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Pest outbreaks are among the major factors that affect agroecosystems, subsequently leading to the excessive use of fertilizers and toxic pesticides, polluting the environment and causing serious health concerns. This indiscriminate use of conventional pest-controlling chemicals has led to the development of pesticide resistance, affecting soil fertility. Ultimately, there is a need to find alternative means to manage pest situations. In this regard, nanotechnology has emerged as a novel technique with a wide range of applications in agrochemical and Phyto-protection systems to control pests to a significant extent. Nanoparticles are being used in different nanoformulations of pesticides, insecticides, and nanobiopesticides with broad-spectrum biopesticidal potential, which could be fabricated by using various metals like silver, zinc, alumina, copper, gold, and titanium. However, further research is required to understand the interaction between the metals and the natural biopolymers needed for their reduction during nanoparticle formulation. Keeping in view the importance of the issue, the current review encompasses a detailed discussion of pest-related issues including crop losses and their global impact followed by the mechanism of pesticide resistance and demand for biopesticides. Furthermore, the role of nanobiopesticides in pest control has been highlighted briefly with their mode of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was carried out to investigate the variation in web architecture of Larinia chloris (Audouin 1826) in relation to seasonal differences and the biotic factors of the environment. In addition, relative abundance, behavior, and predatory potential of L. chloris were also recorded. For this purpose, 100 orb-webs of L. chloris were observed in rice fields (August–October, 2022) from 3 districts of Punjab (Lahore, Sheikhupura, and Kasur). Percent abundance of L. chloris was found to be highest in rice fields from Barki road, Lahore (39.53%). All the webs of L. chloris were vertical at height equal to the height of vegetation (115.2 ± 9.7 cm). Time required to complete the web was 45 ± 5 min. There was positive correlation between web architecture and vegetation height. Web capture area and average mesh height of L. chloris also showed positive correlation with carapace length. There was a significant difference in various web parameters (number of spirals, number of radii, capture area, average mesh height, upper radii, lower radii, left radii, and right radii) among different trapping months. A total of 1,326 insects were recorded from the 100 webs of L. chloris. The prey abundance was found to be highest in the fields from Barki Road, Lahore. The majority of the prey collected from webs of L. chloris belonged to order Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera. However, prey items recorded during different growth stages (from vegetative to ripening) varied significantly. This is the first ever report describing the ecology of L. chloris in rice fields from Punjab, Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the war of independence in 1857, the Muslims fell into the trench of decay and collapse. The menace of English rule and Hindu majority was a big threat to the Muslim existence. Since the inception of British rule, the Muslims were in an endeavor to preserve their identity. For this objective many Muslim leaders had to bear the hardships. After a long struggle Muslims were able to establish a separate homeland for their existence. It was possible not only through political movement but also through education and religious motivation. For this purpose many political and religious leaders played their role effectively. Syed Na'īm Al-Dīn Murādabādi's was one among such personalities. His services are multidimensional. He not only organized the Muslims of Sub continent but also presented his Two Nation theory and the idea of separate homeland for the Musilms long before 'Allāma Dr. Muhammad Iqbāl. He also tried to provide the new born country Pakistan legal bases to run the state affairs. This article is an endeavor to highlight his services rendered in political sphere of the Subcontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scorpion venom is being used for many biomedical applications. In the present study, venom components of Hottentota tamulus (Fabricius, 1798) and Androctonus finitimus (Pocock, 1897) were characterized. Venom was extracted using the electrical stimulation method and subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for characterization of its components from which dominant fractions were collected and dried in a concentrator. Crude venom and selected fractions were further analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to obtain mass fingerprint data. Over 100 components ranging from 3,000 – 8,000 m/z in molecular masses were detected in the venom of both scorpion species. Some of them were analogous to a short chain and long chain toxins, which act on potassium and sodium ion channels, respectively. The venom components may be used for the development of novel drugs, e.g. drugs for neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, analgesics and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid surge in antibiotic resistance to pathogens has emerged as a grave threat to public health, globally. This multiple drug resistance (MDR) is directly linked to the high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide due to untreated microbial infections. Therefore, it is inevitable to identify some novel, efficient, and comparatively safer antimicrobial agents to rescue the declining health index. In this regard, nanomaterials with modified structure, size, and infinity have risen as the sole source to tackle the MDR either through ameliorating the efficacy of existing drugs or by triggering entirely new bactericidal mechanisms. Out of all the nanomaterials, metals, and metal oxide nanoparticles with biopolymer-induced reduction have fetched the attention of global researchers due to their significant and promising pathogen-killing ability without any hint of resistance. The current review covers the updated molecular modes of resistance development in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, comprehensively. This