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The beauty of tulips has enchanted mankind for centuries. The striped variety has attracted particular attention for its intricate and unpredictable patterns. A good understanding of the mechanism driving the striped pattern formation of broken tulips has been missing since the 17th century. It has been known since 1928 that these patterned tulips suffer from a viral infection by the tulip breaking virus. Here, we present a mathematical model to understand how a virus infection of the petals can lead to stripes, thereby providing a possible explanation of a 350 year-old mystery. The model, which describes the viral inhibition of pigment expression (anthocyanins) and their interaction with viral reproduction, incorporates a pattern formation mechanism identified as an activator-substrate mechanism, similar to the well-known Turing instability, working together with Wolpert's positional information mechanism. The model is solved on a growing tulip petal-shaped domain, whereby we introduce a new method to describe the tulip petal growth explicitly. This work shows how a viral infection that inhibits pigment production can lead to beautiful tulip patterns. The authors developed a mathematical model that provides a non-linear dynamics explanation for the formation of petal patterns in broken tulips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the effect of flame instability on the formation of the tulip flame, this paper modified the multi-phenomena combustion model and used the CFD code GASFLOW-MPI system to perform a numerical simulation of premixed stoichiometric hydrogen/air deflagration without considering the influence of flame stretch rate, Darrieus-Landau (DL) instability and thermal-diffusive (TD) instability based on the consideration of the heat transfer mechanism. The influence of different control factors on the formation of the tulip flame was compared and analyzed, and the accuracy of the numerical simulation was verified by combining it with experimental results. The research results showed that the coupling effect of DL instability and TD instability was the main reason for the formation of tulip flames, and DL instability played a dominant role. Furthermore, the DL instability determined the growth rate of the deflagration pressure amplitude and its fluctuation frequency. Finally, DL instability and TD instability had a more significant effect on flame propagation than heat loss. When either effect of DL instability and TD instability was ignored as a factor, the pressure gradient near the flame front decreased sharply and no vortex was generated. • The reason for the formation of tulip flames was obtained. • The Darius-Landau instability played a dominant role in the instability coupling. • Flame instability have a greater effect on flame propagation than heat loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The research aims to assess the effectiveness of artificial intelligence models in predicting the risk level in tulip greenhouses using different varieties. The study was conducted in 2022 in the Almaty region, Panfilov village. Results: Two groups of 10 greenhouses each (area 200 m2) were compared: the control group used standard monitoring methods, while the experimental group employed AI-based monitoring. We applied ANOVA, regression analysis, Bootstrap, and correlation analysis to evaluate the impact of factors on the risk level. The results demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in the risk level in the experimental group, where artificial intelligence models were employed, especially the recurrent neural network "Expert-Pro." A comparison of different tulip varieties revealed differences in their susceptibility to risks. The results provide an opportunity for more effective risk management in greenhouse cultivation. Conclusions: The high accuracy and sensitivity exhibited by the "Expert-Pro" model underscore its potential to enhance the productivity and resilience of crops. The research findings justify the theoretical significance of applying artificial intelligence in agriculture and its practical applicability for improving risk management efficiency in greenhouse cultivation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has determined the effects of gibberallic acid (GA3) on the plant development, root and bulb nutrient content in the wild species Tulipa saxatilis. Spray treatments of GA3 at 0, 100, 200 and 400 ppm were conducted in research. 400 ppm is the most effective application, which increased plant height and flower stem length by 39% and 35.6%, respectively. On the other hand, the highest results in flower number were achieved in the control (2). Vase life and number of bulblets were 42% and 42.9% higher, respectively, at 100 ppm than in the control. Also, 200 ppm was the best application to increase mother bulb weight and diameter by 117.1% and 21.4%, respectively. Of bulb were found only N and P contents to be lower than the control; most effective application was 100 ppm for K, Fe, Cu and Mn content; 200 ppm for Ca and Zn content; and 400 ppm for Mn content. Although GA3 applications had different effects on root architecture, 200 ppm was generally the most effective. As a result, an increase in plant height, bulb characteristics, bulb number and vase life was achieved in T. saxatilis, which has a relatively small stem length. Additionally, the study employed machine learning algorithms, including LR, MCC, MLP, J48, PART and Baggin. The input variables were assessed to model and predict the root traits. Performance percentages of ML algorithms were listed as LR > MCC > MLP > J48 > PART > Baggin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of articulated sclerites via soft membranes, termed arthrodization, is arguably one of the most critical innovations in animals. Defining the megaphylum Arthropoda, the arthrodization of appendages, or arthropodization, likely predated that of the body, the combination of both being diagnostic of true arthropods (Euarthropoda) – all of these innovations occurring during the Cambrian explosion. Here, thanks to dozens of exceptionally preserved fossils from the Cambrian Wuliuan Stage Burgess Shale (Tulip Beds locality on Mount Stephen, British Columbia, Canada), we show that a distinct but comparable system of imbricated sclerotic elements evolved in the paraphyletic sister group of arthropods, the lobopodians. Entothyreos synnaustrus gen. et sp. nov. has characteristic body plan features of the Collinsovermidae (order Luolishaniida), including anterior limbs for suspension-feeding and stout anchoring posterior limbs. Uniquely, however, E. synnaustrus also displays segmental sclerotic sheets along the trunk, covered in a thin layer of integument, as well as overlapping sclerotized annuli on posterior-most limbs. While the latter elements likely served a protective function, the dorsolateral trunk sheets, which also carry spines, may have facilitated body erection and suspension-feeding. Other luolishaniids possess separate ring-like structures connecting the base of metameric spines which are covered by the apical layer of the lobopodian integument. E. synnaustrus and related taxa illustrate, therefore, an arguably parallel evolution of arthropod-like morphoanatomical features early during the rise of panarthropods. This finding broadens our perspectives on the uniqueness of major synapomorphies and the importance of including canalization in macroevolutionary narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has two different objectives. The first one is to compost the grape marc obtained from a food processing factory and different materials together to obtain a new organic material. The second was to use this organic material as an alternative growing medium to cultivate cut tulips and determine the effects of different fertilization rates on plant growth, development, and leaf nutrient uptake. Compost was added to the growing medium at 20% and 40%, and chemical fertilization was applied at different electrical conductivity (EC) levels (0.75, 1.10, and 1.45 dS m-1). According to the results, the highest flower stem length (33.94 cm) and perianth length (42.71 mm) were obtained in the medium with 20% compost, while the longest vase life (8.94 days) was obtained with 