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Background: Isolated cortical venous thrombosis (ICVT) is an uncommon subtype of cerebral venous thrombosis that only affects the cortical veins on the cerebral convexities. Its clinical presentation is variable and may mimic other neurological conditions. Objective: We performed a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines of the available literature on ICVT. Methods: We reviewed articles in PubMed, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases. We presented the evidence in sections in this manuscript, including epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, radiological findings, and proposed treatment. Results: Of a total of 199 screened studies, we included 39 studies in the final analysis. Of those, 10 were systematic reviews, 11 were case reports, and 18 were case series related to ICVT. Seizures and headaches are the most common symptoms of ICVT. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is the diagnostic modality of choice. The standard of care in these cases is therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin and evaluation of an underlying hypercoagulable condition. A half of the patients might require antiepileptic drugs. Osmotherapy and craniectomy are rarely used, and mechanical thrombectomy does not seem to play a role in this patient's treatment. Conclusion: Isolated cortical venous thrombosis involves the cortical veins without involvement of the venous sinuses. Patients who usually present with focal seizures and headaches in the absence of a clear cause, the diagnosis of ICVT should be considered. MRV is the diagnostic modality of choice. Therapeutic anticoagulation is the standard of care. More research is required to clarify the role of novel anticoagulants and the duration of the therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several disorders may result in forefoot pain. An uncommon cause of forefoot pain is subcutaneous plantar veins thrombosis (SCPVT) involving veins superficial to the plantar fascia.Purpose: To describe the ultrasound (US) appearance of SCPVT, which has been described only once in the radiological literature.Material and Methods: We performed a retrospective search of our PACS system from 2016 to 2020 to collect all cases of US-diagnosed SCPVT. We collected data on seven patients. Two radiologists analyzed the US images retrieved. All US examinations were performed with a multifrequency linear probe (frequencies in the range of 5-17 MHz).Results: A localized plantar nodule was palpable in 86% of patients. The subcutaneous thrombosed vein appeared in all patients as a round or ovoid nodule located in the subcutaneous tissues that corresponded in four patients (4/5, 80%) to the painful palpable nodule. The size was in the range of 4-7 mm (mean = 5.4 mm). The thrombosed vein presented a connection with adjacent patent veins, appeared enlarged, and almost filled with hypo-isoechoic material, and in two patients (2/7, 29%), a thin peripheral fluid component surrounding the thrombus was detectable. Continuous scanning demonstrated slow blood movements inside the peripheral component due to blood circulation. Failure to compress the lumen of the thrombosed vein during the real-time US was evident in all patients.Conclusion: SCPVT is a rare or underreported condition. Sonologists must know the US appearance of SCPVT to exclude other conditions and avoid unnecessary invasive studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) is the complications of varicose great saphenous veins (VGSVs), but its pathogenesis remains unclear. This study was designed to measure the changes in expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) from SVT, VGSVs, and great saphenous veins (GSVs). Methods: In the venous walls of the three groups, the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 proteins, protein-positive expression ratios, mRNA expression, and protein expression were determined by immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and western blot. Results: The MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 protein-positive expression ratios, mRNA and protein expression in the SVT group were significantly higher than those in the VGSV and the GSV groups. The corresponding expression in the VGSV group were significantly higher than those in the GSV group. Conclusion: Disequilibrium of MMPs and TIMPs in SVT wall occurs due to underlying high hydrostatic pressure and inflammation. These results suggested that MMPs and TIMPs participate in the process of venous wall remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To present the clinical case of a patient with an upper extremity superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), and to highlight the importance for clinicians working in musculoskeletal care settings, to considered non-musculoskeletal causes for their patients' presentations. Clinical Features: A 31-year-old male presented to an academic chiropractic clinic with progressive left sided tension over the medial arm, extending to the anterior aspect of his proximal forearm. Intervention and Outcome: The patient was initially diagnosed with possible biceps/brachialis muscular strain and peripheral entrapment of the median nerve. A course of treatment involving soft tissue therapy was initiated. Unfortunately, the patient's symptoms worsened, and on further evaluation, near full occlusion and phlebitis of the left cephalic vein was discovered. Symptoms dissipated over the next few days with conservative medicinal efforts. Summary: Although not often viewed as a serious condition, or factored in the differential diagnoses of musculoskeletal practitioners, to not consider SVT as a cause of a patient's symptoms may lead to a protracted clinical course and increased discomfort for the patient, and in rare cases, more serious consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Little is known about pathogenetic mechanisms of superficial venous thrombosis (SVT). We aimed to investigate the systemic inflammatory response in the acute phase of SVT, the time course of inflammatory markers and involvement of inflammation in resolution of thrombus in SVT.Material and Methods: The circulatory inflammatory parameters high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukins 6, 8 and 10 (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), and markers of fibrinolytic activity tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen were determined in 68 patients with acute SVT of lower limbs, who were allocated to two groups, dalteparin 5000 IU once daily or 10 000 IU once daily. Recanalization of occluded veins was monitored by ultrasonography at regular intervals. Blood was drawn in the acute phase and after 12 weeks.Results: In the acute phase a majority of the measured inflammatory markers were increased, while after 12 weeks most of them significantly dropped: hsCRP: 13.6 ±11.9 vs. 7.4 ±4.4, p < 0.001; IL-6: 3.8 ±3.1 vs. 2.6 ±1.9, p = 0.007. Significant changes in endogenic fibrinolytic parameters were also observed: t-PA activity decreased (0.81 ±0.35 vs. 0.68 ±0.34, p = 0.003), while PAI-1 levels increased (5.6 ±5.1 vs. 8.8 ±8.5, p < 0.001). Levels of inflammatory markers at inclusion and after 12 weeks were related to less effective thrombus resolution: CRP: r = 0.386, p = 0.001; IL-6: r = 0.384; TNF-α: r = 0.255, p = 0.037.Conclusions: In the acute phase of SVT, most of the circulating inflammatory markers were increased and most of their levels decreased after 12 weeks. Levels of inflammatory markers were negatively correlated with the recanalization rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cancer patients who develop a deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) or a pulmonary embolism (PE) are at higher risk of death than similar cancer patients who do not develop DVT or PE. The impact of isolated superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) (i.e. without DVT or PE) on the prognosis of cancer patients is unknown. Methods Data from the OPTIMEV, multicentre, observational study, to compare at 3 years the incidences of death, DVT-PE recurrence and bleeding of cancer patients with objectively confirmed SVT vs. cancer patients with DVT (matched 1:2 on age, sex, cancer stage) and vs. patients with SVT without cancer (matched 1:3 on age and sex). Results Cancer patients with SVT (n = 34) had a high risk of death (23.2%patient-year(PY)), that was similar to that of cancer patients with DVT (aHR = 1.0[0.6–1.9]) and higher to that of SVT patients without cancer (aHR = 9.0[3.5–23.1]). Cancer patients with SVT received anticoagulants for a median duration of 45 days and had a high risk of DVT-PE recurrence (6.0%PY), similar to that of cancer patients with DVT (adjusted cause-specific HR (aCHR) = 1.5[0.4–5.8]) and higher to that of SVT patients without cancer (aCHR = 2.9[0.7–11.9]). In our population, venous thrombosis on varicose veins was associated with a lower risk of death (aHR = 0.6[0.3–1.0]) and DVT-PE recurrence (aCHR = 0.6[0.2–1.7]). Conclusion Our results suggest that cancer patients with SVT have a poor prognosis, similar to that of patients with cancer-related DVT. The high rate of DVT-PE recurrence suggests that such patients may need longer duration of anticoagulant treatment. Highlights • Cancer patients who develop VTE have a poorer prognosis than those who don't. • Long-term prognosis of cancer patients who develop SVT is unknown • Risk of death appears similar between cancer patients with SVT vs. DVT • Risk of death is twice lower in cancer patients with thrombosis in varicose veins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Superficial venous disease, which includes superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) and varicose veins, may be associated with a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) has been associated with an increased risk of VTE compared with nonuse. Little is known about whether use of CHCs by women with superficial venous disease may further elevate the risk of VTE.Objectives: To investigate evidence regarding risk of VTE in women with SVT or varicose veins who use CHCs compared with non-CHC users.Methods: We searched the PubMed database for all English-language articles published from database inception through September 2014. We included primary research studies that examined women with SVT or varicose veins who used CHCs compared to women with these conditions who did not use CHCs. Outcomes of interest included VTE (among women with SVT or varicose veins) and SVT (for those with varicose veins).Results: Two studies were identified that met inclusion criteria. One fair-quality case-control study reported an odds ratio (OR) for VTE of 43.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.5-119.3) among women with SVT using oral contraceptives (OCs) compared with nonusers without SVT. The OR for VTE was also increased for women with SVT not using OCs (OR 5.1; 95% CI 2.8-9.5) and for women without SVT using OCs (OR 4.0; 95% CI 3.3-4.7), compared with nonusers without SVT. One fair-quality cohort study demonstrated that women with varicose veins had an increased rate of VTE with use of OCs (1.85 per 1000 women-years [WY]), compared with users without varicose veins (0.84 per 1000 WY), nonusers with varicose veins (0.31 per 1000 WY) and nonusers without varicose veins (0.19 per 1000 WY). This study also demonstrated that women with varicose veins had an increased rate of SVT with use of OCs (10.63 per 1000 WY), compared with nonusers with varicose veins (7.59 per 1000 WY), users without varicose veins (1.89 per 1000 WY) and nonusers without varicose veins (0.77 per 1000 WY).Conclusion: Two studies suggest increased risk of VTE among OC users with superficial venous disease; however, no definitive conclusions can be made due to the limited number of studies and limitations in study quality. Theoretical concerns need to be clarified with further research on whether the risk of significant sequelae from superficial venous disease among CHC users is related to clinical severity of disease and underlying factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) along with information on the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and risk for SVT. Topics discussed include cause of SVT when a blood clot forms in one of the surface veins on the body which lead to pain, redness, and swelling at the affected vein; diagnosis of the disease with ultrasound and physical examination; and treatment of the disease with anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen or diclofenac.