review also highlighted the detailed mode of action of various metallic nanoparticles (silver, zinc, copper, titanium, and cobalt) against MDR pathogens. Moreover, this review article thoroughly discussed the correlation between the mechanisms of resistance and alternative NPs bactericidal modes for better understanding for the readers. Last but not least, toxicity analysis is also explained for safe further use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for biocompatible drug carriers has been significantly increased from the past few years. Researchers show great interest in the development of more versatile and sophisticated biomaterials based drug carriers. Hydrogels are beneficial drug carriers and easily release the controlled amount of drug at target site due to its tunable structure. The hydrogels made-up of potent biological macromolecules including collagen, gelatin, fibrin, elastin, fibroin, chitosan, starch, alginate, agarose and carrageenan have been proven as versatile biomaterials. These are three-dimensional polymeric networks, synthesized by crosslinking of hydrophilic polymers. The biological macromolecules based hydrogels containing therapeutic substances are used in a wide range of biomedical applications including wound healing, tissue engineering, cosmetics and contact lenses. However, many aspects related to hydrogels such as the mechanism of cross-linking and molecular entanglement are not clear. So, there is a need to do more research and exploration toward the extensive and cost-effective use of hydrogels. The present review article elaborately discusses the biomolecules based hydrogels and their possible biomedical applications in different fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for biocompatible drug carriers has been significantly increased from the past few years. Researchers show great interest in the development of more versatile and sophisticated biomaterials based drug carriers. Hydrogels are beneficial drug carriers and easily release the controlled amount of drug at target site due to its tunable structure. The hydrogels made-up of potent biological macromolecules including collagen, gelatin, fibrin, elastin, fibroin, chitosan, starch, alginate, agarose and carrageenan have been proven as versatile biomaterials. These are three-dimensional polymeric networks, synthesized by crosslinking of hydrophilic polymers. The biological macromolecules based hydrogels containing therapeutic substances are used in a wide range of biomedical applications including wound healing, tissue engineering, cosmetics and contact lenses. However, many aspects related to hydrogels such as the mechanism of cross-linking and molecular entanglement are not clear. So, there is a need to do more research and exploration toward the extensive and cost-effective use of hydrogels. The present review article elaborately discusses the biomolecules based hydrogels and their possible biomedical applications in different fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ear has a self-cleansing mechanism. However, most individuals are not aware of the natural self-cleansing ear mechanism therefore, they acquire the habit of using cotton bud to clean the ear. We conducted this study to determine the complications and harmful effect with the frequent use of cotton bud, ear phone and swimming on external ear canal. Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted at the Outpatient Department of Dow University Hospital, OJHA campus, Karachi from December 2016 to December 2017. Information regarding head phone, cotton bud use and swimming along with ear infection side of infection, recent history of respiratory tract infection/trauma to ear canal, ear surgery and symptoms like pain, bleeding, itching, fever, hearing loss, pus discharge and whistling in ear were collected through a pre-structured questionnaire. Results: Median age of the individuals was 36 (27-49) years. There were 243 (76.4%) males and 75 (23.6%) females. Ear infection was found in 176 (55.3%) patients. A total of 199 (62.57%) individuals used cotton buds for ear cleaning. Age (p-value 0.010), ear infection (p-value 0.011) and itching (p-value 0.003) were significantly associated with cotton bud use. Swimming status was found positive in 11 ((3.45%) individuals. Age (p-value <0.001), gender (p-value 0.011), and marital status (p-value <0.001) were significantly associated with swimming. Headphone was used by 178 (55.97%). Ear infection (p-value 0.002), itching (p-value 0.009), and hearing loss (p-value 0.007) were significantly associated with headphone use. Conclusion: Our study confirms the association of cotton bud in the development of Otitis Externa. Nonetheless, the association between headphones and Otitis Externa need to be further assessed through larger studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complications associated with diabetic wounds make their healing process prolonged. Hydrogels could be ideal wound dressings therefore present research was conducted to prepare silk sericin (an adhesive protein polymer) based hydrogels in combination with plant extracts and to evaluate its effectiveness against wound healing process in mice with alloxan induced diabetes. Excision wounds were formed via a biopsy puncture (6 mm). Experimental hydrogels were prepared and applied topically on the diabetic wounds. All the hydrogel treatment groups showed significantly higher (P < 0.001) percent wound contraction from day 3 to day 11 as compared to the negative diabetic control group. The serum level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (Interleukin-10) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase (TIMP) was significantly higher (P < 0.001), while the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin-6) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in hydrogels treatment groups as compared to diabetic control group. Although all the hydrogels showed effective results, however the best results were shown by 4 % sericin+4 % banyan+4 % onion based hydrogel. It can be concluded that Sericin based hydrogel enriched with banyan and onion extracts can be used as an effective remedy for the treatment of diabetic wounds due to their high healing and regenerative properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles, a bioactive, cost-effective, and