40% compost and 1.45 dS m-1 EC level. The highest branch weight (28.29 g) was measured with 20% compost and 1.45 dS m-1 EC. In the cultivar 'Jan van Nes', 20% compost gave more favorable results than the other treatments. Increasing the EC level limited plant growth but increased the macro- and micronutrient content in the leaves. These results suggest that 20% compost can be used as an effective organic material in cut tulip production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the effect of tube shrinkage rate on the explosion characteristics of premixed hydrogen-air in a confined space using Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The wrinkle factor of the flame surface density model is dynamically modeled based on the Fureby and Muppala (FurebyM) model. The numerical results from this model can be better verified with previous experimental results. The results indicate that a lower shrinkage rate results in longer flame propagation time from the reducer region. The peak flame front velocities were 68.6 m/s, 83.6 m/s, 96.4 m/s, and 103.6 m/s for tube shrinkage rates of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, respectively. There is also a negative correlation between explosion overpressure and varying shrinking rates. The split tulip flame forms at a shrinkage rate of 0.25. Analysis of the flame structure and velocity flow field suggests that this phenomenon may be related to the formation of multiple fish-tail vortex structures on the left side of the flame front. Moreover, the effect of different shrinkage rates on the flame structure and the velocity flow field before the propagation of the premixed flame to the reducer region is relatively insignificant for tube structures with different shrinkage rates. This study provides a theoretical basis for protection against confined space explosions with premixed hydrogen-air mixtures. • The wrinkle factor in the flame surface density model is dynamically modeled and the accuracy of the model is verified. • The effect of tube shrinkage on the deflagration characteristics of hydrogen-air was investigated. • The flame structure evolves into a split tulip flame for a shrinkage of 0.25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-segment pedicle screw instrumentation is widely used to treat complex spinal disorders. Rods are routinely precontoured to maximize assistance on the correcting side of the deformity, but there often exists a residual gap discrepancy between the precontoured rods and screw tulips. No previous research has investigated the diminished pullout strength of the most proximal or distal pedicle screw resulting from a mismatched rod in long-segment pedicle screw instrumentation. The present study aimed to investigate the decreased pullout force of pedicle screws affected by the gap discrepancy when forcefully engaging a mismatched rod into a tulip in a normal-density porcine spine. The pedicle screw fixation strength under axial pullout force was compared among three different gap discrepancies between rods and tulips using long porcine spine segments. Twelve porcine lumbar vertebrae (L3–L6) were implanted with pedicle screws and rods. Screws on one side had no gap between the tulip and rod (0-mm group), while the most proximal screw on the other side had an intentional gap of 3 mm (3-mm group) or 6 mm (6-mm group). Three hours after forcefully engaging the rod into the tulips at room temperature, the set screws in all specimens were loosened, and each specimen was dissected into individual vertebrae for subsequent pullout testing. The control group exhibited significantly greater pullout strength (1987.68 ± 126.80 N) than the groups from different rod-tulip configurations (p<.05), with significantly greater strength in the 3-mm group (945.62 ± 97.43 N) than the 6-mm group (655.30 ± 194.49 N) (p<.05). Only 47.6% and 33.0% of the pullout strength was retained in the 3-mm and 6-mm groups, respectively, compared to the control group. Gap discrepancies between rods and tulips can significantly reduce pedicle screw pullout strength, with a correlation between decreased strength and increased gaps. Surgeons should avoid forcefully engaging mismatched rods and consider well-fitted contoured rods in spinal surgery to minimize the risk of screw loosening. The gap discrepancy between rod and tulip significantly affected pullout strength, with greater gaps leading to reduced strength. Forcefully engaging mismatched rods into tulips in degenerative spinal surgery should be avoided to minimize the risk of early screw pullout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite many studies conducted over a period of nearly two centuries since Reboul, who was the first to classify tulips as subgeneric level, there is still no consensus among researchers regarding the infrageneric classification of tulips. Nevertheless, in recent years, efforts to solve this taxonomic problem have been increasing. However, phylogenetic studies covering all species of a genus or at least with species representatives of all subgeneric taxonomy worldwide are very scarce. The main difference of the current study from previous studies is that it is a larger study focused on solving this problem by considering all perspectives together, covering many geographical areas and species in global distribution. For this purpose, we examined the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Tulipa with 82 accessions from 45 Tulipa species and six accessions from two Amana and three Erythronium species, and we positioned our results by discussing them in light of previous morphological, geographical, molecular and anatomical data. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships in the genus using DNA sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The 45 species of Tulipa formed a monophyletic clade. Genera Amana and Erythronium were clustered as outgroups. In the genus Tulipa, two major clades were obtained; the first clade belonged to subgenus Orithyia. The second clade separated subgenus Tulipa and subgenera Eriostemones+Clusianae. Then, Eriostemones and Clusianae subgenera formed two separate clusters. Subgenus Eriostemones separated two main clusters; section Biflores and section Sylvestres. On the other hand, all previously proposed sections and series under the subgenus Tulipa were grouped into a single clade. This situation agrees with previous biosystematic data highlighting the morphological overlap of most of the sections and with previous molecular data showing that many sections are not monophyletic. Consequently, we propose a taxonomic concept consisting of four subgenera and two sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulipa L. is a genus of significant economic, environmental, and cultural importance in several parts of the world. The exact number of species in the genus remains uncertain due to inherent taxonomic challenges. We utilized next-generation sequencing technology to sequence and assemble the plastid genomes of seven Tulipa species collected in Kazakhstan and conducted a comparative analysis. The total number of annotated genes was 136 in all seven studied Tulipa species, 114 of which were unique, including 80 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and 4 rRNA genes. Nine regions (petD, ndhH, ycf2-ycf3, ndhA, rpl16, clpP, ndhD-ndhF, rpoC2, and ycf1) demonstrated significant nucleotide variability, suggesting their potential as molecular markers. A total of 1388 SSRs were identified in the seven Tulipa plastomes, with mononucleotide repeats being the most abundant (60.09%), followed by dinucleotide (34.44%), tetranucleotide (3.90%), trinucleotide (1.08%), pentanucleotide (0.22%), and hexanucleotide (0.29%). The Ka/Ks values of the protein-coding genes ranged from 0 to 3.9286, with the majority showing values <1. Phylogenetic analysis based on a complete plastid genome and protein-coding gene sequences divided the species into three major clades corresponding to their subgenera. The results obtained in this study may contribute to understanding the phylogenetic relationships and molecular taxonomy of Tulipa species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of Tulipa buhseana Boiss. is essential for its conservation and management. We investigated 282 individuals from 15 populations of Tulipa buhseana