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Consideration of transient effects is important for industrial applications of heat transfer structure optimisation studies; however, the huge computational cost associated with transient problems is a pressing concern. This paper proposes an extension of a previous reduced-dimensional model to transient conjugate heat transfer between a fluid flow and solid-heated plates in a plate heat exchanger. The extended reduced-dimensional model introduces the temperature field of the plate governed by the heat conduction equation, which is coupled to the temperature field of the fluid, governed by the convection-diffusion equation, through the heat flux balance equation at the contact surface. The model is based on assumptions of fully developed flow and constant temperature profile, reducing the three-dimensional problem to a planar problem and significantly reducing computational costs. The accuracy of the model for the simulation of transient heat transfer is verified by comparison with a three-dimensional model. In this paper, the topography of the heat exchanger plate is optimised for both steady-state and transient conditions by applying the reduced-dimensional model. The effectiveness of the optimised design was demonstrated by the cross-check of both the reduced-dimensional and full three-dimensional models. Furthermore, this work considers the effect of time-independent boundary conditions and time-dependent boundary conditions on transient optimisation. The transient and steady-state optimised designs are analysed and compared for both conditions, and the necessity of transient optimisation is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public transportation infrastructure is a typical, complex, coupled network that is usually composed of connected bus lines and subway networks. This study proposes an entropy-based node importance identification method for this type of coupled network that is helpful for the integrated planning of urban public transport and traffic flows, as well as enhancing network information dissemination and maintaining network resilience. The proposed method develops a systematic entropy-based metric based on five centrality metrics, namely the degree centrality (DC), betweenness centrality (BC), closeness centrality (CC), eigenvector centrality (EC), and clustering coefficient (CCO). It then identifies the most important nodes in the coupled networks by considering the information entropy of the nodes and their neighboring ones. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, a bus–subway coupled network in Chengdu, containing 10,652 nodes and 15,476 edges, is employed as a case study. Four network resilience assessment metrics, namely the maximum connectivity coefficient (MCC), network efficiency (NE), susceptibility (S), and natural connectivity (NC), were used to conduct group experiments. The experimental results demonstrate the following: (1) the multi-functional fitting analysis improves the analytical accuracy by 30% as compared to fitting with power law functions only; (2) for both CC and CCO, the improved metric's performance in important node identification is greatly improved, and it demonstrates good network resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a reduced-dimensional model for the structural optimisation of conjugate heat transfer between parallel plates with constant temperature and a fluid channel of varying height. The model considers heat conduction and convection through a planar reduced-dimensional version of the convection-diffusion equation. To significantly reduce the computational time for the optimisation process, assumptions on the through-thickness velocity and temperature fields are made, allowing to transform a three-dimensional problem to a two-dimensional one. The accuracy and limitations of the model are investigated through an in-depth parametric analysis and are seen to be acceptable in the context of optimisation when considering the reduced computational cost. To allow for the optimisation of varying topology and topography, the local channel height is linearly interpolated based on the design field. The height parametrisation combined with the reduced-dimensional model provides physical meaning to intermediate design variables and removes the traditional requirement of 0–1 discrete solutions for topology optimisation. This allows the free switch between topology and topography optimisation, but it is illustrated through various examples that only topography changes are relevant for the treated problems. Two optimisation examples, a square heat exchanger and a manifold heat exchanger, demonstrate that the reduced-dimensional model is sufficiently accurate to be applied to structural optimisation. In comparison with shape optimisation using a full three-dimensional model, it is demonstrated that topography optimisation using the reduced-dimensional model can achieve equivalent optimised designs at a significantly lower computational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed generators (DGs) have a high penetration rate in distribution networks (DNs). Understanding their impact on a DN is essential for achieving optimal power flow (OPF). Various DG models, such as stochastic and forecasting models, have been established and are used for OPF. While conventional OPF aims to minimize operational costs or power loss, the "Dual-Carbon" target has led to the inclusion of carbon emission reduction objectives. Additionally, state-of-the-art optimization techniques such as machine learning (ML) are being employed for OPF. However, most current research focuses on optimization methods rather than the problem formulation of the OPF. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the OPF problem and to propose potential solutions. By delving into the problem formulation and different optimization techniques, selecting appropriate solutions for real-world OPF problems becomes easier. Furthermore, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of prospective advancements and conducts a comparative analysis of the diverse methodologies employed in the field of optimal power flow (OPF). While mathematical methods provide accurate solutions, their complexity may pose challenges. On the other hand, heuristic algorithms exhibit robustness but may not ensure global optimality. Additionally, machine learning techniques exhibit proficiency in processing extensive datasets, yet they necessitate substantial data and may have limited interpretability. Finally, this paper concludes by presenting prospects for future research directions in OPF, including expanding upon the uncertain nature of DGs, the integration of power markets, and distributed optimization. The main objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of DGs in DN on OPF. The article aims to explore the problem formulation of OPF and to propose potential solutions. By gaining in-depth insight into the problem formulation and different optimization techniques, optimal and sustainable power flow in a distribution network can be achieved, leading to a more efficient, reliable, and cost-effective power system. This offers tremendous benefits to both researchers and practitioners seeking to optimize power system operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, malaria is still one of the major public health problems commonly caused by the four Plasmodium species. The similar symptoms of malaria and the COVID‐19 epidemic of fever or fatigue lead to frequent misdiagnosis. The disadvantages of existing detection methods, such as time‐consuming, costly, complicated operation, need for experienced technicians, and indistinguishable typing, lead to difficulties in meeting the clinical requirements of rapid, easy, and accurate typing of common Plasmodium species. In this study, we developed and optimized a universal two‐dimensional labelled probe‐mediated melting curve analysis (UP‐MCA) assay based on multiplex and asymmetric PCR for rapid and accurate typing of five Plasmodium species, including novel human Plasmodium, Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk), in a single closed tube following genome extraction. The assay showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 copies per reaction and could accurately distinguish Plasmodium species from intra‐plasmodium and other pathogens. Additionally, we proposed and validated different methods of fluorescence quenching and tag design for probes that are suitable for UP‐MCA assays. Moreover, the clinical performance of the Plasmodium UP‐MCA assay using a base‐quenched universal probe was evaluated using 226 samples and showed a sensitivity of 100% (164/164) and specificity of 100% (62/62) at a 99% confidence interval, with the microscopy method as the gold standard. In summary, the UP‐MCA assay showed excellent sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for genotyping Plasmodium species spp. Additionally, it facilitates convenient and rapid Plasmodium detection in routine clinical practice and has great potential for clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new approach of bidirectional electro-migration rehabilitation (BIEM) using pulse currents was proposed. The effect of the duty cycle and frequency of the square wave pulse current on the BIEM was investigated. The results showed that the desalination efficiency was improved by 10 % with the decrease of duty ratio and frequency. Furthermore, With the increase of duty ratio and frequency, the hydrogen permeation of steel bars decreased by 28.5 %. More uniform desalination efficiency was obtained by using pulse current. The half-cell potential of the rebars was also measured and it was higher for the samples using pulse currents than for those using direct currents, indicating a lower risk of corrosion after pulse current treatment. The pH value of the concrete also increased during the BIEM process. • The amount of hydrogen permeation in the rebars of concrete repaired by pulse current is reduced. • Increasing frequency and decreasing duty cycle of pulse current make the desalination efficiency distributed more evenly. • Decreasing frequency and duty cycle of pulse current will increase the efficiency of chloride ions removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible pressure sensors are widely demanded in human care systems. A simple and effective strategy for sensor fabrication can markedly promote its application. Herein, a facile strategy is employed to prepare a flexible capacitive pressure sensor with a polydimethylsiloxane microbeads‐modified dielectric layer. Owing to the microbeads structure, the proposed sensor achieves a sensitivity of 0.048 kPa−1 in the range of 0–10 kPa with a wide dynamic range (up to 100 kPa). The sensitivity is nine times higher than that of the planar structure. Moreover, the microbeads structured sensor obtains a low limit of detection (0.2 kPa), fast response time (120 ms), and good stability (variation lower than 3.30% after 1000 loading/unloading cycles at 20 kPa). The finite‐elemental analysis reveals that the microbeads structure is critical to enhance the performance of sensors. Finally, the pressure sensor is successfully applied to detect touch signal, joints movement, and breathing, exhibiting its promising prospects as smart wearable devices. Furthermore, the strategy may provide a new idea for the microstructural design of capacitive pressure sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broccoli rapidly yellows and dehydrates post-harvest, causing a short storage life. Although arginine post-harvest has been shown to enhance broccoli's storage quality and shelf life, it remains unclear whether pre-harvest treatment yields similar benefits. The results showed that pre-harvest spraying of 5 mM arginine reduces the respiration rate and delays electrolyte leakage during broccoli's storage period, minimizing weight loss and yellowing and chlorophyll degradation. It also inhibits the degradation of ascorbic acid (ASA) and promotes the synthesis of total phenols, thereby increasing the total antioxidant capacity. Further studies showed that pre-harvest arginine spraying enhanced the activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). This accelerated the nitric oxide (NO) and the polyamine (PA) accumulation. Additionally, arginine aids in reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance and wound healing. Notably, pre-harvest arginine spraying was found to inhibit the hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) accumulation and enhance the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), while also activating the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) activities. In conclusion, pre-harvest arginine spraying extends the broccoli's storage life and improves its storage quality by promoting endogenous arginine catabolism, ROS metabolism, and the wounds healing. Therefore, this study establishes a theoretical foundation for pre-harvest handling in post-harvest broccoli storage. • The effect of pre-harvest arginine spraying on broccoli storage was studied. • Exogenous arginine promoted endogenous arginine degradation in broccoli. • Arginine spraying produced more NO in broccoli during storage. • Increased NO regulated ROS metabolism and promoted wound healing. • Pre-harvest arginine spraying was more effective than post-harvest spraying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permutation entropy (PE) is evolved as an important way to reveal the intrinsic characteristics of complex systems. While PE does not consider that the amplitudes of identical order sequences might be different, weighted permutation entropy (WPE), the extended technique, weighs each vector to alleviate this problem. Furthermore, experimental investigation shows that symbolizing the time series contributes to detecting sudden dynamical changes. As an exemplary measure, we study weighted symbolic permutation entropy (WSPE) which is a combination of WPE and threshold-dependent symbolic entropy to mount the intrinsic information of four stock indices from China and America stock markets, and six sector indices of banking, aviation industry and pharmacy from China stock markets. One thing needs to be especially pointed out is that symbolic method we use in this work is not the most common method which divides time series into some small bins, but a two-step process, including symbolic process and coding process. The statistical analysis in stock indices shows that WSPE method is capable of distinguishing stock indices and detecting economic crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new method of Rényi entropy and surrogate data analysis as a new measure to assess the complexity of a complex dynamical system. Simulations are conducted over artificial sequence and stock market series to provide model test and empirical analysis. The results show that the new method has a strong identification for different series and the Δ R (q) curves of stock markets are all successfully fitted by exponential functions. These results can be well identified and analyzed in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore the clinical efficacy of ankle arthrodesis with different internal fixation methods in the treatment of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. We collected 85 patients with post-traumatic osteoarthritis who underwent different ankle arthrodesis between December 2015 and December 2020. The operation performance, complication rate, hindfoot alignment, talus tilt angle, visual analogue scale (VAS), and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score were preoperatively and postoperatively evaluated. In an anterior approach, the locking plate-fixation exhibited a similarity in operation time, incision length, postoperative drainage, bone fusion, hindfoot alignment, and talus tilt angle with fibula support compression screw-fixation, but it was better in increasing postoperative AOFAS. The locking plate-fixation in the anterior approach had lower operation time, incision length, and postoperative drainage than that in the lateral approach. In addition, the lateral locking plate combined with posterolateral compression screw fixation (LLPPCSF) presented shorter bone fusion time, higher AOFAS score, and lower complication rate than either plate- or screw-fixation alone. Lateral locking plate fixation was better than fibula support compression screw fixation in relieving postoperative pain. Anterior locking plate fixation was more time-saving and less invasiveness than lateral locking plate fixation, but its application was limited in low degree of ankle deformation. LLPPCSF was the most effective in improving bone fusion and postoperative pain, considering an optimal option for the treatment of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1.For the first time, a systemic in vivo investigation was employed to evaluate the potential effects of m-nisoldipine on activities of rat cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C11, CYP2D1 and CYP3A1) by both cocktail probe drugs and the quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). 2.m-Nisoldipine-treated and blank control groups were respectively administered m-nisoldipine at the dosage of 2.5, 5 and 12.5 mg/kg and CMC-Na solution for 15 days consecutively, then they were given the probe drugs of caffeine, diclofenac, dextromethorphan and midazolam (all probes were 5 mg/kg) by p.o. The blood samples were collected at different times for liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters were applied to evaluate the effects of m-nisoldipine on the four CYP isoforms in vivo. In addition, RT-qPCR was performed to determine the effects of m-nisoldipine on the mRNA expression of CYPs in rat liver. Results indicated that high dose and middle dose of m-nisoldipine showed significant effects on all four CYPs and CYP2C11, respectively. Moreover, for CYP2D1 and CYP1A2, there were no significant effects found at either low or middle dose of m-nisoldipine. 