sustainable material such as the chitosan/silk fibroin blend was developed. The current research was aimed to elucidate the antibacterial activity of silk fibroin–chitosan blend ZnO NPs at various pH (4, 8 and 12) and temperatures (4, 37, and 50 °C) against gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Serratia rubidaea, and Proteus mirabilis) and gram-positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus thuringensis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Clostridium difficile) at numerous concentrations (2–8 mg/ml). Agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial effect by measuring the zone of inhibition. Silk fibroin–chitosan blend ZnO NPs significantly reserved the growth of gram-negative bacterial strains, e.g., K. pneumoniae (11.3 ± 0.9 mm), E. coli (12.7 ± 0.9 mm), S. rubidaea (16.7 ± 0.9 mm), and P. mirabilis (11.7 ± 1.2 mm) and gram-positive bacterial strains such as B. thuringiensis (12.3 ± 0.3 mm), B. licheniformis (10.0 ± 0.57 mm), S. aureus (17.3 ± 1.2 mm), and C. difficile (11.7 ± 1.2 mm). At various temperatures and various pH values (acidic and basic), the stability of silk fibroin–chitosan blend ZnO NPs was observed. Silk fibroin–chitosan blend ZnO NPs significantly inhibited the growth of all bacterial strains at 37°C, and a maximum zone of inhibition was found at pH 8. The formation of SFCH blend ZnONPs was confirmed via numerous characterization techniques such as ultraviolet visible spectrum, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that SFCH blend ZnONPs were highly stabilized and homogeneously distributed in the solution, and the average particle size was about 30.06 nm with a spherical shape. We concluded that silk fibroin–chitosan zinc oxide nanocomposite could be a safe and promising antimicrobial agent for wound dressing and various applications in biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wolf spider Lycosa terrestris (Araneae: Lycosidae) is a well known arthropod containing toxic compounds. It has significant predatory potential in addition to its uses in medicinal and insecticidal formulation. Current investigations were aimed to extract and partially characterize the venom of L. terrestris and the susceptibility tests to evaluate antibacterial potential of venom supernatant and venom pellets against four pathogenic bacterial strains i.e., Gram negative Acinetobacter sp. and Pasteurella sp. and Gram Positive Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. Results of this study revealed that the venom of L. terrestris contained six relatively high molecular weight peptides ranging from 125 kDa to 35 kDa. Moreover, results of the susceptibility test confirmed the bacteriostatic action of venom supernatant against aerobic Gram negative Acinetobacter sp. in dose dependent manner. A reduced trend of bacteriostatic inhibition was also observed for venom pellets against Acinetobacter sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, DNA barcoding has become quite popular for molecular identification of species because it is simple, quick and an affordable method. Present study was conducted to identify spiders of most abundant families, i.e. Salticidae and Lycosidae from citrus orchards in Sargodha district using DNA barcoding. A total of 160 specimens were subjected to DNA barcoding but, sequences up to 600 bp were recovered for 156 specimens. This molecular approach proved helpful to assign the exact taxon to those specimens which were misidentified through morphological characters in the study. We were succeeded to discriminate six species of Lycosidae and nine species of Salticidae through DNA barcoding. Results revealed the presence of clear barcode gap (discontinuity in intra- and inter-specific divergences) for members of both families. Furthermore, the maximum intra-specific divergence was less than NN (nearest neighbour) distance for all species. This suggested the reliability of DNA barcoding for spider’s identification up to species level. We got 98% success in our study. It is concluded from present study that DNA barcoding is more reliable tool especially for immature spiders, when morphological characters are ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Genetic diversity in cytochrome c oxidase I (coxI) among 7 species ofAnophelesmosquitoes from Pakistan, and 37 species from different geographical regions of the world, was recorded. Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analysis revealed a clear gap between intraspecific and interspecific distances of 7 species from Pakistan. However, genetic distances of 37Anophelesspecies failed to adequately differentiate species in a global context. Intraspecific and interspecific divergences for 7Anophelesspecies of Pakistan varied from 0.0% to 2.5% (mean = 0.49%) and 8% to 22.3% (mean = 12.77%), respectively. Similarly, intraspecific distances for 37 species from different parts of world ranged from 0.0% to 11.2% (mean = 0.65%) while values of interspecific divergences ranged from 3.4% to 35% (mean = 11.75%). Although phylogenetic tree revealed separate clades for 7Anophelesspecies of Pakistan, it failed to produce separate clades for 37 species of the world. It is concluded that although standard barcode region is helpful for identifyingAnophelesmosquitoes, combination of multi-locus approaches and morphology may be required to accurately identify species in this genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic diversity ofCulex quinquefasciatusmosquito based on the standard barcode region of cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) gene fragment was studied in the present study. TheCOIgene sequences ofCx. quinquefasciatuswere also compared with four other species of GenusCulex(i.e.Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. pipiens, andCx. theileri). Our data set included sequences of Culex mosquitoes from 16 different countries of world. The average intraspecific and interspecific divergences recorded were 0.67% and 8.27%, respectively. The clades for five species were clearly separated exceptCx. quinquefasciatusandCx. pipiens. It is concluded that the DNA barcoding is effective and reliable tool for the identification of selectedCulexspecies but create little problem in case of sister species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current study is designed to incorporate sericin protein as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent to synthesize sonication‐mediated silver nanoparticles. Fabrication of sericin‐reduced silver nanoparticles (Sr‐AgNPs) is confirmed using UV–visible spectrophotometry, zeta sizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). UV–Vis spectral peak of Sr‐AgNPs is observed at 420–440nm while the average size is found between 3 to 30 nm. SEM also confirms the reduction of large‐sized (1–40 µm) sericin macromolecules into nanometric hexagonal and triangular silver nanoparticles with a normal distribution (polydispersity index > 0.5). FTIR peaks from 500 to 4000cm−1 are analyzed for sericin while Sr‐AgNPs peaks with minor shifts (700–1000 cm−1 (COOCO stretching) in Sr‐AgNPs) are also observed. XRD peaks of 2θ at 27° with multiple low peaks at 38.2°, 47°, 49°, and 63.8° authenticate the amorphous nature of sericin and sharp peaks at 36°, 48°, 54.3°, and 61.9° with miller indices (hkl) of 98, 111, 200, and 211, assess the crystalline structure of Sr‐AgNPs. TGA reveals that sericin enhances the stability of silver NPs at high temperature (200–600 °C) by lowering the percentage weight loss from 70–80% to 60–65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The venom of two dominant species of wolf spiders, Pardosa sumatrana Thorell and Pardosa birmanica Simon, was extracted and characterized. Insecticidal potential of crude venom and selected peptide fractions (i.e. 35-kDa fraction of both spiders) was evaluated in the laboratory using Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) (Homoptera: Aphididae) as a model pest. Results of the study showed that both the crude venom and the protein fractions caused significantly higher mortality in treated aphids compared to the control. It is concluded that both the crude venom and the protein fractions possess insecticidal potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a field study in September 2007 and 2008 to analyze the foraging activity, natural diets, and predatory efficacy of Telragnatha javana (Thorell 1890) (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) and Neoscona ilieis (Walckenaer 1842) (Araneae: Araneidae) on selected prey. The relationship between body measurements (carapace width, leg length, total body length, and body weight) and web dimensions (capture area, capture thread length, number of radii, number of spirals, and mesh height) of both species was also investigated. Most of the observed T. javana.constructed their webs between two adjacent rice plants, while N. theis placed theirs at the top of rice plants. Both species required approximately an hour to complete a web, which differed significantly from each other in height, diameter, and capture area. Both species constructed only a single web per day. Web building activity of both species was intense from 17:00 to 18:00, while prey- handling activity was high from 19:00 to 20:00. In both species, peaks of feeding were recorded just after the peaks of prey handling (21:00). The main prey orders caught in the webs of both species were Lepidoptera, Diptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera. The time required to reach and capture lepidopteran (adults of stem borer and leaf folder) and homopteran prey was similar for both species. However, the time required to reach and capture orthopteran (grasshopper nymphs) prey was significantly longer for T. javana than for N. theis. Capture area increased with carapace width, and capture thread length increased with carapace width and body weight, while leg length and body length did not relate to either of these web variables. The number of radii, number of spirals, and mesh height did not correlate with any of the body size measurements. We concluded that both species can be used effectively to reduce insect pests of rice fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was designed to assess the prey preference behaviour of three most dominant hunting spiders [ Lycosa terrestris Butt, Anwar and Tahir 2006 (Araneae: Lycosidae), Pardosa birmanica Siman 1884 (Araneae: Lycosidae) and Oxyopes javanus (Thorell 1887) (Araneae: Oxyopidae)] of rice ecosystems both in the laboratory and in the field. Two types of laboratory experiments, i.e., choice and no choice feeding, were performed using only adult male and female specimens of the spiders. No choice test showed that each of the three hunting spiders readily consumed larvae and nymphs of rice pests offered. Female hunting spiders consumed more prey compared to male hunting spiders. Results of choice feeding test indicated that L. terrestris and P. birmanica preferred nymphs of rice insect pests while O. javanus preferred larvae of rice insect pests. Results of direct observations showed that in August, dipterous insects were the most numerous rice pests consumed by L. terrestris, P. birmanica and O. javanus, comprising over 56.3, 38 and 48% of their respective diets. In contrast, in September, the proportion of dipterous insects decreased dramatically and hoppers become the most numerous pests, comprising over 50, 51 and 41% of all prey and spiders consumed by L. terrestris, P. birmanica and O. javanus, respectively. In October, aquatic Heteroptera were frequently observed in their diets. Predatory potential of these hunting spiders differed statistically in the laboratory as well as in the field. It is concluded from the results of present project that studied species of spiders could successfully be used to control insect pests of rice ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to record the effect of λ-cyhalothrin, Bifenthrin, and Glyphosate on the mortality, avoidance behavior, foraging activity, and activity of Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and Carboxylesterase (CarE) in Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841). Highest mortality (70%) in N. theisi was recorded against λ-cyhalothrin. However, Glyphosate was found to be least toxic. Spider spent less time on insecticides/herbicide-treated surfaces. Insecticides/herbicide-treated N. theisi consumed less prey than untreated control spiders. Similarly, when N. theisi were offered insecticide/herbicide-treated prey, they consumed significantly less. Increased AChE and CarE activities were recorded in insecticides/herbicide-treated spiders