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Phytochemicals protect major biomolecules from oxidation caused by free radicals thus, prevent the onset of many chronic diseases. Papaya seeds are discarded after consuming the fruit, but they contain many bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the in-vitro antioxidant activity of papaya seeds and their effect on endogenous antioxidant enzymes in HepG2 cells. Papaya seeds were extracted in methanol and hexane. Total polyphenols, flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity of methanol extracts (ME) and hexane extracts (HE) of seeds were determined. Modulation of endogenous glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) by ME & HE in oxidative stress induced cells were also evaluated in this study. Polyphenols and flavonoids in ME were 5.5 and 1.3 folds higher (p ≤ 0.05) compared to HE respectively. In-vitro antioxidant potential of ME was higher (p ≤ 0.05) compared to HE. Inducing oxidative stress, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lowered SOD, CAT, GPx activities and GSH levels in HepG2 cells. However, treating cells with ME induced CAT, GSH and GPx whereas, HE induced SOD, GPx and GSH. Overall, papaya seed extracts were effective in protecting HepG2 cells from oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in prostate cancer (PCa) has been associated with development of insulin resistance. However, the predominant site of insulin resistance remains unclear.The ADT & Metabolism Study was a single‐center, 24‐week, prospective observational study that enrolled ADT‐naive men without diabetes who were starting ADT for at least 24 weeks (ADT group, n = 42). The control group comprised men without diabetes with prior history of PCa who were in remission after prostatectomy (non‐ADT group, n = 23). Prevalent diabetes mellitus was excluded in both groups using all three laboratory criteria defined in the American Diabetes Association guidelines. All participants were eugonadal at enrollment. The primary outcome was to elucidate the predominant site of insulin resistance (liver or skeletal muscle). Secondary outcomes included assessments of body composition, and hepatic and intramyocellular fat. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 12, and 24 weeks.At 24 weeks, there was no change in hepatic (1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], −2.10 to 4.43; p = .47) or skeletal muscle (−3.2; 95% CI, −7.07 to 0.66; p = .10) insulin resistance in the ADT group. No increase in hepatic or intramyocellular fat deposition or worsening of glucose was seen. These changes were mirrored by those observed in the non‐ADT group. Men undergoing ADT gained 3.7 kg of fat mass.In men with PCa and no diabetes, 24 weeks of ADT did not change insulin resistance despite adverse body composition changes. These findings should be reassuring for treating physicians and for patients who are being considered for short‐term ADT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: Guidelines recommend somatic and germline testing for men with advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Barriers to widespread implementation result in underutilization of germline testing. Somatic testing alone risks missing pathogenic germline variants (PGVs). We sought to determine whether the addition of germline testing to tumor-only sequencing improves detection of PGVs in men with advanced PCa. Secondarily, we sought to define the added value of combining somatic and germline testing to optimize detection of clinically actionable alterations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed results of independent germline testing and tumor-only sequencing from 100 men with advanced PCa from a prospective clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03328091). The primary outcome was the proportion of PGVs not reported with tumor-only sequencing. The secondary outcome was the association of locus-specific loss of heterozygosity for PGVs in homologous recombination genes with clinical-genomic features. RESULTS: In the 100 men who underwent germline testing and tumor-only sequencing, 24 PGVs were identified, 17 of which were clinically actionable, in 23 patients. Tumor-only sequencing failed to report four (17%) of the PGVs. One additional PGV (4.2%) had variant allele frequency on tumor-sequencing below the threshold for follow-up germline testing. When integrating tumor-only sequencing with germling testing results, 33% of patients harbored clinically actionable alterations. Rates of locus-specific loss of heterozygosity were higher for BRCA2 PGVs in castration-resistant PCa than PGVs in other homologous recombination genes in hormone-sensitive PCa (P =.029). CONCLUSION: Tumor-only sequencing failed to report more than 20% of PGVs in men with advanced PCa. These findings strongly support guideline recommendations for universal germline and somatic testing in this population. Combining tumor and germline sequencing doubled the chance of detecting a clinically actionable alteration. Tumor-only sequencing misses more than 20% of germline variants in men with advanced prostate cancer affirming guideline recommendations for universal germline testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]