3.This study could provide not only experimental evidence for potential clinical application of m-nisoldipine but also a practical strategy for assessing CYP-mediated drug-drug interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a systematic data acquisition and mining strategy aimed at the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) complex system based on ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was reported. The workflow of this strategy is as follows: First, the high resolution mass data are acquired by both data-dependent acquisition mode (DDA) and data-independent acquisition mode (DIA). Then a global data mining that combined targeted and non-targeted compound finding is applied to analyze mass spectral data. Furthermore, some assistant tools, such as key product ions (KPIs), are employed for compound hunting and identification. The TCM Ziwan (ZW, Aster tataricus rhizoma) was used to illustrate this strategy for the first time. In this research, total 131 compounds including organic acids, peptides, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids, coumarins, anthraquinones and aldehydes were identified or tentatively characterized in ZW based on accurate mass measurements within ±5 ppm error, and 50 of them were unambiguously confirmed by comparing standard compounds. Afterwards, based on the traditional Chinese medical theory and the key determinants of firing patterns of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons in the development of depression, the confirmed compounds were subsequently evaluated the pharmacological effect of activity of VTA DA neurons and anti-depressive efficacy. This research provided not only a chemical profiling for further in vivo study of ZW, but also an efficient data acquisition and mining strategy to profile the chemical constituents and find new bioactive substances for other TCM complex system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vindoline (VDL) is an indole alkaloid, possessing hypoglycemic and vasodilator effects, and it is also the prodrug of many vinca alkaloids. In this paper, we analyzed in vivo (including plasma, urine, bile and faeces) and in vitro metabolic profile of VDL in rat with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). The chromatographic separation was performed on a C 18 column with a mobile phase consisted of 3 mM ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 300 μL/min. The mass spectral analysis was conducted in a positive electrospray ionization mode, and on-line data acquisition method multiple mass defect filter (MMDF) combined with dynamic background subtraction (DBS) were used in the biological samples analysis to trace all the potential metabolites of VDL. Twenty-five metabolites of VDL were detected by comparing with the blank sample, of which there were 2 sulfate conjugates. These data suggested that the biotransformation of VDL was deacetylation, oxidation, deoxidization, methylation, dealkylation and sulfate conjugation. This study provides useful information for further study of the pharmacology and mechanism of VDL, meanwhile, the research method can be widely applied to speculate structural features of the metabolites of other vinca alkaloids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel strategy has been developed to prepare hollow structured Nafion-modified-graphene/polyaniline (NGP) composites via interfacial assembly polymerization between an aqueous phase containing oxidant and an organic phase containing aniline monomers and Nafion-modified graphene. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the generation of polyaniline (PANI) on graphene during the interfacial polymerization. The morphological evolution of the product had been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with respect to the reaction time, based on which a conceivable interpretation of the growth mechanism of the sphere architectures with composite component were given. The as-prepared hollow structured composites showed a good rate capability as electrode material for supercapacitor, and the as-designed interfacial assembly preparation strategy for such composites may provide a generic guideline in developing other graphene-base composite hollow spheres with different compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A facile method to prepare uniform polypyrrole (PPy) nanospheres is developed by using 3-chloroperbenzoic acid as oxidant, structure-induced reagent and dopant for polymerization of pyrrole without introducing extra acid, template and surfactant. The as-synthesized PPy nanospheres with an average diameter of 100–200 nm and conductivity about 10−2 S cm−1 are characterized by SEM, FTIR, UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD and elemental analysis in an effort to determine the identity of the nanospheres and the mechanism relevant to their formation and stabilization. Influences of experimental conditions on the morphology of the PPy nanospheres have been investigated. Via the high temperature pyrolyzation at 900 °C, the nitrogen-doped carbon nanospheres have been obtained from the PPy nanospheres precursors, which have a high conductivity of 10–100 S cm−1, showing a good potential as the electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors due to their excellent electrochemical performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal cardiovascular disease with a cancer-like phenotype. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks extensively involve in its pathological processes. But rare ceRNA networks and profound molecular mechanisms have been revealed in PAH. The aim of this study was to illuminate the ceRNA networks in PAH. In this work, we have chosen the idiopathic PAH as an example. GSE15197 (mRNA) and GSE56914 (miRNA) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were selected to explore key genes and novel ceRNA networks in PAH by a series of integrated bioinformatic analysis. To be more scientific, a part of pairs in identified ceRNA network were detected in hypoxia-induced HPASMCs. And the dual-luciferase assay was performed to certify the relationship between miRNAs and mRNAs. Totally, 311 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and functional enrichment analysis illuminated that the majority of DEGs were enriched in proliferation, anti-apoptosis, inflammation and cancer-related pathways. And 10 hub genes were determined via Cytohubba after PPI network construction. Sequentially, with stepwise reverse prediction and pan-cancer co-expression analysis from mRNA to LncRNA in TargetScan, miRNet, ENCORI (Starbase V3.0) databases, a crucially ceRNA network was identified including 14 LncRNAs, 2 miRNAs, and 3 mRNAs. Further, in hypoxia-induced HPASMCs, the alterations of mRNAs, miRNAs and LncRNAs and their relationship were in accordance with the results we identified. Consequently, the unique hub genes and ceRNA network we proposed may advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms in PAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Facile Strategy for Low Young's Modulus PDMS Microbeads Enhanced Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensors (Part. Keywords: capacitive pressure sensors; flexible electronics; PDMS microbeads; wearable devices EN capacitive pressure sensors flexible electronics PDMS microbeads wearable devices 1 1 1 07/21/21 20210701 NES 210701 In article 2100019, Tai, Yuan, and co-workers present a facile strategy to fabricate a capacitive pressure sensor with polydimethylsiloxane microbeads decorated dielectric layer, endowing it with superior performance. Capacitive pressure sensors, flexible electronics, PDMS microbeads, wearable devices. [Extracted from the article]

To understand the effects and related potential mechanism of H2O2 on pigment metabolism in postharvest broccoli, an integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome was performed. Results suggested that 65 differentially expressed genes and 26 differentially accumulated metabolites involved in chlorophyll, carotenoid, and flavonoid metabolism were identified. H2O2 treatment delayed the decrease of chlorophyll content by upregulating the expressions of chlorophyll synthetic genes, thylakoid synthetic genes, and 15 light‐harvesting complex genes compared with the control and diphenylene iodonium treatments. H2O2 treatment decreased the accumulation of 11 flavonoids and 5 flavonols by downregulating the flavonoid synthetic genes. In addition, H2O2 treatment promoted carotenoid biosynthesis to eliminate reactive oxygen species in thylakoids, thereby protecting chlorophyll molecules from degradation. The inhibition of flavonoids and flavonols accumulation and chlorophyll decrease was the crucial reason for the delayed yellowing in H2O2 treatment. This study provides a new method and theoretical support for delaying the yellowing process in postharvest broccoli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transcriptomics revealed the wound-healing mechanism of broccoli stems during SAS. • The promoted PPP produced large amounts of NADPH. • NADPH enhancement activated the shikimate and phenylpropane pathway. • The wound-healing process of broccoli stems was promoted by the enhancement of NADPH. • PPP is the crucial driving