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The authors improve the high-resolution Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) product for Typhoon Morakot (2009) over Taiwan by using an orographic/nonorographic rainfall classification scheme. For the estimation of the orographically forced upward motion used in the orographic/nonorographic rainfall classification scheme, the optimal horizontal length scale for averaging the elevation data is examined and found to be about 50 km. It is inferred that as the air ascends en masse on the horizontal scale, it becomes unstable and convection develops. The orographic/nonorographic rainfall classification scheme is extended to the GSMaP algorithm for all passive microwave radiometers in orbit, including not just microwave imagers but also microwave sounders. The retrieved rainfall rates, together with infrared images, are used for the high-resolution rainfall products, which leads to much better agreement with rain gauge observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Synthesis of 7-Amino-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile Derivatives Based on the Reaction of 4-Chloro-5-lithio-6-methoxypyrimidines with 2-(Arylmethylidene)propanedinitriles, " by Kazuhiro Kobayashi and colleagues is presented.