as compared to control group. Total protein contents were less in insecticides/herbicide-treated spiders than control group. The results revealed that λ-cyhalothrin is more harmful to spiders as compared to Bifenthrin and Glyphosate. It is suggested that the effect of all pesticides used in agro-ecosystem on beneficial insects should be evaluated before using them in the fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scorpion envenomation is a widespread issue in tropical and subtropical countries. In the present study epidemiology of scorpion sting cases and potential treatment options in district Hafizabad, Pakistan are documented. Hafizabad city and the adjacent villages were selected for the data collection. Age, gender, time, site of scorpion sting on the body, scorpion sting symptoms, number of patients obtaining medical attention and the number of fatalities (if any) were noted. Data showed that scorpion envenomation often occurs in people between the ages of 16–47 years. There were more female victims (55%) and most of the scorpion sting incidences (55.49%) occurred between 07 PM and 02 AM Among body parts, both the hands (41.71%) and feet (48.57%) were more vulnerable to scorpion stings. In rural areas, the incidences of scorpion stings were higher (68.57%). The reported symptoms of scorpion stings include pain, hypertension, nausea and allergy. Out of all the victims, only 56.05% sought treatment from health care units as well as traditional medicine practitioners. However, others (43.94%) fully healed on their own without any treatment. People were using different types of plant-based materials and dead scorpions with mustard oil as a potent remedy against scorpion stings. Moreover, in the health care units there was no antivenom available and medical staff usually used common pain killers such as Xylocain and Lignocain for the treatment of scorpion sting. [Display omitted] • Epidemiology of scorpion sting cases in Hafizabad, Pakistan. • Most scorpion bite incidences in females (55%) and people of 35–47 years. • High rate of incidences in rural areas (68.57%). • Hands (41.71%) and feet (48.57%) were more vulnerable. • Potent remedy was plant-based materials and dead scorpions with mustard oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silk, a natural compound of silkworm contains two proteins, sericin and fibroin. These proteins can be conjugated with other compounds to form silk-derived nanoparticles. The biomedical applications of silk-based nanoparticles for drug delivery and cancer treatment are arising as they are biocompatible, biodegradable, have enhanced permeability and retention effect and less toxicity. Nevertheless, not a single review of literature is present that could describe the anticancer potential of silk derived nanoparticles. In this review, we describe the (i) comprehensive note on fibroin and sericin based nanoparticles (ii) anticancer mechanistic accompanied by biomedical applications in diagnosis, imaging, and drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, two common buthid scorpions, i.e. Androctonus finitimus (Pocock, 1897) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) and Hottentota tamulus (Fabricus, 1798) (Scorpiones: Buthidae), were maintained in the laboratory for venom recovery. The aim of study was to compare the quantity and quality of venom extracted from scorpions by manual and electrical method. We also recorded the effect of diet and temperature on venom production. Results of our study revealed that electrical method yielded good quality and higher quantity of venom as compared to manual method. The quantity of venom by two studied species differed statistically. We recorded the effect of food on venom production by providing different prey items to the scorpions and found that grasshopper nymphs and adults were the best diet for the scorpions to get maximum yield of venom as compared to other prey types (house crickets, house flies, and moths). Production of venom and activity of scorpions was found to be associated with temperature. During winter season, venom recovery was comparatively low as compared to the hottest part of year; when venom milking and activity of scorpions both were increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological study of 1,795 spiders from sites across Pakistan placed these specimens in 27 families and 202 putative species. COI sequences >400 bp recovered from 1,782 specimens were analyzed using neighbor-joining trees, Bayesian inference, barcode gap, and Barcode Index Numbers (BINs). Specimens of 109 morphological species were assigned to 123 BINs with ten species showing BIN splits, while 93 interim species included representatives of 98 BINs. Maximum conspecific divergences ranged from 0–5.3% while congeneric distances varied from 2.8–23.2%. Excepting one species pair (Oxyopes azhari–Oxyopes oryzae), the maximum intraspecific distance was always less than the nearest-neighbor (NN) distance. Intraspecific divergence values were not significantly correlated with geographic distance. Most (75%) BINs detected in this study were new to science, while those shared with other nations mainly derived from India. The discovery of many new, potentially endemic species and the low level of BIN overlap with other nations highlight the importance of constructing regional DNA barcode reference libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Wearing contact lens requires awareness about possible contaminants, the causative agents of multiple complications. The present study focused on identification of potential pathogens and presence of virulence associated markers in contact lens associated bacteria.Methods: Bacterial contaminants were isolated from contact lenses or cleaning solutions collected from University students. Isolates were identified using conventional methods followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and screened for the presence of virulence factors which included capsular presence, adhesion, serum resistance, iron chelation, haemagglutination and hemolysis. Moreover, antibiotic resistance profile was also monitored.Results: Contamination was observed in 79% (45 of 57) of lenses. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing Bacillus sp. was found to be most abundant (26%). The presence of at least three pathogenic characteristics was recorded in 75.8% isolates. Among the pathogenic characteristics, capsule presence was found to be the most prevalent character (73%) followed by hemolysin production (65%), serum resistance (61%), haemagglutination (56%), iron chelation (50%) and polystyrene adherence (42%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was recorded in 66.13% isolates. Cluster analysis on the basis of virulence markers separated all isolates in two groups. Potential pathogens and non-pathogens were found to be equally frequent among contaminants of contact lens cases.Conclusion: The present work provides evidence that pathogenic bacteria can adhere and survive in contact lens or lens solution. It highlights the need for the development of new methods to protect contact lenses and lens care accessories. Drugs targeting capsule formation may offer a good option for treatment or use in cleaning solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer has become the most prevalent and noxious type of malignancy around the globe (Giaquinto et al., 2022). Multiple clinical strategies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy have been in practice to manage breast cancer. Besides the protective roles of conventional remedial approaches, and non-reversible and deteriorative impacts like healthy cell damage, organ failure, etc., the world scientific community is in a continuous struggle to find some alternative biocompatible and comparatively safe solutions. Among novel breast cancer management/treatment options, the role of probiotics has become immensely important. The current review encompasses the prevalence statistics of breast cancer across the globe concerning developed and undeveloped counties, intestinal microbiota linkage with breast cancer, and association of breast microbiome with breast carcinoma. Furthermore, this review also narrates the role of probiotics against breast cancer and their mode of action. In Vivo and In Vitro studies under breast cancer research regarding probiotics are mechanistically explained. The current review systematically explains the immunomodulatory role of probiotics to prevent breast cancer. Last, but not the least, current review concludes the use of probiotics in the treatment of breast cancer through various mechanisms and future recommendations for molecular basis studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is one of the most environmental purification functional natural polysaccharides that can successfully prohibit the reproduction and growth of harmful Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens and also control the toxic pollutants. Nowadays, pathogenic microorganisms have multidrug resistance to antimicrobial drugs; therefore, successful identification and management of contagious disorders has become a major impediment. For combating the multidrug resistances in microorganisms' the latest innovations in nanotechnology-based medications have released novel prospects. More attention has been paid to the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an effective antibacterial agent. Silver nanoparticles have been used to prevent and cure numerous contagions and disorders due to their strong bactericidal effects. Silver nanoparticles have high bactericidal and antimicrobial actions against methicillin-resistant bacterial strains, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, etc. The formation of nanoparticles from chitosan sources has been paid pronounced consideration due to hydrophilic characteristics, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. The first part of the literature highlights a general mechanism of antibacterial activity of chitosan, whereas the second part focus on the antibacterial activity of chitosan conjugated silver nanoparticles against broad-spectrum Gram-negative and Gram-positive microbial pathogens. Chitosan is selected as a protective mediator in the formation of silver nanoparticles because chitosan act as a stabilizing agent as well as the capability to sorb silver ions via chelation and ion exchange mechanisms. Chitosan conjugated silver-nanocomposites were suggested as coatings for food packaging, biomedical-engineering as well as wound-dressing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thalassemia is an inherited hematological disorder categorized by a decrease or absence of one or more of the globin chains synthesis. Beta‐thalassemia is caused by one or more mutations in the beta‐globin gene. The absence or reduced amount of beta‐globin chains causes ineffective erythropoiesis which leads to anemia. Methods: Beta‐thalassemia has been further divided into three main forms: thalassemia major, intermedia, and minor/silent carrier. A more severe form among these is thalassemia major in which individuals depend upon blood transfusion for survival. The high level of iron deposition occurs due to regular blood transfusion therapy. Results: Overloaded iron raises the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are noxious and prompting the injury to the hepatic, endocrine, and vascular system. Thalassemia can be analyzed and diagnosed via prenatal testing (genetic testing of amniotic fluid), blood smear, complete blood count, and DNA analysis (genetic testing). Treatment of thalassemia intermediate is symptomatic; however; it can also be accomplished by folic supplementation and splenectomy. Conclusion: Thalassemia major can be cured through regular transfusion of blood, transplantation of bone marrow, iron chelation management, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, stimulation of fetal hemoglobin production, and gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amylase is amongst the most indispensable enzymes that have a large number of applications in laboratories and industries. Mostly, α-amylase is synthesized from microbes such as bacteria, fungi and yeast. Due to the high demand for α-amylase, its synthesis can be enhanced using recombinant DNA technology, different fermentation methods, less expensive and good carbon and nitrogen sources, and optimizing the various parameters during fermentation, e.g., temperature, pH and fermentation duration. Various methods are used to measure the production and activity of synthesized α-amylase like iodine, DNS, NS and dextrinizing methods. The activity of crude α-amylase can