collected in two regions (Almaty, Zhambyl) using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. The results revealed that eight polymorphic SSR markers identified 31 alleles across the studied populations. The genetic diversity indices, including Nei's diversity index (uh) and Shannon Information Index (I), indicated considerable genetic variation within and among populations, with Population 9 from the Almaty region exhibiting the highest genetic diversity. Analysis revealed high genetic diversity within populations (66%) and significant differentiation among populations (34%) based on Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). PCoA identified two distinct groups, consistent with the dendrogram analysis, which grouped populations into two main clusters. Bayesian analysis suggested subtle genetic structuring, supporting findings of low population differentiation by STRUCTURE. These results underscore the complex genetic dynamics of Tulipa buhseana and emphasize the need for tailored conservation strategies to preserve its genetic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In Kazakhstan, tulips are not just beautiful flowers but also vital to the environment, with 35 species, 18 of which are protected. Recent research near Kazakhstan's borders uncovered new tulip varieties, highlighting the need for a species inventory. In this study, we identified eight tulip species using both physical traits and advanced DNA testing. By analyzing genetic markers, we discovered that certain DNA regions are particularly useful for identifying tulip species. However, when it comes to closely related tulips, combining data from multiple DNA markers is crucial for accurate classification. This study also unveiled possible natural hybrids, indicating complex interactions between different tulip species. This research sheds light on the diversity and evolutionary relationships among tulips, providing valuable insights for conservation efforts and understanding plant genetics. Further investigations into tulip populations are necessary to confirm these findings and better protect these precious flowers. In Kazakhstan, the genus Tulipa is represented by 35 species, 18 of which are listed in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan and protected by the state. Recent studies of tulip specimens from regions bordering Kazakhstan emphasize the significance of species inventory and report the discovery of several hybrids. In this study, eight tulip species were identified based on morphological characteristics and using DNA barcoding methods. Molecular genetic markers, including nrDNA (ITS) and cpDNA markers (rbcL, matK), of the studied species were sequenced and analyzed using the Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis methods. Our work demonstrates that DNA barcodes based on the ITS, rbcL, and matK marker regions have successful practical applicability, with ITS being the most informative at the intragenic level. However, for distinguishing closely related taxa, the most effective approach would be to use a combined dataset of sequences from multiple DNA markers. The results showed discrepancies in the placement of several taxa (T. kaufmanniana, T. patens), likely due to introgression and natural spontaneous hybridization. The molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests the existence of a previously undescribed hybrid between T. patens and T. alberti. Further detailed population studies are needed to validate this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulb rot, a highly damaging disease of tulip plants, has hindered their profitable cultivation worldwide. This rot occurs in both field and storage conditions posing significant challenges. While this disease has been attributed to a range of pathogens, previous investigations have solely examined it within the framework of a single-pathogen disease model. Our study took a different approach and identified four pathogens associated with the disease: Fusarium solani, Penicillium chrysogenum, Botrytis tulipae, and Aspergillus niger. The primary objective of our research was to examine the impact of co-infections on the overall virulence dynamics of these pathogens. Through co-inoculation experiments on potato dextrose agar, we delineated three primary interaction patterns: antibiosis, deadlock, and merging. In vitro trials involving individual pathogen inoculations on tulip bulbs revealed that B. tulipae,was the most virulent and induced complete bulb decay. Nonetheless, when these pathogens were simultaneously introduced in various combinations, outcomes ranged from partial bulb decay to elongated rotting periods. This indicated a notable degree of antagonistic behaviour among the pathogens. While synergistic interactions were evident in a few combinations, antagonism overwhelmingly prevailed. The complex interplay of these pathogens during co-infection led to a noticeable change in the overall severity of the disease. This underscores the significance of pathogen-pathogen interactions in the realm of plant pathology, opening new insights for understanding and managing tulip bulb rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research tried to explore the use of floral imagery and literary traditions associated with them in the poetry of Zolali Khansari, a Persian poet of the 11th century. At times driven by necessity and at other times by poetic talent, Khansari revised traditional literary associations with floral motifs in his work. This study employed an analytical, descriptive method to investigate Khansari's approaches to these literary traditions. The findings revealed that Khansari adopted 3 main strategies: repeating established literary traditions, accompanying traditional imagery with new poetic expressions, and innovating entirely new floral representations. In many cases, Khansari drew upon his skill in crafting vivid, artistic images to create novel depictions of motifs like red flower, cypress, anemone, blossom, bud, tulips, and palm tree. These new imaginative renderings were often showcased in the second stanzas of his poems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were carried out in a half-open duct to investigate the deflagration evolution of premixed CH 4 /H 2 /air mixtures undergoing a sudden expansion. Obstacles were located over and under the ignition source to simulate a long and narrow flat gap, and when the flame shot through the gap into the main body of the explosion duct, it would undergo a process of sudden expansion. By adjusting the spacings (S) and widths (W) of the gap, a series of sudden expansion conditions were considered, and the flame propagation behaviors and explosion characteristics were investigated. The results showed that different extent of flame front inversion was observed under different size of gap conditions, including inclined flat flame, vertical flat flame and tulip flame. Besides, results indicated that the vortex pairs near the obstacles play an essential role in the flame front inversion phenomenon. In addition, it was also found that the maximum overpressure in the sudden expansion duct was much lower than that in the smooth duct or with obstacles in the middle of duct. In addition, the maximum pressure (P max) exhibits a concave function with the increase of W , and the minimum value of P max was obtained at W = 150 mm, S = 30 mm, which was closely related to the combined effect of venting and combustion expansion. • The effect of sudden expansion duct on the deflagration evolution was investigated. • The explosion overpressure is reduced by the restricting effect of the gap. • The maximum pressure rise rate increase in the sudden expansion duct. • The relationship between v edge and obstacle characteristics was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome numbers, ploidy level, distribution, localities, and selected prior chromosome counts are detailed for six taxa collected in Sicily belonging to the Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Liliaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins play a paramount role in color variation and significantly contribute to the economic value of ornamental plants. The conserved activation complex MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW; MYB: