping method. In the comparison group, routine PICC placement and catheter maintenance were performed, while the observation group was provided with specialized placement and PICC placement care. The differences in immune and tumor marker levels and nursing compliance between the two groups were observed and compared before and after nursing care. Results. There was no significant difference in the comparison of tumor marker levels between the two groups of patients before care, while the levels of CYFRA21-1, CA125, and VGEF in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the comparison group after care, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the comparison of immune levels between the two groups before care (P > 0.05), while the comparison of CD4+, CD3+, and CD4+/CD8+ after care was significantly different and higher in the observation group than in the comparison group, and the comparison was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The compliance rate of 93.8% in the observation group was significantly higher than that of 77.9% in the comparison group, and this difference was statistically significant for comparison (P < 0.05). Conclusion. PICC placement care is more effective in patients with lung cancer and performing PICC puncture, significantly improves patients' immune and tumor marker levels, improves patients' negative emotions, reduces disease uncertainty, and improves nursing compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is known and objective: Alpha‐lipoic acid (ALA) is widely used as a dietary supplement and antiageing agent. Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) is the most serious adverse reaction reported with the use of ALA. The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics of ALA‐induced IAS and provide a scientific reference for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Methods: We collected literature on IAS cases induced by ALA for retrospective analysis in Chinese and English. Results and discussion: The median age of 37 patients (28 females and 9 males) was 61 years (range 32–82). The symptoms occurred at night and in the early morning (60.7%), in the late postprandial period (50.0%) or after fasting (35.7%), within hours in some patients and up to 2 months in others after stopping ALA or during medication treatment. Autonomic nervous system symptoms (81.1%) and neurological hypoglycaemia (64.9%) are the main clinical manifestations of hypoglycaemia. The blood glucose concentration at the onset of hypoglycaemia was 2.19 mmol/L (median, range 1.09–3.52), the insulin concentration was ≥100 μIU/ml (94.6%), and the C‐peptide concentration was ≤20 ng/ml (83.3%). Testing for IgG insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) was positive in 37 patients. Pancreatic imaging was unremarkable on computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and abdominal sonography. Hypoglycaemia disappeared within 5 days to 8 months after withdrawing ALA alone or using corticosteroid treatment. IAA turned negative in 7 months (median; range 2–36). Follow‐up showed no recurrent hypoglycaemic episodes at 7.25 months (median; range 1–36). What is new and conclusion: ALA‐induced IAS is a clinically rare autoimmune disease with hypoglycaemia that occurs during medication treatment or after drug withdrawal that should be treated promptly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass start event is the longest cross-country skiing event added first time in the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics held in 2018. This study aimed to highlight tactics characteristics of the event by making a statistical analysis of the points and competition results of athletes who participated in this event in the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. For this purpose, the ranks, points, lap time, and final results of 16 male and 16 female athletes were taken as research objects in the final mass- start event of speed skating of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. The speed and speed coefficient of this segment were calculated by Pearson correlation analysis applying the Origin 9.4 software for nonlinear curve fitting. The results showed that athletes adopted different speed pacing strategies in each race. The analysis was based on a comparison of points and speed rhythms of different rounds. This enabled to identify and optimize tactics that might improve the probability of winning the event. This study contributes significantly with both theoretical and practical implications. The study findings specify such optimization tactics to provide a theoretical basis for sports practices as well as giving practical insights important to practitioners and sports officials. The study recommends that physical fitness should be strengthened to ensure athletes' speed endurance in speed-skating; teammates should work together tactically to get rid of the impact caused by physical exertion, and a training platform should be built to train athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN) is a dose-limiting adverse effect. Ganglioside-monosialic acid (GM1) functions as a neuroprotective factor. We assessed the effects of GM1 on the prevention of TIPN in breast cancer patients.Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial including 206 patients with early-stage breast cancer planning to receive taxane-based adjuvant chemotherapy with a follow-up of more than 1 year. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive GM1 (80 mg, day -1 to day 2) or placebo. The primary endpoint was the Functional Assessment of Cancer Treatment Neurotoxicity subscale score after four cycles of chemotherapy. Secondary endpoints included neurotoxicity evaluated by National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0 and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group neuropathy scale. All statistical tests were two-sided.Results: In 183 evaluable patients, the GM1 group reported better mean Functional Assessment of Cancer Treatment Neurotoxicity subscale scores than patients in the placebo group after four cycles of chemotherapy (43.