force for wound healing in cut harvest broccoli stems. Wound healing is a crucial metabolic process that occurs in fruit and vegetables within a short time after harvest, especially in cut-harvest ones. To reveal wound healing mechanisms in cut-harvest broccoli stems during the self-adaptive stage (SAS, 12 h after harvest), tissue samples from the stems at the incision were analyzed at the transcriptome level. With the extension of time, the expression levels of six differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) significantly increased in the stems after cut-harvest. Among the genes, the expression levels of PGLS and PGD , which are directly involved in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) generation, were 2.62 and 5.82 times higher in the 12 h vs 0 h comparison group, respectively. The shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways were significantly activated in the broccoli stems during SAS. Genes involved in NADPH degradation through the aforementioned two pathways, including DHQ-SDH1 (106323466), aroC1 (106295042), and PAL3 (106300639), were significantly upregulated. These findings certified that wound healing of cut-harvest broccoli stems was promoted by enhancing NADPH levels. Interestingly, glycolysis (EMP) was a non-significant change during SAS after cut-harvest that contributed to maintaining organic matter by suppressing respiration and acclimatizing the postharvest broccoli to become an independent unit. These results indicate that the focus should be on NADPH levels for promoting wound healing of fruit and vegetables during storage. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • MLR affects channel stability by changing crosslinking effect between nanosheets. • 2D channel effectively limited via nanosheet edge and interface layer regulation. • Strong interaction between nanosheet achieved by formation of disulfide bond. • Regulation of membrane hydration and wetting by constructing the interface layer. • Superior Li+/Mg2+ separation benefited from the synergies between these strategies. The novel two-dimensional (2D) channel membranes have great potential for effective Li+/Mg2+ separation due to the rapid ion transport and precise adjustment of their channels. However, the solution composition greatly affects the control of channel height, resulting in an unsatisfactory selectivity performance. Herein, the 2D montmorillonite membranes are used to understand the causes of channel instability and explore the effective solutions. It is found that the changes in solution component can enlarge the channel height by changing the cross-linking constraint of Fe3+ between MMT nanosheets, thus leading to a weak sieving effect. To improve the channel constraint and its Li+/Mg2+ separation, the end face and interfacial layer constraint of nanosheets are proposed. As an effective strategy to strengthen the constraint effect, glutathione can modify the end faces of nanosheets and enhance the mutual binding force between them through its oxidative transformation. Besides, the construction of an interfacial layer can also limit channel swelling by altering the membrane hydration and wetting. These strategies will also form a synergistic regulatory effect. Consequently, a superior membrane is obtained and presents an improved selectivity of 8.89 at 100:1 Mg2+/Li+ ratio. These innovative approaches offer a valuable framework for creating high-performance 2D channel membranes, which can also support their wider application in the Li+/Mg2+ separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A simple and reliable LC–MS/MS method was developed to characterize 10 metabolites. [•] The main metabolic rules of m-nisoldipine in human liver microsomes were summarized. [•] Chemical inhibition and incubation with individual CYP450 enzyme were conducted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Currently, millions of people suffer from undiagnosed chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection each year, which leads to high mortality rates attributed to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Previously reported assays, such as PCR-based assays, have limitations in terms of convenient for CHB screening in high-burden regions and resource-limited settings. Recently, diagnosis based on CRISPR/Cas, which has been considered as a potential method of point-of-care test (POCT) in resource-limited settings, offers a significant advantage in terms of high sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) detection utilizing CRISPR/Cas system. We have proposed a one-pot of one-step method for CRISPR/Cas12b assisted loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to facilitate the quick, sensitive, and precise quantification of HBV DNA. This method is designed for point-of-care testing following genomic extraction or sample heat treatment. We have optimized several critical factors, such as the reaction buffer, AapCas12b-gRNA concentration, reporter and its concentration, reaction temperature, and chemical additives, to significantly enhance the performance of the one-pot assay for HBV. Importantly, it exhibited no cross-reactivity between HBV and blood-borne pathogens. Moreover, the assay is capable of quantifying HBV DNA within 1 h with a limit of detection (LOD) of 25 copies per milliliter. Additionally, when tested on 236 clinical samples, the assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 99.00 % (198/200) and a specificity of 100.00 % (36/36) at the 99 % confidence level compared to real-time quantitative PCR. The utilization of convenient and reliable point-of-care diagnostic methods is crucial for reducing the burden of CHB globally. The assay we developed was helpful to improve the ability of HBV diagnosis for practical clinical translation, especially in high-burden regions and resource-limited settings. It has great advantages for rapid screening of CHB as well as evaluation of therapeutic efficacy as a companion diagnostic method. [Display omitted] • HBV HOMLESv2 assay was established for easy, rapid, sensitive, and specific HBV quantification. • The assay demonstrated 99.00 % sensitivity and 100.00 % specificity based on 236 clinical samples. • It is good for rapid screening of chronic hepatitis B as well as evaluating therapeutic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rockfall is one of the most serious geological hazards in mountain regions. During the rescue situations after rockfall, the wheel loader, a vital type of modern engineering mechanism, plays an important role in relieving the obstruction of the catastrophic site. Increasing the reliability of the wheel loader during the rescue situation is quite important. This study aims to build a fault diagnosis model based on Bayesian network (BN) to diagnose the probability and path of the fault occurrence in the wheel loader during a rockfall disaster. Meanwhile, to reduce the influence of subjective factors, the fuzzy set theory is introduced into BN. The result showed that the probability of failure of the wheel loader under rockfall disaster is 13.11%. In addition, the key cause of the failure of the wheel loader under the rockfall disaster is the malfunction of mechanical parts. The probability of mechanical component failures in this case is as high as 88%, while the probability of human error is 6%. The research results not only show the ability of the BN to incorporate subjective judgment but also can provide a reference for fault diagnosis and risk assessment of wheel loaders under rockfall disaster conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (2D-C/SiC) composites are well-known for the high-temperature performance in aeronautical and aerospace fields, but they are susceptible to foreign object damage in service. Therefore, the high-temperature performance of pre-impacted 2D-C/SiC is closely connected with flight security. In this study, the pre-impact testing was conducted using a stress-reversal split Hopkinson bar, and the pre-impact energies were set from 0.1J to 0.9J. Subsequently, the pre-impacted specimens were heated for a period in the temperature-keeping procedure from 20 °C to 1600 °C. Oxidation kinetics of the pre-impacted 2D-C/SiC specimens were obtained based on the weight loss-temperature trends. Finally, the specimens were compressed under high temperatures at the strain rates from 10−4/s to 1000/s, so the residual compressive strength (RCS)-temperature trends were achieved. Hence, the correlation between the weight loss and the RCS was established. Interestingly, the pre-impact strengthening effect on the compressive strength was found. The results revealed that the RCS of 2D-C/SiC is affected by various parameters, providing new sights into the high-temperature damage tolerance of ceramic matrix composites. [Display omitted] • High-temperature damage tolerance of 2D-C/SiC composites. • Oxidation mechanism is not only controlled by the temperature. • Pre-impact gives rise to the increase in strength to some extent. • Strain rate effect on the strength is reduced by the increasing temperature-keeping duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification—the most prevalent mammalian RNA internal modification—plays key regulatory roles in mRNA metabolism. Current approaches for m6A modified RNA analysis limit at bulk‐population level, resulting in a loss of spatiotemporal and cell‐to‐cell variability information. Here we proposed a m6A‐specific in situ hybridization mediated proximity ligation assay (m6AISH‐PLA) for cellular imaging of m6A RNA, allowing to identify m6A modification at specific location in RNAs and image m6A RNA with single‐cell and single‐molecule resolution. Using m6AISH‐PLA, we investigated the m6A level and subcellular location of HSP70 RNA103‐m6A in response to heat shock stress, and found an increased m6A modified ratio and an increased distribution ratio in cytoplasm under heat shock. m6AISH‐PLA can serve in the study of m6A RNA in single cells for deciphering epitranscriptomic mechanisms and assisting clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification—the most prevalent mammalian RNA internal modification—plays key regulatory roles in mRNA metabolism. Current approaches for m6A modified RNA analysis limit at bulk‐population level, resulting in a loss of spatiotemporal and cell‐to‐cell variability information. Here we proposed a m6A‐specific in situ hybridization mediated proximity ligation assay (m6AISH‐PLA) for cellular imaging of m6A RNA, allowing to identify m6A modification at specific location in RNAs and image m6A RNA with single‐cell and single‐molecule resolution. Using m6AISH‐PLA, we investigated the m6A level and subcellular location of HSP70 RNA103‐m6A in response to heat shock stress, and found an increased m6A modified ratio and an increased distribution ratio in cytoplasm under heat shock. m6AISH‐PLA can serve in the study of m6A RNA in single cells for deciphering epitranscriptomic mechanisms and assisting clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy status is a vital factor in the physiology of postharvest vegetables. An integration profiling of transcriptome and metabolome was used to examine the effects of hydrogen peroxide treatment on carbohydrate and energy metabolism in broccoli at 20 ℃ for 4 d. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) treatment maintained higher levels of ATP and energy charge during storage. The integration profiling of transcriptome and metabolome revealed that H 2 O 2 treatment promoted the degradation of 1,3-β-glucan to D-glucose and inhibited sucrose, D-raffinose, maltose, and cellulose degradation, thereby maintaining a long-term and stable supply of glucose for glycolysis (EMP) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)·H 2 O 2 treatment enhanced the EMP and PPP by upregulating the expression of related genes. Enhancing the tricarboxylic acid cycle and inhibiting alcohol fermentation in H 2 O 2 treatment promoted energy production. Therefore, the long-term and stable energy supply might be crucial for the delayed senescence of postharvest broccoli via H 2 O 2 treatment. [Display omitted] • H 2 O 2 treatment maintains a long-term and stable supply of glucose in broccoli. • H 2 O 2 treatment enhances the glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. • H 2 O 2 treatment enhances the TCA cycle and inhibits alcohol fermentation. • Stable energy supply is key reason for the delayed senescence of broccoli by H 2 O 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated transcriptome and metabolome profiling was used to investigate how exogenous H2O2 affects amino acid metabolism and its underlying regulatory mechanism involved in post-harvest broccoli’s yellowing and senescence processes. This approach found 86 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 28 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) associated with amino acid metabolism during broccoli storage in the Control, H2O2, and DPI (diphenylene iodonium, an H2O2 inhibitor) treatments on 2 or 4 d. Furthermore, H2O2 treatment promoted the biosynthesis and accumulation of amino acids (e.g., tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, arginine, lysine, histidine, and glutamate) while inhibiting the degradation of seven amino acids (e.g., tyrosine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, β-alanine, glutamate, and proline) into tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle precursor (pyruvate) and intermediates (fumarate, acetyl-CoA, and 2-oxoglutarate). This inhibition alleviated metabolic disorders and ammonium-induced toxicity of post-harvest broccoli. Additionally, H2O2 treatment promoted the NH3 conversion into glutamine and the urea cycle, further mitigating ammonium-induced toxicity. H2O2 treatment also down-regulated the expressions of S-adenosylmethionine synthases (SAM), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases (ACS), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidases (ACO), which reduced the S-adenosyl-L-methionine content, thereby inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis from methionine. Therefore, this study provides insights into the role and potential underlying regulatory mechanism of H2O2 on amino acid metabolism during broccoli senescence, thus offering a theoretical basis for delaying senescence in post-harvest horticultural products by regulating their amino acid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects and potential mechanism of exogenous H 2 O 2 on antioxidant metabolism and yellowing in postharvest broccoli, the transcriptome and metabolome integrated analysis were performed. A total of 61 differentially expressed genes and 6 differentially accumulated metabolites identified among of H 2 O 2 and diphenylene iodonium (DPI) treatments on 2 and 4 d. Exogenous H 2 O 2 promoted the accumulation of endogenous H 2 O 2 within 1 d by activating RBOHs expressions·H 2 O 2 treatment up-regulated the expressions of SOD , CAT and peroxiredoxin (Prx) genes and APX , DHAR and GPX genes involved in ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, thereby promoting the scavenging of O 2 -. and H 2 O 2 and alleviating the oxidative damage. Additionally, H 2 O 2 treatment promoted the biosynthesis of AsA and GSH, and increased the content of AsA, GSH, oxidized glutathione, and γ-glutamylcysteine·H 2 O 2 treatment also promoted glucosinolate biosynthesis, the accumulation of 3-(6′-methylthio)hexylmalic acid, and the production of sulforaphane by up-regulating MYS expression, thereby enhancing the health-care function of postharvest broccoli. This study provided the new insights into regulatory mechanism of H 2 O 2 on antioxidant system. [Display omitted] • Multi-omics revealed the regulatory mechanism of H 2 O 2 on antioxidant metabolism. • Exogenous H 2 O 2 promoted H 2 O 2 accumulation of broccoli in 1 d by activating RBOHs. • H 2 O 2 up-regulated SOD , CAT and Prx expression and enhanced the AsA-GSH cycle. • H 2 O 2 promoted the biosynthesis and accumulation of AsA and GSH. • H 2 O 2 promoted sulforaphane production by up-regulating MYS , and GSL biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The metabolites of hinokiflavone were first characterized. • A rapid and sensitive method was developed. • Glutamine conjugation and glycine conjugation were unique metabolic pathways of hinokiflavone. • The metabolic profiling of hinokiflavone was first inferred and summarized. Abstract Hinokiflavone (HF), belonging to biflavonoids, possesses excellent pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activity. Nevertheless, its metabolism in vivo (rats) and in vitro (rat liver microsomes and intestinal flora) is presently not characterized. In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) based on four-step strategy was a rapid method for the detection of HF metabolites. A total of 41 metabolites in vivo , 49 metabolites in vitro were characterized. It also verified that intestinal tract exceeds the liver in the biotransformation of HF. More significant, the main metabolic pathways for HF were mainly bio-transformed to various mono-flavone resulting from the rupture of connective C O bonds, which exhibited a large distinction with other biflavones. Noteworthily, glutamine conjugation and glycine conjugation were considered as unique metabolic pathways of HF. The information obtained from this study contributes to better understanding of pharmacological mechanism of HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the effects and related molecular regulation mechanism of H 2 O 2 on nucleic acid metabolism in yellowing and senescence process of postharvest broccoli, an integration profiling of transcriptome and metabolome was performed. Results showed that 2 mM H 2 O 2 delayed the yellowing and increase of relative conductivity, whereas 3 μM diphenylene iodonium (DPI, an inhibitor of H 2 O 2 production) accelerated these processes·H 2 O 2 treatment promoted DNA replication and repair by up-regulating replication protein A , DNA polymerase , and DNA ligase 1 expressions and increasing the essential building blocks of DNA (e.g., cytosine, guanosine 5′-diphosphate, cytidine, and adenosine) contents, thereby ensuring the integrity