v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog; bHLH: basic helix–loop–helix protein; WD40:WD-repeat protein) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis has been thoroughly researched, but there have been limited investigations into the function of repressor factors. In this study, we characterized TgMYB4, an R2R3-MYB transcriptional repressor which is highly expressed during petal coloration in red petal cultivars. TgMYB4-overexpressing tobaccos exhibited white or light pink petals with less anthocyanin accumulation compared to control plants. TgMYB4 was found to inhibit the transcription of ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE (TfANS1) and DIHYDRO-FLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASE (AtDFR), although it did not bind to their promoters. Moreover, the TgMYB4 protein was able to compete with the MYB activator to bind to the :bHLHprotein, thereby suppressing the function of the activator MBW complex. These findings demonstrate that TgMYB4 plays a suppressive role in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis during flower pigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen micromorphology of nine species of the genus Tulipa (including three subgenera Tulipa, Clusiana, and Eriostemones) and one species from the genus Amana were examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the pollen wall ultrastructure of five selected taxa from the studied species of Tulipa and one species of Amana were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Pollen micromorphology (especially exine ornamentation, sulcus margin and sulcus membrane ornamentation, operculum ornamentation) and pollen wall ultrastructure (sporoderm thickness, tectum/foot layer ratio, number of intine layers in sulcus membrane region) varied in the studied taxa. A dendrogram of the pollen micromorphological characteristics (obtained from LM and SEM observations) distinguished three pollen types and six subtypes. Amana edulis (subtype A) and Tulipa biebersteiniana (subtype B) were placed in pollen type 1. Tulipa tetraphylla (subgenus Eriostemones) with Tulipa urumiensis and Tulipa kolpakowskiana (subgenus Tulipa) were placed in pollen type 2. Tulipa clusiana (subgenus Clusiana) and Tulipa suaveolens (subgenus Tulipa) belonged to pollen type 3. Information from pollen wall ultrastructure provided better differentiation of these taxa for better taxonomical resolution. Pollen micromorphology along with ultrastructure can be useful for better understanding the systematic affinities of the species in the genus Tulipa and its relation with the genus Amana and for establishing subgenus rank for T. biebersteiniana and T. clusiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With versatile biological functions, microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression in plants. Tulipa thianschanica Regel is a key wild tulip resource of the Liliaceae; however, it reproduces poorly under natural conditions, and the spreading and expansion of its population rely on the release of its seeds. In this study, T. thianschanica seeds were subjected to stratification at 4 °C for three different durations: 1 d (physiological dormancy), 20 d (dormancy release), and 40 d (non-dormancy). Nine samples were selected, and miRNA databases were established and annotated. This research revealed information on 34 miRNA families, including 14 newly discovered families and 20 families that were previously known. TpmiRNA167 and TpmiRNA395 were observed to be upregulated. Conversely, TpmiRNA166, which targets the key enzymes involved in antioxidant reactions, was downregulated. Notably, PC-5p-84014 and TpmiRNA159 were found to target TpPYL and TpDELLA, respectively, which influenced the abscisic acid/gibberellin (ABA/GA) ratio. Additionally, TpmiRNA160 and TpmiRNA164 were found to participate in the indole-3-acetic acid signal transduction pathway and interact with ABA, thereby contributing to the release of dormancy. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism used to release dormancy in T. thianschanica seeds at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of how Tulipa luanica adapts to growth in soil with higher concentrations of heavy metals and to assess potential toxic effects using various biomarkers, in comparison to Tulipa kosovarica, a typical serpentine species. For this purpose, we analyzed the concentrations of Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soil, as well as their accumulation in plants and their associated stress effects. The results indicate that, despite the presence of some metals in very high concentrations in the soil (Al, Fe, Mn, and Ni), they are translocated in minimal amounts within plant organs, particularly in T. luanica. Nearly all metals exhibited significantly higher concentrations in T. kosovarica when compared to T. luanica. Based on the analysis of biomarkers, it is apparent that T. luanica shows greater sensitivity to these conditions. This is evident through the decreased activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and levels of δ-aminolevulinic acid, malondialdehyde, and glutathione observed in T. luanica. It appears that T. luanica effectively restricts the absorption of metals in serpentine soils; however, it experiences oxidative stress induced by these metals, setting it apart from the more resilient T. kosovarica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to determine the in vitro regeneration abilities of tulip leaf explants. In the study, both sterile leaf explants obtained by culturing sterilized onions and leaf explants obtained by sterilizing leaves obtained from the onions germinated in pots were used. For this purpose MS medium containing 2.4-D (2 mg.l-1), TDZ (2 mg.l-1), Kinetin (2 mg.l-1), NAA (2 mg.l-1), 2.4-D+Kinetin (1 mg.l-1+ 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1+ 2 mg.l-1), İAA+TDZ (1 mg.l-1+ 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1 + 2 mg.l-1), İAA+BAP (1 mg.l-1 + 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1 + 2 mg.l-1), NAA+Kinetin (1 mg.l-1+ 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1 + 2 mg.l-1), NAA+TDZ (1 mg.l-1 + 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1 + 2 mg.l-1) and 2.4-D+TDZ (1 mg.l-1 + 1 mg.l-1 and 2 mg.l-1 + 2 mg.l-1) were used in the study. As a result of subcultures, 6% callus formation was detected in MS medium containing 2.4-D (2 mg.l-1) and NAA (2 mg.l-1) hormone, which is one of the subcultures of leaves formed from the in vitro germination of Purple Prince Tulip bulbs. The highest rate of regeneration was determined as 10% callus formation in the medium containing Kinetin (2 mg.l-1). As a result, while callus regeneration was achieved in 3 different media containing 2.4-D (2 mg.l-1), NAA (2 mg.l-1) and Kinetin (2 mg.l-1) hormones among subcultured media, no regeneration was achieved in the other mediums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulipa L. (Liliaceae) comprises approximately 150 species. Although Central Asia, the main center of its diversity, includes around 66 species, detailed mapping of their distribution is limited and research on their ecoregional and phytogeographical dispersion is insufficient. This study aimed to map and analyze the distribution patterns of Tulipa across the Central Asian ecoregions and phytogeographical regions to identify potential hotspots for effective conservation efforts. The results identified the Gissaro-Alai open woodlands ecoregion, which hosts 41 species of Tulipa, as the leading hotspot ecoregion. The Ferghana Valley phytogeographical district (Afghano-Turkestan province) was found to be the most suitable habitat for 25 species of Tulipa. We also determined that altitude has a strong influence on the diversity of Tulipa and indicating increase of species richness as elevation rises. However, as elevation rises up from ca. 2000 m a.s.l. species richness also decreases slightly. An analysis of the distribution of sections of Tulipa in Central Asia revealed that around 61% of all species dwell in this area and that the sections Kolpakowskianae and Biflores, which have their greatest diversity of species, are specific to this area. The findings provide valuable insights into the distribution of Tulipa and allow for feasible recommendations and suggestions for their conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial stages of hydrogen–air flame propagation in tubes and the mechanism of tulip flame formation are investigated using a high-order numerical code to solve the fully compressible reactive Navier–Stokes equations for a spark or planar igniting flame at the closed end of a tube and propagating to the opposite closed or open end. It is shown that the mechanism of tulip flame formation is universal for both sparked and planar ignited flames in tubes with both ends closed. Flame front inversion results from the tulip-shaped profile of the unburned gas axial velocity near the flame front, which is the result of the superposition of the unburned gas flow generated by the accelerating flame and the reverse flow generated by the rarefaction wave during flame deceleration. In a half-open tube, this mechanism is valid for spark ignited flames. In the case of planar ignition, there is no rarefaction wave, but the growth of bulges on the sidewalls leads to the formation of a tulip flame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proper and successful methodology of electrical contact design is achieved by combining the theoretical and practical studies. This paper presents an instructional approach involving FEM simulations in order to aid in the practical operations on electrical contacts in MV and HV electrical apparatuses effectively. Prior to the completed engineering and scientific work in the field of the electrical apparatuses, constructing the FEM-based model is an effective way to achieve and understand the pros and cons of the experimental solutions. This design method is widely used by the industrial companies and can be implemented as an educational method giving young engineers a new edge. The desired effect of the proposed course was to develop student understanding of electrical contacts engineering by combining the theoretical (simulations) and the practical approach. Ordered creativity was successfully put into practice by checking the parameters derived from the simulations on the real scale layout, which affected and enhanced student confidence in the field and in engineering skills. This instructional approach consisted of two sections (The Theoretical and the Practical) and is essential for understanding and further exploiting the acquired knowledge and certain other measures in engineering work. Moreover, it renders a complete engineering experience employing consequences and their impact on experimental electrical contact research based on multitasking and diversity. The statistical analysis proved that the proposed method had a significant impact and yielded improved results. Moreover, a major improvement in student learning and satisfaction after participating in the proposed course was noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the spring of 2022, botanical surveys carried out in the Belezma National Park allowed the rediscovery of Tulipa sylvestris subsp. primulina, a rare and endemic Algerian-Moroccan species. The provided photographs as well as an accurate description of the plant facilitate its identification. The added map shows its distribution throughout Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the cold response mechanism and low temperature regulation of flowering in tulips, this study identified 32 MADS-box transcription factor family members in tulips based on full-length transcriptome sequencing, named TgMADS1-TgMADS32. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes can be divided into two classes: type I and type II. Structural analysis showed that TgMADS genes from different subfamilies have a similar distribution of conserved motifs. Quantitative real-time PCR results demonstrated that some TgMADS genes (e.g., TgMADS3, TgMADS15, TgMADS16, and TgMADS19) were significantly upregulated in buds and stems under cold conditions, implying their potential involvement in the cold response of tulips. In summary, this study systematically identified MADS family members in tulips and elucidated their evolutionary relationships, gene structures, and cold-responsive expression patterns, laying the foundation for further elucidating the roles of these transcription factors in flowering and the cold adaptability of tulips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amana, commonly known as 'East Asian tulips', has recently been found to harbor cryptic diversity due to recent field work and systematic investigations. In this study, we included 64 populations from all 12 Amana species and performed microscopic observations of their epidermal morphology. The leaf epidermis stomatal distribution of Amana can be characterized into three types: dense stomata (>10/per view or 263/mm2), sparse stomata (<10/per view or 263/mm2), and stomata absent. The epidermal cells of Amana can be characterized into four types: rectangular, long rectangular, nearly rectangular, and rhombic. The anticlinal wall morphology of the epidermal cells can be characterized into three types: linear, wavy, and nearly linear with mixed shallow waves. All the results were helpful for classification of Amana species. According to the reconstruction of ancestral characters analyses, the common ancestor of Amana is most likely to have leaves with dense stomata on both sides, and epidermal cells that have linear vertical walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tulip is an important cut flower around the globe. The Tulip is not famous in Pakistan for sale and cultivation for commercial purposes as well. The evaluation of exotic varieties are very important for recommendation to local farmers for better yield. Four tulip varieties cv. Antarctica, Oxford, Ballerina and Apeldoorn were purchased for evaluation. The 100 bulbs of each variety were planted in the bed. The performance of the plants during 2017-18 were judged by observing the bulb germination percentage, leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), scape length (cm), flower size (mm), primary color of the flower, secondary color of flower, no. of large, medium and small size of bulbs and number of bulbs harvested. The bulbs were harvested and stored at 5±2oC (In Refrigerator). The morphological attributes of plants were observed better in cv. Antarctica and Oxford. The research was repeated during the subsequent years. The variable response was observed in various varieties of tulip in Rawalpindi climate. The cv. Antarctica and Oxford were observed as best performer wise all the attributes. The same varieties are recommended to local farmers for cultivation as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The floral coloration of tulip flowers is one of the most prominent traits contributing to its high ornamental value. The molecular mechanisms of petal coloration remain elusive in tulip species. In this study, we performed comparative metabolome and transcriptome analyses using four tulip cultivars with distinguished petal colors. Four types of anthocyanins were identified, including cyanidin derivatives and pelargonidin derivatives. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified 22,303 differential expressed genes (DEGs) from the four cultivars, and 2589 DEGs were commonly regulated in three comparison groups (colored vs. white cultivar), including anthocyanins biosynthesis‐related genes and regulatory transcription factors. Two basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors, TgbHLH42‐1 and TgbHLH42‐2, with differential expression levels among cultivars and petal developmental stages, have high homology to TRANSPARENT TESTA 8 (AtTT8) of Arabidopsis. The anthocyanins accumulation in TgbHLH42‐1 overexpressing (OE) seedlings was markedly greater than that in wild‐type seedlings in the presence of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), but not for TgbHLH42‐2 OE seedlings. Both TgbHLH42‐1 and TgbHLH42‐2 restored pigmentation defects in tt8 mutant seeds after complementation assay. TgbHLH42‐1 could interact with MYB protein AtPAP1 to synergistically activate the transcription of AtDFR, whereas TgbHLH42‐2 failed to. Silencing TgbHLH42‐1 or TgbHLH42‐2 individually could not, but simultaneously silencing both TgbHLH42 could reduce the anthocyanin in tulip petals. These results indicate that TgbHLH42‐1 and TgbHLH42‐2 function partially redundantly to