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 43.05 to 43.49 vs 34.34, 95% CI = 33.78 to 34.89; mean difference = 8.96, 95% CI = 8.38 to 9.54, P < .001). Grade 1 or higher peripheral neurotoxicity in Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.0 scale was statistically significantly lower in the GM1 group (14.3% vs 100.0%, P < .001). Additionally, the GM1 group had a statistically significantly lower incidence of grade 1 or higher neurotoxicity assessed by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group neuropathy scale sensory neuropathy (26.4% vs 97.8%, P < .001) and motor neuropathy subscales (20.9% vs 81.5%, P < .001).Conclusions: The treatment with GM1 resulted in a reduction in the severity and incidence of TIPN after four cycles of taxane-containing chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report that the co-loading of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and PdS dual cocatalysts on ZnCdS surface achieves a high efficiency photocatalytic H 2 evolution under visible light (≥420 nm). The GQDs/ZnCdS/PdS photocatalyst was prepared by a facile two steps: hydrothermal coupling of GQDs on ZnCdS surface followed by an in-situ chemical deposition of PdS. The resulted GQDs/ZnCdS/PdS exhibits a H 2 evolution rate of 517 μmol h −1 , which is 15, 7, and 1.7 times higher than that of pure ZnCdS, GQDs/ZnCdS, and ZnCdS/PdS, respectively, demonstrating the synergistic effects of GQDs and PdS dual cocatalysts. A high apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) up to 22.4% can be achieved over GQDs/ZnCdS/PdS at 420 nm. GQDs/ZnCdS/PdS also has a relatively good stability. Such a considerable enhancement of photocatalytic activity was attributable to the co-loading of the GQDs and PdS as respective reduction and oxidation cocatalysts, leading to an efficient charge separation and surface reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The 1:1 inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin and p-aminobenzoic acid was prepared and characterized by TG-DTA. The crystal structure of the complex was solved directly from powder X-ray diffraction data using the direct space approach and refined using Rietveld refinement techniques. The complex crystallizes in monoclinic P21 space group, with unit cell parameters a =20.7890Ǻ, b =10.2084Ǻ, c =15.1091Ǻ, β =110.825°, V =2997Ǻ3. The amino group is located at the wide side of the β-cyclodextrin cavity, forming hydrogen bonds with β-cyclodextrin, and the carboxyl group is located at the narrow side. The crystallographic data obtained from powder diffraction data were compared with the single crystallographic data, and the result shows that solving crystal structure of cyclodextrins inclusion complexes of such complexity is accessible to powder diffractionists to some extent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a hypervascular solid tumor, is the most leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Microtubule binding agents targeting tumor vasculature have been investigated and employed clinically. C118P is a newly synthesized analog of CA4 with improved water solubility and extended half-life. The current studies investigated the pharmacological effects of C118P and its active metabolite C118. Here, we first confirmed by in vitro assays that C118 exerts microtubule depolymerization activity and by molecular docking revealed that it fits to the colchicine binding site of tubulin. In addition, we found that C118P and C118 altered microtubule dynamics and cytoskeleton in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Accordingly, we observed that C118P and C118 inhibited angiogenesis and disrupted established vascular networks using tube formation assays and chick chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis assays. In addition, our data showed that C118P and C118 exhibited board anti-proliferative effect on various cancer cells, including HCC cell lines, in MTT assays or Sulforhodamine B assays. Moreover, we found that C118P induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HCC cell lines BEL7402 and SMMC7721 using flow cytometry analysis and immunoblotting assays. Finally, we confirmed that C118P suppressed HCC growth via targeting tumor vasculature and inducing apoptosis in the SMMC7721 xenograft mouse model. In conclusion, our studies revealed that C118P, as a potent microtubule destabilizing agent, exerts its multiple pharmacological effects against HCC by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, as well as targeting tumor vasculature. Thus, C118P might be a promising drug candidate for liver cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer photo‐immunotherapy (CPIT) as an ideal strategy can rapidly release hostile signals by appropriate dosage of focal laser irradiation to unmask primary tumor immunogenicity and can activate adaptive immunity to control distant metastases. However, many factors, including disordered immunometabolism, poor penetration of photothermal agents and immuno‐regulators, inadequate laser penetration into the deep tumor region, restrict the therapeutic outcomes of CPIT. Here, a second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II) photo‐immunometabolic cancer therapy (PICT) by a programmed raspberry‐structured nanoadjuvant (PRNMT) is presented that can potentiates efficient immunogenic cell death (ICD) in deep tumor tissue and alleviates immunometabolic disorder. The PRNMT is architected through