Objectives: Retrospective case–control study to determine the failure and endovenous heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT) rates of endovenous ablation (EVA) in patients with a history of superficial venous thrombosis (SVT). Methods: Study and control groups each consisted of 73 patients with or without the history of SVT, who underwent EVA between June 2010 and July 2012. All patients were followed with venous duplex ultrasound. Procedural failure and EHIT rates were considered primary outcomes. Results: There was no difference in EHIT or failure rates between study and control groups (P ¼ 1.00). There was no difference in EHIT or failure rates between patients with and without the history of venous thromboembolism (VTE), with and without the history of VTE and/or SVT, with and without the history of thrombophilia, and on and off anticoagulation for either group or the combined study population. For the combined study population, failure rate was higher in patients with a history of VTE. Conclusions: Although EVA seems to be safe and effective in patients with a history of SVT, vein access in this patient group might require multiple attempts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paradoxical embolism concerns the state when a venous thrombus gets into the arterial system through an intracardiac defect between the left and right part of heart causing stroke, visceral artery occlusion or acute limb ischemia. The purpose of this report is to present the case of paradoxical and pulmonary embolism as the first manifestation of patent foramen ovale in which the source of embolic material originates from the superficial venous system. In all arterial embolism events the possibility of the occurrence of paradoxical embolism should be considered. In searching for the source of a thrombus, diagnostic ultrasonography of the deep and superficial venous system is needed, as well as echocardiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Introduction La maladie de Mondor est une thrombophlébite superficielle rare, touchant historiquement le système veineux thoracique de la femme. Elle peut toutefois s’exprimer chez les deux sexes et intéresser toute la surface cutanée. Observation Nous rapportons l’observation d’un homme de 40 ans, diabétique de type 1, souffrant d’une thrombose de la veine dorsale superficielle de la verge qu’il traitait comme une mycose. Un traitement anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien complété par une héparine de bas poids moléculaire permettait une évolution favorable en 2 semaines. Conclusion L’étiopathogénie et le traitement de la maladie de Mondor sont encore incomplètement dominés. Certains facteurs prédisposants ont été toutefois soulignés dans la littérature, auxquels il nous paraîtrait intéressant d’intégrer le terrain diabétique, susceptible par ses fréquentes problématiques pelviennes, d’être un irritant inflammatoire veineux local. Introduction Mondor's disease is a rare superficial thrombophlebitis, historically involving the thoracic venous system of women. However, it can occur in both gender and all over the skin. Case report We report a 40-year-old man with type one diabetes who presented with a thrombosis of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis that he treated as a fungal infection. Treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and low molecular weight heparin contributed to a favorable outcome in 2 weeks. Conclusion Pathogenesis and treatment of Mondor's disease remain incompletely dominated. Some predisposing factors have been highlighted in the literature. It might be interesting to add diabetes, due to its frequent pelvic problems leading to a potential venous inflammatory trigger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: Superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) has been considered for a long time a limited clinical condition with a low importance, but this approach has changed in recent years, when several studies demonstrated spreading to deep veins occurring from 7.3 to 44%, with high prevalence of pulmonary embolism. Materials and methods: To evaluate the prevalence of genetic risk factors for VTE in patients suffering from SVT on both normal and varicose vein, and to understand their role on spreading to deep veins, we studied 107 patients with SVT, without other risk factors. Ultrasound examination was performed, and the presence of FV Leiden, Prothrombin G20210A mutation, and MTHFR C677T mutation was researched. Results: In the patients where SVT occurred in normal veins, the presence of FV Leiden was 26.3% of the non-spreading and 60% of the spreading to deep veins SVT; Prothrombin mutation was found in 7.9% of the former case and in 20% of the latter; MTHFR C677T mutation was found respectively in 23.7% and 40%. In the patients with SVT on varicose veins, the presence of these factors was less evident (6.7%, 4.4% and 6.7% respectively), but their prevalence was considerably higher (35.7%, 7.4% and 21.4% respectively) in SVT spreading to deep veins than in non-spreading. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the high prevalence of these mutations, especially FV Leiden and associations, in patients with SVT on normal veins and their role in the progression to deep vein system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Lower limbs superficial venous thrombosis (LLSVT) is usually considered as common and of a benign prognosis. LLSVT can, however, be responsible for major thromboembolic complications: lower limbs deep vein thrombosis (LLDVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). We report a case of a LLSVT complicated with a massive bilateral PE and an ischemic cerebral stroke, occurring immediately after a varicose vein surgery. Venous ultrasonography of the lower limbs must be systematically performed in case of LLSVT, in order to evaluate the presence of an associated LLDVT. A rigorous diagnostic and therapeutic approach is the only way to optimize the treatment of this disorder, and to avoid the occurrence of dramatic venous thromboembolic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]