positively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis during tulip petal coloration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of True Tulip Shell in the genus Fasciolaria has been discovered in lobster traps set in deep water off the Dry Tortugas, western Florida Keys. This new TulipShell is closest to the widespread Carolinian Province-Caribbean Province F. tulipa (Linnaeus, 1758) but differs in having a proportionally shorter siphonal canal, in having a conspicuous stripedcolorpattern and stronger raised cords on the siphonal canal, and by having sharply-angled spire whorls that bear prominent rounded knobs on the first post nuclear whorls. In this aspect, the coronated post nuclear whorls of the new species, here named F. bittneri, resemble those seen on the heavily-ornamented Calabrian Pleistocene species, F. okeechobeensis Tucker & Wilson, 1932, from the Bermont Formation of southern Florida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the effects of environmental parameters on the reproductive cycle of shellfish is an essential tool for successful hatchery conditioning management and, consequently, for seed supply to the industry. For the tropical oyster, Crassostrea tulipa, little is known about the factors affecting the maturation process and reproduction, but there are indications that salinity may be of importance. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of salinity on the reproductive cycle of broodstock of C. tulipa. In the first experiment, oysters were reared in five salinities (40, 35, 30, 25, and 20) for 40 days and gonad histological samples were collected regularly. In a follow up experiment, oysters were reared in variable salinity conditions changing from 40 to 30 or from 20 to 30 over a period of 40 days. Salinity was found to affect the reproductive cycle of C. tulipa. Oysters kept in constant salinity of 30 showed a higher condition index compared to animals in other salinities, with most of the animals in the prespawning stage. Salinity variation was also shown to affect C. tulipa maturation. The prespawning stage was the most observed reproductive stage in low salinity, and high salinity induced a resting stage in the female animals. The results are considered the first step towards developing a protocol for the conditioning of C. tulipa in hatchery conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Greek wild-growing tulips are protected plants, about which there is scarce knowledge regarding their natural nutrient status and rhizosphere fungal morphotypes. In this study, we collected plant (above-ground and bulb material) and soil samples from 13 tulip species across three phytogeographical units in Greece, and we assessed the tulips' nutrient content and soil properties to determine their interrelationships. We found that soil variables significantly influenced tulip nutrient content, with up to 67% of the detected variability explained by soil properties. Correlation patterns were also found between tulips' essential nutrients. Our study revealed clear distinctions in nutrient content among tulip species from different spatial (phytogeographic) units. The findings shed light on Greek tulips' adaptability and resilience in their natural habitats and may facilitate their domestication in artificial settings. Wild-growing Greek tulips are protected plants but almost nothing is known about their natural nutrient status and rhizosphere fungal morphotypes in the wild, thus no insight is currently available into their growth and adaptation to their natural environment or artificial settings. To this end, several botanical expeditions were conducted with a special collection permit, and 34 tulip and soil samples were collected, representing 13 species from two phytogeographical regions of Greece (North Aegean Islands, Crete Island) and seven regions of mainland Greece. The tulips' content in essential macro- and micro-nutrients, respective physicochemical soil properties, and rhizosphere fungal morphotypes were assessed across samples, and all parameters were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis to determine their interrelationships. The results showed that soil variables played a significant role in shaping tulips' nutrient content, explaining up to 67% of the detected variability as in the case of phosphorus (P) in the above-ground plant tissue. In addition, significant correlations were observed (with an r value of up to 0.65, p < 0.001) between essential nutrients in the tulips, such as calcium (Ca) and boron (B). The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that between the three spatial units examined, the total variability of tulips' nutrient content produced a clear distinction among sampled species, while the first two PCA axes managed to explain 44.3% of it. This was further confirmed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) results which showed corresponding significant differences (at p < 0.05) in both the tulips' nutrient content and the studied soil properties as well (mean values of N, P, and K in the North Aegean Islands tulips' nutrient content, up to 53%, 119%, and 54% higher compared to those of the Crete Island, respectively). Our study sheds light on Greek tulips' adaptability and resilience in their original habitats, facilitating at the same time the undertaken efforts regarding their conservation and potential domestication in artificial settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulip bulb production is limited under drought stress conditions. Due to nutrient limitations, the growth rate is significantly reduced. Attention needs to be given to the plant-related microbiome because it can help the plant cope with stressful situations. A three-factor experiment (cultivar, SB fertilizer, and drought stress) was set up to study tulip bulb characteristics. Drought stress at three levels (90, 80, and 70% of field capacity, FC), SB fertilizer at four levels (control, PSB, KSB, and PSB+KSB), and two cultivars (ʻGolden Melodyʼ and ʻApeldoornʼ) were applied. The application of PSB+KSB significantly increased the nutrient concentration (N, P, and K) in different parts of tulips, including the root, bulblet, outer and inner scale, under drought stress. The bulblet of ʻGolden Melodyʼ accumulated more K and P than ʻApeldoornʼ under drought conditions. Water-soluble sugar accumulation was maximum to a minimum depending on the outer scale ˃ bulblet ˃ inner scale. Application of PSB and KSB with irrigation water reduced the adverse effects of drought stress on water-soluble sugars, anhe combined treatment of PSB+KSB resulted in the highest amount of water-soluble sugars in a tulip, indicating a synergistic effect of PSB and KSB on tulip bulbs. The highest leaf number and leaf area were observed at 90% FC when PSB+KSB was applied. Drought stress reduced the number, diameter, and weight of bulbs, while application of PSB+KSB resulted in the highest diameter (47.7 mm), and weight (45.3 g) of cultivar ʻGolden Melodyʼ. Application of PSB+KSB fertilizer over irrigation water promoted bulb production of tulip cultivars under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poem "Divided" by Puneet Dutt reflects on themes of division and change through the metaphor of lilacs and family relationships. The speaker contemplates the fleeting nature of beauty and the passage of time, using vivid imagery to convey emotions of loss and resilience. Dutt's work invites readers to reflect on the complexities of life and the importance of balancing different aspects of our existence. [Extracted from the article]