self‐assembly of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO‐1) inhibitor modified small‐sized CuS nanoparticles (CuS5) and tumor microenvironment (TME) responsive cationized polymeric matrix. The TME can trigger the splitting and surface cationization of PRNMT into small cationized CuS5 that feature high transcytosis potential and TME immunometabolic regulation. Upon NIR‐II irradiation, CuS5 induce homogeneous ICD and release immunometabolic regulator in deep tumor tissues, which ameliorates IDO‐1 mediated immunometabolic disorder and further suppresses regulatory T cells infiltration. PRNMT mediated PICT effectively delays the primary murine mammary carcinoma 4T1 tumor growth and inhibits the lethal pulmonary metastasis in combination with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) blockade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Immune cells can be powerful regulators of tumor growth and disease progression. Yet, the potential role of professional antigen-presenting cells in soft tissue sarcoma is poorly explored. Both dendritic cells and macrophages may present exogenous antigens through major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules to CD8+ T cells, a process referred to as cross presentation. With the concept of cellular cross presentation in mind, the present study supports the hypothesis that CD11c+ cells in direct cell-cell contact with CD8+ T cells within the primary tumor are associated with an active anti-tumor immune microenvironment and favorable prognosis. Our work hereby defines a novel biomarker for immune surveillance where presence of spatial cross presentation at tissue level resolution is significantly associated with overall survival. Importantly, this biomarker is independent from established prognostic markers like tumor grade. Biomarkers linked to immune surveillance are expected to gain increasing attention with the advent of immunotherapy in clinical practice. Checkpoint inhibitors are slowly being introduced in the care of specific sarcoma subtypes such as undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, and angiosarcoma even though formal indication is lacking. Proper biomarkers to unravel potential immune reactivity in the tumor microenvironment are therefore expected to be highly warranted. In this study, intratumoral spatial cross presentation was investigated as a novel concept where immune cell composition in the tumor microenvironment was suggested to act as a proxy for immune surveillance. Double immunohistochemistry revealed a prognostic role of direct spatial interactions between CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and CD8+ cells in contrast to each marker alone in a soft tissue sarcoma (STS) cohort of 177 patients from the Karolinska University Hospital (MFS p = 0.048, OS p = 0.025). The survival benefit was verified in multivariable analysis (MFS p = 0.012, OS p = 0.004). Transcriptomics performed in the TCGA sarcoma cohort confirmed the prognostic value of combining CD11c with CD8 (259 patients, p = 0.005), irrespective of FOXP3 levels and in a CD274 (PD-LI)-rich tumor microenvironment. Altogether, this study presents a histopathological approach to link immune surveillance and patient survival in STS. Notably, spatial cross presentation as a prognostic marker is distinct from therapy response-predictive biomarkers such as immune checkpoint molecules of the PD-L1/PD1 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysregulation of auto-reactive T cells and autoantibody-producing B cells and excessive inflammation are responsible for the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. The suppression of autoreactive T cell activation and autoantibody production, as well as inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production have been utilized to ameliorate autoimmune disease symptoms. However, the existing treatment strategies are not sufficient to cure autoimmune diseases since patients can quickly suffer a relapse following the end of treatments. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I like receptors (RLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) and various nucleic acid sensors, are expressed in both innate and adaptive immune cells and are involved in the development of autoimmune diseases. Here, we have summarized advances of PRRs signaling pathways, association between PRRs and autoimmune diseases, application of inhibitors targeting PRRs and the corresponding signaling molecules relevant to strategies targeting autoimmune diseases. This review emphasizes the roles of different PRRs in activating both innate and adaptive immunity, which can coordinate to trigger autoimmune responses. The review may also prompt the formulation of novel ideas for developing therapeutic strategies against autoimmune diseases by targeting PRRs-related signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural compound extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa), which has been reported to be a promising anti-cancer drug in various cancers. However, poor water solubility and low bioavailability posed a challenge for clinical application of curcumin. In this work, four CUR prodrugs, namely PEG4000-SS-CUR, PEG1500-SS-CUR, PEG4000-SeSe-CUR and PEG1500-SeSe-CUR were synthesized. These four CUR prodrugs have high CUR loading content and can self-assemble into spherical nanoparticles (NPs) with particle size of 90–190 nm in aqueous solution. The four CUR prodrug NPs exhibit good colloidal stability in PBS buffer and promoted drug release in response to GSH. Due to the enhanced water solubility, the four CUR prodrug NPs all exhibit reduced cellular uptake amount as compared to CUR in in vitro cellular uptake study. The four CUR prodrug NPs exhibit similar cytotoxicity against 22Rv1 