be elevated to the maximum level by optimizing the temperature and pH. Some metals also interact with α-amylase and increase its activity like K+, Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Some industries such as starch conversion, food, detergent, paper, textile industries and fuel alcohol production extensively utilize α-amylase for their various purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 2.1 billion people worldwide are deprived of safe drinking water at homes. The situation is strikingly worse in a developing country like Pakistan where over 69% of the population does not have access to safe drinking water. The present study evaluated a perenial herb, Typha angustata (TA), to purify the spring water. For this purpose, 25 water samples were collected. Majority of samples (20/25) were highly contaminated with microbes ranging colony forming units (CFU) per millileter per Petri dish ranged from 85 to 279 with an average of 136.4. Microbial inhibition of water samples treated with the nonmodified plant extract was observed to be better with the average of 55.5% compared to the treatment with NaOH chemically modified plant where average 46.4% inhibition of microbial load was observed. Four species of microbes such as Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas otitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae were identified after sequencing. We concluded that T. angustata extract may be used as an antibacterial agent/biosorbent for the purification of drinking water to provide safe drinking water to billions of humans. Practitioner points: Spring water samples were collected from 25 different springs.Spring water samples were analyzed for physiochemical parameters.Spring water samples were found to be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, that is, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas otitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae.Pathogenic bacteria in spring water samples were treated with extract of Typha angustata.Extract of Typha angustata was found as a potential antibacterial agent against pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils are produced as secondary metabolites by aromatic plants, predominantly belonging to families Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, and Rutaceae. The family Rutaceae has great economic importance for its numerous edible fruits and essential oils. In the present study, essential oils of seven plants of family Rutaceae, Aegle marmelos, Murraya koenigii, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Zanthoxylum armatum, Skimmia laureola, Murraya paniculata, and Boenninghausenia albiflora, were used for their toxicological assessment. Seven groups of selected essential oils-treated Wistar rats were established against control group (n=5) that received water for 14 days; animals were offered feed and water ad libitum and treated with essential oils at 400 mg/kg body weight. Hematological studies revealed significant elevation in TEC in animals treated with essential oils of M. koenigii, S. laureola, and B. albiflora, while an elevation in PCV and depletion in MCV were observed in animals treated with M. paniculata and B. albiflora, respectively. Serological investigations demonstrated significant depletion in triglycerides and elevation in blood sodium level in animals treated with essential oils of A. marmelos and C. reticulata Blanco. Boenninghausenia albiflora affected many markers including RBC, MCV, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, urea, and sodium. In conclusion, all oils except B. albiflora can be considered safe for internal use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of elevated blood lead level on some haematological parameters was studied in the field force of Lahore traffic police, in Pakistan. The blood samples were tested for total leucocytes count (TLC) and differential leucocytes count in the persons with high and low blood lead levels. The TLC and percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils were observed as being significantly elevated in the policemen. No significant change was observed in the percentage of lymphocytes, while the percentage of monocytes was observed as being significantly less in the field force of traffic police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was conducted in district Jhang, Pakistan, to evaluate the concentration of metals/metalloids in soil and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) irrigated with domestic wastewater. Data revealed that the levels of metals and metalloids in soil samples from two different sites were below the safe limits except Cd, whereas, in the vegetable, the concentrations of As, Se, Ni, Mo, Pb, Mn, and Cu were above the safe limits. The levels of 12 metals and metalloids in the soil were ranged between 0.14 to 22.76 mg/kg at site-I and 0.16 to 22.13 mg/kg at site-II. The levels of these metals in the vegetable were found 0.35 to 61.13 mg/kg at site-I and 0.31 to 53.63 mg/kg at site-II. The transfer factor at both sites was highest for As and Co. The pollution load index recorded for Se, Cu, Cd, Mo, Pb, and Co was greater than 1. The daily intake of As, Mn, and Mo was above the oral reference dose, which reflects that the intake of pumpkin is not safe for the inhabitants of the selected sites. The control measures should be taken to phytoextract heavy metals and metalloids from polluted sites so as to reduce the health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The current effort was intended to cram the effect of sewage water on morphology and chemical symphony of cv. Dunkeld of canola (Brassica napus L.) in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. The obtained information showed that there was an explicit effect of each metal on the growth and yield of the canola cultivar. Sewage water treatment had a significant effect on number of leaves and leaf area. The presence of heavy metals in the sewage water increased the plant growth and yield but up to a certain level, however, higher concentration of heavy metals reaching to toxic level, caused the reduction in plant growth and yield. When sewage water was diluted the toxicity became abridged. Ten levels of sewage water serial dilutions were used in present studies. Statistically completely randomize design with