In this study, the dynamic behavior of the premixed syngas/air flames in enclosed ducts with obstacles at the blockage ratio of 0.5, as well as without obstacles, was studied via large eddy simulation and the turbulent flame speed closure model. The hydrogen volume fraction (hydrogen content in fuel) was set to 50 %. Results indicate that the simulation reproduced the flame shapes, flame speed and explosion overpressure observed in the experiments. In cases without obstacles, a "tulip" flame with a tulip cusp can be seen, and secondary cusps emerge on tulip lips due to the high-pressure zone ahead of "tulip" flame lips, leading to in a distorted "tulip" flame. In cases with obstacles, the flame develops hemispherical and finger shapes upstream of the obstacles and evolves into a "tulip" flame downstream of the obstacles due to vortices and adverse pressure gradients. The alteration of the flow direction within the unburned and burned zones results in intricate flame shapes. Flame speed and overpressure show a close relationship and exhibit oscillations following the generation of the "tulip" flame. Typically, the velocity, pressure and flow fields adjacent to the flame front can affect dynamic behaviors of premixed syngas/air flames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropsychological assessment of culturally diverse populations is hindered by barriers in language, culture, education, and a lack of suitable tests. Furthermore, individuals from diverse backgrounds are often unfamiliar with being cognitively tested. The aim of this study was to develop a new neuropsychological test battery and study its feasibility in multicultural memory clinics. Composition of the TULIPA battery (Towards a Universal Language: Intervention and Psychodiagnostic Assessment) entailed a literature review and consultation with experts and individuals from diverse backgrounds. Feasibility was investigated by examining administration and completion rates and the frequency of factors complicating neuropsychological assessment in 345 patients from 37 countries visiting four multicultural memory clinics in the Netherlands. The test battery included existing tests such as the Cross-Cultural Dementia screening (CCD), Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS), tests from the European Cross-Cultural Neuropsychological Test Battery, and newly developed tests. Completion rates for the test battery were generally high (82%–100%), except for CCD Dots subtest B (58%). Although tests of the "core" TULIPA battery were administered often (median: 6 of 7, IQR: 5–7), supplementary tests were administered less frequently (median: 1 of 9; IQR: 0–3). The number of administered tests correlated with disease severity (RUDAS, ρ=.33, adjusted p <.001), but not with other patient characteristics. Complicating factors were observed frequently, e.g. suboptimal effort (29%–50%), fatigue (29%), depression (37%–57%). The TULIPA test battery is a promising new battery to assess culturally diverse populations in a feasible way, provided that complicating factors are taken into account. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2022.2043447. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The floristic complexes of the Vetlyanka River are characterized by a high pool of rare plants with various protection categories in the Saratov region. In total, the complexes include six species: Bulbocodium versicolor, Hyacinthella leucophaea, Tulipa gesneriana, Iris pumila, I. halophila, and Scilla siberica. These ecotopes have been recorded for the first time for S. siberica, B. versicolor, and Iris halophila. At the same time, S. siberica and I. halophila have a narrow ecological range. The studied cenopopulations of rare plants in the floristic complexes of the Vetlyanka River are stable in time and space. There is a self-renewal process in cenopopulations of the studied plants, which is hampered by a number of anthropogenic factors. The ontogenetic spectrum of the B. versicolor cenopopulation is a single-vertex spectrum with a high proportion of individuals of the generative fraction (70.2%). The age spectrum of the S. siberica cenopopulation is dominated by pregenerative plants (67.4% of the total number of the individuals studied) with the maximum number recorded for immature individuals (46.5%). The high proportion of pregenerative plants (52.5%) in the T. gesneriana cenopopulation indicates its capability for self-renewal and is characterized by a bimodal age spectrum. According to the classification by T.A. Rabotnov, the cenopopulations of the studied species are normal incomplete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polychromous Tulipa suaveolens Roth has a vast range comprising almost the whole Ponto-Caspian Steppe and extending from the south-east of Ukraine to western Kazakhstan. The species is famous for high variation in flower colour, but the pattern of its geographical distribution remains unclear. In the present article, T. suaveolens flower colour variation is studied in 56 natural populations across the European species range. Tepal colours are detected from the digital images using the Lab colour model with two chromatic components—a (the red colour intensity) and b (the yellow colour intensity). The analysis reveals that, throughout the European species range, there is an obvious T. suaveolens flower colour gradient in the direction from the north-east to the south-west, along which the intensity of the red chromatic component increases; the distribution of the yellow chromatic component is interpreted as random. Also, the chromatic component a is found to be linearly dependent on temperature and precipitation parameters. We draw a conclusion that, across the European species range, the identified geographical trends in T. suaveolens flower colour distribution result from natural selection caused by these two abiotic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With cancer as one of the leading causes of death worldwide, accurate primary tumor type prediction is critical in identifying genetic factors that can inhibit or slow tumor progression. There have been efforts to categorize primary tumor types with gene expression data using machine learning, and more recently with deep learning, in the last several years. Methods: In this paper, we developed four 1-dimensional (1D) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models to classify RNA-seq count data as one of 17 highly represented primary tumor types or 32 primary tumor types regardless of imbalanced representation. Additionally, we adapted the models to take as input either all Ensembl genes (60,483) or protein coding genes only (19,758). Unlike previous work, we avoided selection bias by not filtering genes based on expression values. RNA-seq count data expressed as FPKM-UQ of 9,025 and 10,940 samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were downloaded from the Genomic Data Commons (GDC) corresponding to 17 and 32 primary tumor types respectively for training and validating the models. Results: All 4 1D-CNN models had an overall accuracy of 94.7% to 97.6% on the test dataset. Further evaluation indicates that the models with protein coding genes only as features performed with better accuracy compared to the models with all Ensembl genes for both 17 and 32 primary tumor types. For all models, the accuracy by primary tumor type was above 80% for most primary tumor types. Conclusions: We packaged all 4 models as a Python-based deep learning classification tool called TULIP (TU mor C L ass I fication P redictor) for performing quality control on primary tumor samples and characterizing cancer samples of unknown tumor type. Further optimization of the models is needed to improve the accuracy of certain primary tumor types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Categorizing flowers is quite a challenging task as there is so much diversity in the species, and the images of the different flower species could be pretty similar. Flower categorization involves many issues like low resolution and noisy images, occluded images with the leaves and the stems of the plants and sometimes even with the insects. The traditional handcrafted features were used for extraction of the features and the machine learning algorithms were applied but with the advent of the deep neural networks. The focus of the researchers has inclined towards the use of the non-handcrafted features for the image categorization tasks because of their fast computation and efficiency. In this study, the images are pre-processed to enhance the key features and suppress the undesired information's and the objects are localized in the image through the segmentation to extract the Region of Interest, detect the objects and perform feature extraction and the supervised classification of flowers into five categories: daisy, sunflower, dandelion, tulip and rose. First step involves the pre-processing of the images and the second step involves the feature extraction using the pre-trained models