of genome in broccoli·H 2 O 2 treatment promoted transcription and pre-mRNA processing by up-regulating the expressions of RNA polymerases and spliceosome-related genes, which promoted the biosynthesis of mature mRNA·H 2 O 2 treatment also up-regulated PABPs expression, and thus to promote translation process in broccoli. Additionally, H 2 O 2 promoted the recycle of mRNA and accumulation of adenosine, which was beneficial to timely change own gene profile in response to complex postharvest environmental changes and alleviate the energy deficiency suffered by postharvest broccoli. These results suggested that H 2 O 2 is involved in the positive regulation of nucleic acid metabolism and maintained higher contents of nucleic acid-related metabolites, DNA and RNA, ultimately delaying the senescence of postharvest broccoli, which provided new insight for the regulatory mechanism of the yellowing and senescence in broccoli. [Display omitted] • Multi-omics were used to reveal the mechanism of H 2 O 2 on nucleic acid metabolism. • H 2 O 2 delayed the degradation of 10 nucleic acid-related metabolites in broccoli. • H 2 O 2 enhanced the high-fidelity and repair capacity of DNA replication. • H 2 O 2 promoted siRNA biosynthesis by activating RNA polymerase IV and V expressions. • H 2 O 2 promoted the translation by activating BABP and ribonucleoprotein expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nevadensin is major constituents of Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim . (Chinese name: Shidiaolan), which has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis activities, antitussive, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive. In this paper, we investigated the metabolism of nevadensin in vitro and in vivo . A strategy was firstly developed to identify the metabolites of nevadensin by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). An on-line data acquisition method a multiple mass defect filter (MMDF) combined with dynamic background subtraction (DBS) was developed to trace all probable metabolites. Furthermore, some assistant tools, such as key fragment ions (KFI), were employed for compound hunting and identification. Based on the proposed method, 23 metabolites were structurally characterized in vivo including 16 phase I and 7 phase II metabolites, and 12 metabolites were detected in vitro containing 10 phase I and 2 phase II metabolites. The results indicated that oxidation, hydrolysis, demethylation, methylation, sulfate conjugation and glucuronide conjugation were main metabolic pathways of nevadensin. In a word, this study maybe can provide reference and valuable evidence for further investigation of the metabolic mechanism of nevadensin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orientin and vitexin, 4’-hydroxyl-2-phenylchromen-4-one, are both major flavones derivatives found in Trollius ledebourii possessing definite pharmacological activities. In this study, in vitro metabolisms investigated on rat liver microsomes (RLMs) and in vivo metabolisms explored on Male Sprague Dawley rats of orientin and vitexin were tested, respectively. A systematic method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was developed to characterize metabolites by means of electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. An on-line data acquisition method multiple mass defect filter (MMDF) combined with dynamic background subtraction (DBS) was developed to observe probable relevant metabolites. By comparison of chromatographic behaviors with reference substances, exact protonated ions, MS/MS fragment ions and relevant literature, a total of 12 metabolites of orientin and 23 metabolites of vitexin were detected, respectively, which suggested that orientin is more metabolically stable than vitexin. Oxidation, methylation, acetylation, reduction, loss of C 6 H 10 O 5 and glucuronide conjugation were the major biotransformation routes of both of them in rats. More significant, glutamine conjugation, loss of CO and loss of CH 2 O were the unique metabolic pathways of vitexin compared with that of orientin for the first time. Besides, most metabolites were observed in rat urine and feces, implying that urine and feces were the active metabolic places for flavones. This is the first study on metabolisms of orientin and vitexin in vitro and in vivo simultaneously and the proposed metabolic pathways of them might provide further understanding of their pharmacological mechanisms and later study on their excretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sophoricoside (SOPH) is an isoflavone glycoside isolated from Fructus Sophorae , and it has the effects on reproductive system. Currently, a strategy was firstly developed to identify the metabolites of SOPH in vitro and in vivo using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–Q–TOF–MS/MS). Based on the proposed method, 60 metabolites were structurally characterized in vivo including 22 phase I and 38 phase II metabolites, and 4 metabolites in vitro were detected containing 2 phase I and 2 phase II metabolites. The results indicated that the metabolic pathways mainly included oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, methylation, sulfate, glucuronide, glutamine and glycine conjugation. These results will provide basic data for future pharmacological and toxicology studies of SOPH and other isoflavone glycoside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) play crucial roles in guiding protein synthesis and plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, but our current available understanding concerning on the role and function of nucleic acid metabolism, transcription and translation processes in postharvest fruit and vegetables remains largely unclear. In this study, an iTRAQ-based proteomics was used to investigate changes of protein abundance in postharvest broccoli under 40% O 2 + 5% CO 2 , 20% O 2 + 5% CO 2 and 5% O 2 + 5% CO 2 treatments. A total of 128 differentially expressed proteins (fold change ≥ 1.2) were identified. High O 2 stress reduced the DNA level by down-regulating the expression of proteins involved in DNA replication and up-regulating the expression of proteins DNA degradation. The decrease of DNA content, inhibition of transcription and promotion of RNA degradation induced by high O 2 stress further led to the mass loss of RNA content in postharvest broccoli. Additionally, high O 2 stress suppressed RNA processing, transport and translation and activated the expression of 20 S and 26 S proteasome, thereby accelerating the decrease of protein levels in postharvest broccoli. The decrease of DNA and RNA content might be related to the early yellowing and senescence in postharvest broccoli. This study revealed that the effect and mechanism of high O 2 stress on DNA and RNA metabolism, transcription and translation processes, and the role of these metabolic pathway on senescence in postharvest broccoli. [Display omitted] • Proteomic revealed the effects of high O 2 stress on DNA, RNA and protein metabolism. • High O 2 stress accelerated the degradation of DNA and RNA. • High O 2 stress decreased protein by activating 20 S and 26 S proteasomes activities. • The decrease of DNA and RNA might be the key reason for broccoli senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellowing is always accompanied by chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation, which is an important indicator for evaluating the quality and commercial value of postharvest broccoli. Elevated CO 2 treatment was applied in broccoli heads to investigate its effect and mechanism on pigment metabolism. The results demonstrated that 30% CO 2 treatment maintained higher nutritional quality by increasing phenols and flavonoids contents and delayed the yellowing by alleviating chlorophyll loss and carotenoid accumulation. The chlorophyll molecule could also be continuously synthesized in postharvest broccoli. The up-regulation of chlorophyll synthesis genes (BoMCase , BoChlM , BoChlE , BoPOR , BoDVR and BoChlG) and chlorophyll combination genes (BoCAB1 and BoCAB2) and the down-regulation of chlorophyll degradation genes (BoSGR1 , BoNYC1 , BoPPH , BoPAO and BoRCCR) were observed in postharvest broccoli treated with 30% CO 2. Additionally, 30% CO 2 treatment down-regulated the expression of BoPSY , BoLCYB , BoCHYB and BoVDE , thereby inhibiting zeaxanthin and β-carotene biosynthesis. This study provided new insights into chlorophyll biosynthesis after harvest and the regulation of elevated CO 2 on pigment metabolism in postharvest broccoli. • This study revealed the effect of CO 2 treatment on yellowing of postharvest broccoli. • Proper CO 2 delayed chlorophyll degradation by suppressing chlorophyll catabolism. • The expression of chlorophyll anabolic genes and BoCAB was induced by 30% CO 2. • 30% CO 2 inhibited the accumulation of zeaxanthin and β-carotene. • Broccoli yellowing is due to the of chlorophyll decrease and carotenoid increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proteomic analysis was used to reveal the senescence mechanism under elevated O 2. • A total of 54 proteins