three replications for each experiment unit was implemented. At 50% sewage water dilution, plants got the reasonable quantity of micro and macro nutrient which resulted in increase in growth, yield and yield components. From the analysis of variance of data, Ca, Mg and Mn concentrations were affected substantially by the treatments in soil as well as in forage and showed consistence pattern of augment with increase in the treatment level of sewage water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prescription of antimalarial drugs in the absence of malarial disease is a common practice in countries where malaria is endemic. However, unwarranted use of such drugs can cause side effects in some people and is a financial drain on local economies. In this study, we surveyed the prevalence of malaria parasites in humans, and the prevalence of the malaria transmitting mosquito vectors in the study area. We also investigated the use of antimalarial drugs in the local people. We focused on randomly selected rural areas of eastern Pakistan where no malaria cases had been reported since May 2004. Methods: Mass blood surveys, active case detection, passive case detection, and vector density surveys were carried out in selected areas of Sargodha district from September 2008 to August 2009. Data pertaining to the quantities and types of antimalarial drugs used in these areas were collected from health centers, pharmacies, and the district CDC program of the Health Department of the Government of the Punjab. Results: Seven hundred and forty four blood samples were examined, resulting in a Blood Examination Rate (BER) of 3.18; microscopic analysis of blood smears showed that none of the samples were positive for malaria parasites. Investigation of the mosquito vector density in 43 living rooms (bedrooms or rooms used for sleeping), 23 stores, and 32 animal sheds, revealed no vectors capable of transmitting malaria in these locations. In contrast, the density of Culex mosquitoes was high. Substantial consumption of a variety of antimalarial tablets, syrups, capsules and injections costing around 1000 US$, was documented for the region. Conclusion: Use of antimalarial drugs in the absence of malarial infection or the vectors that transmit the disease was common in the study area. Continuous use of such drugs, not only in Pakistan, but in other parts of the world, may lead to drug-induced side effects amongst users. Better training of health care professionals is needed to ensure accurate diagnoses of malaria and appropriate prescription of antimalarial drugs delivered to communities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to determine the influence of 2% aqueous honey (Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793 [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) on larval growth and silk cocoon yield of fifth-instar larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). The larvae of silkworms (Chinese HUAKAND2) were divided into a control and an experimental groups (n = 20 in each group). Control group was fed with plain mulberry leaves throughout the fifth instar, whereas the experimental group was offered mulberry leaves dipped in 2% aqueous solution of honey every other day for 4 d (days 1, 3, 5, and 7). On the other days (days 2, 4, 6, and 8), plain mulberry leaves were offered to larvae. Results showed that the average weight gain in larvae of the experimental group was 348.23 and 204.54% in case of the control group. Uneaten mulberry leaves were weighed; the control group left 34.05% of their leaves and the treated group 28.54%. The cocoon formation in the honey-treated larvae was more uniform in shape than the control group. Furthermore, honey-treated larvae began to form cocoons 7.8 ± 0.23 h earlier than the control group. We also recorded an increase of 15.34% in average weight of cocoons of the experimental group when compared with the control. Average shell percentage of fresh silk cocoons of the control and experimental groups was 20.5 and 23.5%, respectively. It is concluded from the study that 2% aqueous honey has positive impact on the larval growth and cocoon yield of B. mori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prescription of antimalarial drugs in the absence of malarial disease is a common practice in countries where malaria is endemic. However, unwarranted use of such drugs can cause side effects in some people and is a financial drain on local economies. In this study, we surveyed the prevalence of malaria parasites in humans, and the prevalence of the malaria transmitting mosquito vectors in the study area. We also investigated the use of antimalarial drugs in the local people. We focused on randomly selected rural areas of eastern Pakistan where no malaria cases had been reported since May 2004.Methods: Mass blood surveys, active case detection, passive case detection, and vector density surveys were carried out in selected areas of Sargodha district from September 2008 to August 2009. Data pertaining to the quantities and types of antimalarial drugs used in these areas were collected from health centers, pharmacies, and the district CDC program of the Health Department of the Government of the Punjab.Results: Seven hundred and forty four blood samples were examined, resulting in a Blood Examination Rate (BER) of 3.18; microscopic analysis of blood smears showed that none of the samples were positive for malaria parasites. Investigation of the mosquito vector density in 43 living rooms (bedrooms or rooms used for sleeping), 23 stores, and 32 animal sheds, revealed no vectors capable of transmitting malaria in these locations. In contrast, the density of Culex mosquitoes was high. Substantial consumption of a variety of antimalarial tablets, syrups, capsules and injections costing around 1000 US$, was documented for the region.Conclusion: Use of antimalarial drugs in the absence of malarial infection or the vectors that transmit the disease was common in the study area. Continuous use of such drugs, not only in Pakistan, but in other parts of the world, may lead to drug-induced side effects amongst users. Better training of health care professionals is needed to ensure accurate diagnoses of malaria and appropriate prescription of antimalarial drugs delivered to communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]