ResNet50, MobileNet, DenseNet169, InceptionV3 and VGG16 and finally the classification is done into five different categories of flowers. Ultimately, the results obtained from these proposed architectures are then analyzed and presented in the form of confusion matrices. In this study, the CNN model has been proposed to evaluate the performance of categorization of flower images, and then data augmentation is applied to the images to address the problem of overfitting. The pre-trained models ResNet50, MobileNet, DenseNet169, InceptionV3 and VGG16 are implemented on the flower dataset to perform categorization tasks. The pre-trained models are empirically implemented and assessed on the various flower datasets. Performance analysis has been done in terms of the training, validation accuracy, validation loss and training loss. The empirical assessment of these pre-trained models demonstrate that these models are quite effective for the categorization tasks. According to the performance analysis, the VGG16 outperforms all the other models and provides a training accuracy of 99.01%. Densenet169 and MobileNet also give comparable validation accuracy. ResNet50 gives the lowest training accuracy of 60.46% as compared with the rest of the pre-trained replica or models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TULIP project aims to produce radioactive ion beams of short-lived neutron-deficient isotopes by using fusion-evaporation reactions in an optimized Target Ion Source System (TISS). The first step consisted of the design of a TISS to produce rubidium isotopes. It was tested with a primary beam of 22Ne@4.5 MeV/A irradiating a natural Ni target at the SPIRAL1/GANIL facility in March 2022. Rates of 76 , 78 Rb were measured as well as an exceptionally short atom-to-ion transformation time for an ISOL system, of the order of 200 μ s. The second step of the project aims at producing neutron-deficient short-lived metallic isotopes in the region of 100Sn. A "cold" prototype has been realized to study the electron impact ionization in the TISS cavity and a "hot" version is under construction to prepare an on-line experiment expected in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the flame behavior of syngas/air mixtures after leakage in industrial scenarios. A series of fence-type obstacles with a blockage ratio of 0.3 were installed in a closed tube to simulate common blockage scenarios. The stoichiometric mixtures of H 2 /CO/Air with hydrogen fractions ranging from 10 % to 50 % were used to simulate typical syngas compositions. Results indicate that the increase in hydrogen fractions and the number of obstacles can enhance flame acceleration and oscillation downstream of obstacles. The flame inverts into the tulip shape after it passes the obstacle area, and then the distorted "tulip" flame appears. The obstacles number has no influence on the instant of the planar flame formation, because the flow competition initiates when the flame passes the first obstacle channel. However, the initial instant of the first "tulip" distortion decrease with the increasing obstacle number. The "tulip" flame is a hydrodynamic phenomenon, while the distortion of the "tulip" flame is related to pressure waves. At higher hydrogen fractions, the obstacle number increases the maximum overpressure more significantly. In practical scenarios, it is advisable to limit the number of obstacles as much as possible and prevent syngas leaks with higher hydrogen fractions. • The effect of obstacle on explosion behaviors was experimentally studied. • Both number of obstacles and hydrogen fraction increase the explosion intensity. • Number of obstacles has diverse effects on planar and distorted "tulip" flames. • Flame inversion is a hydrodynamic phenomenon related to flow competition. • The distortion of "tulip" flame is associated with pressure waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floral scent holds significant aesthetic and biological values. However, tulips have received less attention for their floral fragrance than the vibrant petal colors and exquisite bud shapes. Here, sensory assessment, E-nose, and HS-SPME-GC-MS were carried out to determine the scent intensity and characteristics of 14 tulip cultivars. Based on their scent intensity, the cultivars were divided into four groups, among which group Ⅰ was the most aromatic (M S = 4.20), followed by group Ⅱ (3.03 ≤ M S ≤ 3.97), group Ⅲ (2.43 ≤ M S ≤ 2.77), and finally group Ⅳ (1.00 ≤ M S ≤ 1.57). Compared with the sensory assessment, E-nose also categorized the 14 tulips into four categories according to the multi-dimensional sensor responses, suggesting a relatively strong relationship between them (R2 ≈ 0.57), and consistently confirming the scientific evaluation of tulip cultivars' scent. For HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis, 21 volatiles were putatively detected, mainly aliphatics (9, 42.86 %), terpenoids (7, 33.33 %), and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids (4, 19.05 %). Octanal, nonanal, phenylethyl alcohol, and phenylacetaldehyde (17.82 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100) were key components in T. 'Delta Queen', contributing to its distinctive aroma reminiscent of citrus and rosy. T. 'Spryng Break' cultivar contained octanal, eucalyptol, and nonanal (22.51 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100), imparting citrusy and herbal aromas. The fragrance of T. 'Lion King' is likely a blend of citrus, grassy, and green scents due to the presence of nonanal and hexanal (71.81 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100). In T. 'Red Judo', octanal, nonanal, and decanal (10.64 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100) combined to create its pure citrus aroma. These findings are expected to provide a valuable reference for tulip floral fragrance analysis, establish a theoretical foundation for its fragrant germplasm breeding, and promote the development of tulip fragrance industry. • Octanal, nonanal, phenylethyl alcohol, and phenylacetaldehyde contributed to citrus and rosy odor of T. 'Delta Queen'. • Octanal, eucalyptol, and nonanal in T. 'Spryng Break' impart citrusy and herbal aromas. • T. 'Lion King' may be have a blend of citrus, grassy, and green scents for the presence of nonanal and hexanal. • Octanal, nonanal, and decanal combined to create the pure citrus aroma of T. 'Red Judo'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The convection of flow field is a key cause of pressure oscillation. • The intensity of pressure oscillation increases with the increase of volume fraction of hydrogen. • The pressure wave has different effect on typical and distorted "tulip" flame. To investigate the effect of explosion pressure on flame propagation of H 2 /CH 4 mixtures, the pressure dynamics of H 2 /CH 4 mixtures explosion with different volume fractions of hydrogen (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 (×100/%)) and equivalence ratios (0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4) is measured using 2 pressure sensors in a horizontal duct with ignition electrode position not at the end. The flame propagation characteristic is studied using images recorded by a high-speed camera. Through the analysis and discussion of the experimental results, the interaction among explosion pressure, flame front, and flow field are discussed. The results show that when the volume fraction of hydrogen is greater than 0.6, the rate of explosion pressure rises, the flame front position, and the flame front speed are greatly improved. At higher and lower equivalence ratios, it is easier to form distorted "tulip" flames. As the volume fraction of hydrogen increases, the inclination angle of the flame front decreases, and becomes a typical "tulip" flame gradually. The convection of the flow field is an important cause of pressure oscillation, which makes the pressure distribution uneven, and its influence on P max , (dP/dt) max , and t c is weak. As the volume fraction of hydrogen increases, the duration of pressure oscillation decreases, and the intensity of pressure oscillation increases. The pressure wave has a substantial impact on the flame front propagation of distorted "tulip" flames and the pressure history of typical "tulip" flames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]