related to broccoli senescence were identified and classified. • Elevated O 2 up-regulated the EMP, the TCA cycle, and OXPHOS to produce more ATP. • Elevated O 2 destroyed the vesicle transport system of synthetic proteins and lipids. • Energy waste is responsible for rapid broccoli senescence under high O 2 stress. Ripening and senescence of horticultural products involve in different metabolic processes, but the understanding of these processes at the proteomics level remains unknown. In this study, a proteomic technique was used for investigating the expression changes of proteins in broccoli heads under 5% O 2 + 5% CO 2 , 20% O 2 + 5% CO 2 and 40% O 2 + 5% CO 2 treatments. A total of 54 differentially expressed proteins (fold change ≥1.5) associating with ripening and senescence were identified. The results indicated that high O 2 treatment promoted the degradation of carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid and protein, thereby providing more substrates for energy production, in turn, accelerated the biosynthesis of lipid, amino acid, and protein. However, high O 2 treatment disrupted vesicle and transmembrane transport and inhibited the transport of these metabolites to specific organelles, thereby resulting in energy waste in postharvest broccoli heads. Therefore, we concluded that energy waste caused by the damage of transmembrane transport might be responsible for broccoli head ripening and senescence under high O 2 stress. In summary, this study revealed a comprehensive and interacting metabolic network of postharvest broccoli head ripening and senescence under high O 2 stress, which could be used for the development of postharvest preservation technologies to control ripening and senescence of horticultural products. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Amino acid metabolism in broccoli was revealed by proteomics under high O 2 stress. • High O 2 stress induced amino acid degradation to support the TCA cycle. • High O 2 stress disrupted the urea cycle , thereby aggravating ammonium toxicity. • Amino acids, the precursors of glucosinolate, were reduced under high O 2 stress. • High O 2 stress induced ethylene anabolism and methionine catabolism. To better understand the global changes of amino acid catabolism and anabolism in broccoli in response to high O 2 stress, iTRAQ-based proteomics combined with amino acid analysis was used to investigate the broccoli proteome at 0 and 4 d after treatment with different O 2 concentrations (5% O 2 + 5% CO 2 , 20% O 2 + 5% CO 2 and 40% O 2 + 5% CO 2) at 20℃. A total of 106 proteins with changes ≥ 1.2-fold in abundance were observed. Amino acid anabolism was significantly suppressed by high O 2 stress, while catabolism was enhanced. High O 2 stress-induced amino acid metabolism promoted the conversion of Met to ethylene and the degradation of amino acids to intermediate metabolites of the TCA cycle, thereby suppressing glucosinolate biosynthesis. However, the up-regulation of arginase and urease induced by high O 2 stress aggravated ammonium toxicity. These findings enhance our understanding of high O 2 stress-induced amino acid metabolism, as well as the effects of amino acid metabolism on broccoli senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly sensitive double layered photomultiplication type polymer photodetectors (PM-PPDs) are designed by decreasing P3HT:PC 61 BM layer thickness and employing wide bandgap poly-TPD as buffer layer, attributed to the enhanced hole tunneling injection and improved hole transport. Ternary strategy is applied to further improve performance of double layered PM-PPDs. [Display omitted] • P3HT:PC 61 BM layer thickness is decreased to enhance hole tunneling injection. • Poly-TPD layer is inserted to keep large bias-withstanding characteristic of PM-PPDs. • Ternary strategy is adopted to further improve performance of double layered PM-PPDs. Photomultiplication type polymer photodetectors (PM-PPDs) are successfully achieved via interfacial trap-assisted hole tunneling injection from external circuit. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of PM-PPDs is mainly determined by the number of injected holes from external circuit and flowing across the devices. Although the trapped electron density near Al electrode can be increased for efficient hole tunneling injection by decreasing the thickness of active layers, which also makes the PM-PPDs vulnerable to breakdown. A smart strategy is firstly proposed to obtain large EQE values by decreasing the thickness of active layers and keep excellent withstanding large bias characteristic of PM-PPDs by using wide bandgap polymer poly-TPD as buffer layer. The optimal double layered ternary PM-PPDs were obtained with 40 nm poly-TPD as buffer layer and 90 nm P3HT:PBDB-T:PC 61 BM (80:20:2, wt/wt/wt) as active layers, exhibiting a rather large EQE value of 21400% and specific detectivity of 1.0 × 1013 Jones at 430 nm under −8 V bias. This work indicates that inserting wide bandgap and high hole mobility material as buffer layer should be an efficient strategy to prepare highly sensitive PM-PPDs, benefiting from the increased hole tunneling injection from external circuit and efficient hole flowing across the devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proteomic analysis was used to reveal the yellowing mechanism under elevated O 2. • 189 proteins related to broccoli yellowing were identified and classified. • Elevated O 2 might damage the thylakoid structure and thus to promote yellowing. • Elevated O 2 destroyed the photosystem and led to chlorophyll photobleaching. • The oxidative damage of chloroplast was aggravated by high O 2 stress. Controlled atmosphere storage has been proved to be an effective measure to regulate chlorophyll degradation. The obvious inhibitory effect of CO 2 on chlorophyll degradation was widely studied, but information available on the promotion of chlorophyll degradation by elevated O 2 was limited. The present work aimed to investigate the regulation of different O 2 concentrations on yellowing of broccoli heads during storage by physiology and proteomics. As expected, 40% O 2 + 5% CO 2 treatment promoted the chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid synthesis, and thus to accelerate the yellowing of broccoli heads. In addition, elevated O 2 decreased the ascorbic acid, glucosinolate, and flavonoid contents and increased the MDA content. A total of 189 proteins related to the yellowing of broccoli heads were identified as differentially expressed proteins (fold change ≥1.20 or ≤0.83). These proteins were mainly associated with pigment metabolism, thylakoid structure, photosynthetic system, chloroplast ribosome, antioxidant substance metabolism, and antioxidant enzyme metabolism. The proteomics results showed 40% O 2 + 5% CO 2 treatment disrupted antioxidant metabolism and aggravated oxidative stress compared with 5% O 2 + 5% CO 2 and 20% O 2 + 5% CO 2 treatments, thus leading to the destruction of photosystems I and II, thylakoid membrane, and chloroplast ribosome in broccoli heads. In addition, 40% O 2 + 5% CO 2 treatment accelerated the yellowing of postharvest broccoli heads by down-regulating chlorophyll b iosynthetic pathway and the expression of apolipoproteins (light-harvesting complex I, II, and oxygen-evolving enhancer protein) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), and up-regulating chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways. This study might improve our understanding of yellowing acceleration mechanisms of broccoli heads by elevated O 2 , thereby promoting the development of new broccoli heads preservation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Neuroprotection strategies are of great importance in the treatment of ischemic brain injury. Screening of our in-stock coumarin derivatives identified compound 1 as exhibiting neuroprotective activity. Subsequently, a structural optimization was carried out, which led to the discovery of the potent compound 20. This compound significantly attenuated the damage in a cell line derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla induced by oxygen–glucose deprivation in vitro. Furthermore, compound 20 exhibited clear neuroprotection in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats by reducing infarct size and brain-water content, improving neurological function, and suppressing neuronal loss and neuropathological changes in the cortex and hippocampus. Pharmacokinetic evaluation indicated that compound 20 could penetrate the blood–brain barrier of rats. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Elevated O 2 concentration accelerated chlorophyll degradation. • H 2 O 2 content decreased along with O 2 concentration elevated. • H 2 O 2 down-regulated the expression of BoSGR1, BoNYC, BoPPH, BoPAO , and BoRCCR. • Elevated O 2 concentration enhanced Chl-POX activity at the transcription level. • Chl oxidative dominated the Chl degradation under elevated O 2 concentration. Postharvest broccoli heads undergo yellowing quickly in unsuitable conditions, which diminishes their quality and commercial value. We investigated the pattern and molecular regulatory mechanism of chlorophyll (Chl) degradation in broccoli under elevated O 2 controlled atmosphere. As results, the 40% O 2 + 5% CO 2 treatment accelerated the Chl degradation and the change in color of postharvest broccoli heads, while the 5% O 2 + 5% CO 2 treatment delayed the yellowing. The results indicated that Chl degradation pattern of postharvest broccoli heads concurrently involved the Pheide a oxygenase (PAO)/phyllobilin and oxidative degradation pathways, and the latter might be the dominant pathway of Chl degradation. The regulatory mechanism of elevated O 2 on Chl degradation may be related to its ability to accelerate cell damage and death, destroy the light-harvesting complex II, and promote up-regulation of genes in the PAO/phyllobilin and oxidative degradation pathways. In contrast, low O 2 treatment may down-regulate the expression of Chl degradation-related genes by increasing H 2 O 2 content, thus delaying the yellowing of broccoli heads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their Communication on page 22646, Jinghong Li et al. propose a powerful in situ imaging method, termed m SP 6 sp A-specific in situ hybridization mediated proximity ligation assay (m SP 6 sp AISH-PLA), that enables the identification of m SP 6 sp A modifications at a specific location in RNAs and the imaging of m SP 6 sp A RNA with single-cell and single-molecule resolution. Keywords: in situ imaging; m6A; proximity ligation; single-molecule; spatiotemporal information EN in situ imaging m6A proximity ligation single-molecule spatiotemporal information 22589 22589 1 10/06/21 20211011 NES 211011 B N b SP B 6 b sp B -methyladenosine b (m SP 6 sp A)-modified RNA analysis is limited at the bulk-population level, thus not giving access to spatiotemporal and cell-to-cell variability information. Cover Picture: Single-Cell Imaging of m6A Modified RNA Using m6A-Specific In Situ Hybridization Mediated Proximity Ligation Assay (m6AISH-PLA) (Angew. [Extracted from the article]

Titelbild: Single-Cell Imaging of m6A Modified RNA Using m6A-Specific In Situ Hybridization Mediated Proximity Ligation Assay (m6AISH-PLA) (Angew. In ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 22828 postulieren Jinghong Li et al. eine leistungsstarke In-situ-Imaging-Methode, die als "m SP 6 sp A-specific in situ hybridization mediated proximity ligation assay" (m SP 6 sp AISH-PLA) bezeichnet wird und die Identifizierung von m SP 6 sp A-Modifikationen an spezifischen Stellen in RNA und die Bildgebung von m SP 6 sp A-RNA mit Einzelzell- und Einzelmolekül-Auflösung ermöglicht. In ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 22828 postulieren Jinghong Li et al. eine leistungsstarke In-situ-Imaging-Methode, die als "m SP 6 sp A-specific in situ hybridization mediated proximity ligation assay" (m SP 6 sp AISH-PLA) bezeichnet wird und die Identifizierung von m SP 6 sp A-Modifikationen an spezifischen Stellen in RNA und die Bildgebung von m SP 6 sp A-RNA mit Einzelzell- und Einzelmolekül-Auflösung ermöglicht. [Extracted from the article]

A dual amplified sensing strategy based on the combination of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and CRISPR-Cas12a has developed for high selective and sensitive detection of PNK activity in cell lysates and also inhibitor screening. • Novel kinase activity detection method by combining terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and CRISPR-Cas12a. • The platform enable detect PNK activity with linear range from 0 to 1 U/mL and a direct detection limit of 5 × 10−4 U/mL. • The developed strategy can be used for evaluation of PNK inhibitors. • The endogenous PNK activity in cancer cells was successfully determined at a single-cell level. • The sensing system can be expanded for other important non-DNA target bioanalytical fileds. Polynucleotide kinase (PNK) is an important DNA damage repair-related enzyme and also a promising therapeutic target in various diseases. Here, we developed a dual amplified sensing strategy based on the combination of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and CRISPR-Cas12a for high selective and sensitive detection of PNK activity in cell lysates and also inhibitor screening. In this sensing system, the PNK converted the 3′-phosphate DNA to 3′-hydroxy DNA, and then the TdT catalyzed to add a long poly-adenine (poly (A)) at the 3′−OH terminus DNA (as first amplified step). The produced poly (A) tail acted as activator to trigger the Cas12a trans -cleavage (non-target) activity to cleave reporter probes for fluorescence detection (as second amplified step). The dual amplified steps lead to a synergetic signal amplification effect for sensitive detection of PNK activity. The developed sensing platform enable detect PNK activity with linear range from 0 to 1 U/mL and a direct detection limit of 5 × 10−4 U/mL. It was also successfully used for PNK inhibitor screening and PNK activity detection in cell extracts even at a single-cell level. The efficient dual amplified method can broaden the CRISPR/Cas-based sensing systems in other bio-/chem-analysis fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exsomes play a significant role in increasing pathophysiological processes by delivering their content. Recently, a variety of studies have showed exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in pulmonary hypertension (PH) notably. In this study, we found that exosomal miR-211 was overexpressed in hypoxia-induced PH rats but its intrinsic regulation was unclear. Therefore, our aim was to reveal the underlying mechanism which overexpressed exosomal miR-211 targeted in the development of PH. 18 male SD rats were randomly divided into normoxia and hypoxia group, housed in normal or hypoxic chamber for 3 weeks respectively. Then, mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance(PVR), right ventricular hypertrophy index(RV/(LV + S)), the percentage of medial wall area (WA%) and the percentage of medial wall thickness (WT%) were measured. Expression of miR-211 in exosomes was detected by qRT-PCR. Expression of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase1(CaMK1)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ(PPAR-γ)in lung tissue were detected by Western blot(WB); After miR-211 overexpressed exosomes were injected to rats through caudal vein, mPAP, PVR, RV/(LV + S), WA% and WT% were also measured. Sequentially, hypoxia rats were injected with lentivirus riched in miR-211 inhibitor via tail vein, and PH-related indicators were measured. In vitro, after miR-211 was positively or negatively regulated in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) by plasmid transfection, proliferation of PASMC was detected by CCK8, as well as the expression of CaMK1 and PPAR- γ. Further, the relationship between CaMK1 and miR-211 was verified by Dual-Luciferase assay. And the regulatory relationship of CaMK1/PPAR- γ aixs was demonstrated in PASMC. Evident increases of mPAP, PVR, RVHI, WT% and WA% were observed with hypoxia administration. And the concentration of plasma exosomes in hypoxia rats was increased and positively correlated with the above indexes. miR-211 in exosomes of PH was upregulated while the expression of CaMK1 and PPAR-γ decreased in lung tissues. Further, injection of exosomes overexpressed with miR-211 demonstrated that exosomal miR-211 aggravated PH while inhibition of miR-211 attenuated PH in rats. In vitro, overexpression of miR-211 promoted the proliferation of PASMC and inhibited expression of CaMK1 and PPAR-γ in PASMC. And Dual-luciferase assay demonstrated that CaMK1 was a downstream gene of miR-211. Plasmid transfection experiments indicated that CaMK1 can promote PPAR-γ expression. Exosomal miR-211 promoted PH via inhibiting CaMK1/PPAR-γ axis, promoting PASMC proliferation in rats. Unlabelled Image • miR-211 overexpression along with plasma exosomes increase in hypoxia-induced PAH rats. • miR-211 overexpression promoted the proliferation of PASMC. • miR-211 down-regular expression of CaMK1, CaMK 1 further inhibits PPAR-γ expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although farrerol, a characteristically bioactive constituent of Rhododendron dauricum L., exhibits extensive biological and pharmacological activities (e.g., anti-oxidant, anti-immunogenic, and anti-angiogenic) as well as a high drug development potential, its metabolism remains underexplored. Herein, we employed ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with multiple data post-processing techniques to rapidly identify farrerol metabolites produced in vivo (in rat blood, bile, urine and feces) and in vitro (in rat liver microsomes). As a result, 42 in vivo metabolites and 15 in vitro metabolites were detected, and farrerol shown to mainly undergo oxidation, reduction, (de)methylation, glucose conjugation, glucuronide conjugation, sulfate conjugation, N-acetylation and N-acetylcysteine conjugation. Thus, this work elaborates the metabolic pathways of farrerol and reveals the potential pharmacodynamics forms of farrerol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]