cells as compared to free CUR while PEG4000-SeSe-CUR NPs exhibit the highest cytotoxicity and induce the highest cell apoptosis ratio against 4T1 cells in in vitro antitumor effect study. PEG4000-SeSe-CUR NPs developed in this work were proven to be an effective nanoformulation of CUR against 4T1 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Macrophages develop evolutionary versatility in expressed genes. • B cell immunity is relatively conserved among vertebrate species. • Compensatory TCR cascade components are utilized by different species. • Mouse species shows the highest similarity in immune transcriptomes to human among multiple vertebrates. Both innate and adaptive immune system undergo evolution from low to high vertebrates. Due to the limitation of conventional approaches in identifying broader spectrum of immune cells and molecules from various vertebrates, it remains unclear how immune molecules evolve among vertebrates. Here, we utilized carry out comparative transcriptome analysis in various immune cells across seven vertebrate species. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We uncovered both conserved and species-specific profiling of gene expression in innate and adaptive immunity. Macrophages exhibited highly-diversified genes and developed sophisticated molecular signaling networks along with evolution, indicating effective and versatile functions in higher species. In contrast, B cells conservatively evolved with less differentially-expressed genes in analyzed species. Interestingly, T cells represented a dominant immune cell populations in all species and unique T cell populations were identified in zebrafish and pig. We also revealed compensatory TCR cascade components utilized by different species. Inter-species comparison of core gene programs demonstrated mouse species has the highest similarity in immune transcriptomes to human. Therefore, our comparative study reveals gene transcription characteristics across multiple vertebrate species during the evolution of immune system, providing insights for species-specific immunity as well as the translation of animal studies to human physiology and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of cuproptosis pathway has been reported to hold great potential in the application of tumor treatment. But the efficacy of cuproptosis seriously limited by the insufficient accumulation in the tumor sites. Therefore, herein based on the strong stabilization effects of the metalloid element selenium (Se) on copper (Cu), a photothermic Cu2‐xSe nanoparticle encapsulated with bioresponsive dimethyl maleic anhydride (DMMA@Cu2‐xSe) as a copper‐carrier to improve the copper accumulation in tumor is constructed, thus achieving cuproptosis‐driven enhancement of thermotherapy. This nanosystem exhibits the enhancement of tumor cellular uptake by a weak acid‐triggered charge‐switching ability. Next step, the exposed Cu2‐xSe is oxidized and releases divalent copper by high‐level oxide. Then, the abundant copper induces more dihydrolipoamide S‐acetyltransferase oligomerization to down‐regulate FDX1 and tricarboxylic acid cycle‐related proteins, which leads to inhibiting aerobic respiration. Cuproptosis‐induced mitochondrial damage further improves thermotherapy by up‐regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the generated ROS also promotes copper release to strengthen cuproptosis, and eventually improves tumor thermotherapy in turn. In general, DMMA@Cu2‐xSe with sequentially triggered copper‐release, efficient cuproptosis, and appropriate photothermal is a self‐enhanced nanoplatform for cuproptosis‐driven enhancement of thermotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early T‐cell development from CD4− CD8− double‐negative (DN) stage to CD4+ CD8+ double‐positive (DP) stage in the thymus is regulated through multiple steps involving a batch of sequentially expressed factors. Our preliminary data and a recent report showed that AT‐rich interaction domain 1A (Arid1a) is required for the transition from DN to DP stages, but the mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we consolidated that conditional deletion of Arid1a in T‐cell lineage intrinsically caused developmental blocks from DN3 to DN4 stages, as well as from DN4 to DP stages using both in vivo adoptive T‐cell transfer model and in vitro culture system. The expression of intracellular TCRβ is significantly decreased in Arid1a‐deficient DN4 cells compared with WT cells. OT1 transgenic TCR can rescue the defect in the transition from DN3 to DN4 stages, but not from DN to DP stages. Furthermore, we observed a comparable or stronger proliferation capacity accompanied by a significant increase in cell death in Arid1a−/− DP cells compared with that in WT controls. RNA‐Seq analysis shows a significant enrichment of apoptotic pathway within differentially expressed genes between Arid1a−/− and WT DP cells, including the upregulation of Bim, Casp3 and Trp53 and the downregulation of Rorc, Bcl‐XL and Mcl1. Therefore, our study reveals a novel mechanism that Arid1a controls early T‐cell development by maintaining intracellular TCRβ expression‐mediated β‐selection and activating parallel cell survival pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive childhood tumor for which response to chemotherapy is central to long-term prognosis, but few prognostic markers have been identified. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are strong regulators of cell behavior, working, for example, through post-translational modifications of mRNA. In this study, we investigated whether patterns in the RBP levels were related to outcomes in ES patients. A total of three distinct patterns were recognized, and additional modelling suggested that 10 RPBs had predictive value, suggesting that this model could be used in a clinical setting to identify patients with a higher risk of mortality. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are important transcriptomic regulators and may be important in tumorigenesis. Here, we sought to investigate the clinical impact of RBPs for patients with Ewing sarcoma (ES). ES transcriptome signatures were characterized from four previously published cohorts and grouped into new training and validation cohorts. A total of three distinct subtypes were identified and compared for differences in patient prognosis and RBP signatures. Next, univariate Cox and Lasso regression models were used to identify hub prognosis-related RBPs and construct a prognostic risk model, and prediction capacity was assessed through time-dependent receiver operating characteristics (ROCs), Kaplan–Meier curves, and nomograms. Across the three RBP subtypes, 29 significant prognostic-associated RBP genes were identified, of which 10 were used to build and validate an RBP-associated prognostic risk model (RPRM) that had a stable predictive value and could be considered valuable for clinical risk-stratification of ES. A comparison with immunohistochemistry validation showed a significant association between overall survival and NSUN7 immunoreactivity, which was an independent favorable prognostic marker. The association of RBP signatures with ES clinical prognosis provides a strong rationale for further investigation into RBPs molecular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by natural catalytic compartments, various synthetic compartments that seclude catalytic reactions have been developed to understand complex multistep biosynthetic pathways, bestow therapeutic effects, or extend biosynthetic pathways in living cells. These emerging nanoreactors possessed many advantages over conventional biomedicine, such as good catalytic activity, specificity, and sustainability. In the past decade, a great number of efficient catalytic systems based on diverse nanoreactors (polymer vesicles, liposome, polymer micelles, inorganic-organic hybrid materials, MOFs, etc.) have been designed and employed to initiate in situ catalyzed chemical reactions for therapy. This review aims to present the recent progress in the development of catalytic systems based on nanoreactors for therapeutic applications, with a special emphasis on the principles and design strategies. Besides, the key components of nanoreactor-based catalytic systems, including nanocarriers, triggers or energy inputs, and products, are respectively introduced and discussed in detail. Challenges and prospects in the fabrication of therapeutic catalytic nanoreactors are also discussed as a conclusion to this review. We believe that catalytic nanoreactors will play an increasingly important role in modern biomedicine, with improved therapeutic performance and minimal side effects. [Display omitted] • Key components of nanoreactors and design strategies are comprehensively overviewed. • In situ generation of biochemical products from nanoreactors for the treatment of cancer or inflammation. • Emphasizing the challenges of applying basic experiments to the clinic. • Enlightening the development of next-generation high-performance nanoreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the photothermal therapy (PTT) has received widespread attention and research by rapidly killing tumors with local high temperature. However, due to the irregular edges of tumor and the blurred boundary between normal and necrotic tissues, the desirable treatment cannot be achieved by the single PTT, and excessive heat will cause serious inflammation in local tissues. Herein, an injectable composite hydrogel is prepared by the oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) and hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS) via the imine bonds, which is employed as the delivery substrate for functional substances. In the gel medium, the mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) nanoparticles are incorporated as the high efficiency photothermal agent and a reservoir of DOX, which can achieve the good photothermal conversion performance and pulsed drug release. Besides, the addition of the curcumin-cyclodextrin host-guest inclusion complex (CUR@NH 2 -CD) in the composite hydrogel could reduce the inflammation caused by PTT. The composite hydrogel shows favorable the Hepa1–6 tumor inhibition in vivo by virtue of the comprehensive effect of the admired photothermal efficacy of MPDA, chemotherapy of DOX and anti-inflammatory of CUR. It can be predicted that the composite hydrogel has a broad prospect in the field of comprehensive therapy for tumor. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The interaction of fraxinellone with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorbance, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and protein-ligand docking studies. The results suggested that the quenching of BSA fluorescence by fraxinellone was a static process. The binding constant K a at 298K was calculated to be 6.61×104 Lmol−1, and the number of binding sites n were given. The thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS), at different temperatures were −66.22kJmol−1 and −129.77Jmol−1 K−1, respectively. Fraxinellone was bound to BSA in site I, and the distance between fraxinellone and BSA was 2.31nm, as calculated based on the Förster theory of non-radiation energy transfer. Moreover, the obtained UV–vis, synchronous fluorescence, and FT-IR spectra demonstrated that the BSA microenvironment and secondary structure were modified in the presence of fraxinellone. The molecular modeling results are consistent with the displacement and binding mode studies conducted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]