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Why do states arm? And why do they, sometimes, do so together with other states? International relations and security studies scholars have long explored the causes that propel states to arm. However, the extant literature has yet to provide a coherent theoretical framework to explain arms production and collaboration. Drawing from work in eclectic theorizing, this article contributes a systematizing, integrative perspective. States arm, and sometimes arm together with other states, for a variety of reasons, often with very diverse theoretical roots and origins; frequently, causes mix, mingle, and intertwine. Two case studies serve as building blocks for our eclectic theory, illustrating and buttressing our framework. A study of Brazil's KC-390 military transport aircraft demonstrates the value of eclectic theorizing in explaining arms production. European (fragmented) collaboration to develop a sixth-generation fighter aircraft documents the benefits of applying an eclectic theory of arms collaboration augmented with a "domain of application" approach. That is, explanations rooted in particular theoretical traditions apply and play out strengths in specific domains, and may thus complement one another to generate comprehensive explanations. Among numerous other promising domain differentiations, we distinguish here between "high-end" and "low-end" arming. Our findings have important policy implications. If states' arming, alone or with others, is multicausal, then no single policy alone will suffice to channel, control, limit, or reduce the proliferation of weapons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of unintended compromising emissions from Video Display Units (VDUs) is an important topic in research communities. This paper examines the feasibility of recovering the information displayed on the monitor from reconstructed video frames. The study holds particular significance for our understanding of security vulnerabilities associated with the electromagnetic radiation of digital displays. Considering the amount of noise that reconstructed TEMPEST video frames have, the work in this paper focuses on two different approaches to de-noising images for efficient optical character recognition. First, an Adaptive Wiener Filter (AWF) with adaptive window size implemented in the spatial domain was tested, and then a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with an encoder–decoder structure that follows both classical auto-encoder model architecture and U-Net architecture (auto-encoder with skip connections). These two techniques resulted in an improvement of more than two times on the Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM) for AWF and up to four times for the SSIM for the Deep Learning (DL) approach. In addition, to validate the results, the possibility of text recovery from processed noisy frames was studied using a state-of-the-art Tesseract Optical Character Recognition (OCR) engine. The present work aims to bring to attention the security importance of this topic and the non-negligible character of VDU information leakages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information technology and communication (IT&C) market consists of computing and telecommunication technology systems, which also include a variety of audio devices. Preserving the confidentiality of transmitted information through these devices stands as a critical concern across various domains and businesses. Notably, spurious electromagnetic emanations emitted by audio devices can be captured and processed, potentially leading to eavesdropping incidents. The evaluation of electronic devices for potential security vulnerabilities often involves employing Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Emanation Standard (TEMPEST) technology. This paper introduces a novel approach to TEMPEST testing specifically tailored for audio devices. The outcomes of the proposed approach offer valuable insights into TEMPEST equipment testing, aiming to mitigate the potential risks posed by threats exploitable by eavesdroppers in everyday scenarios. The present work delves into the examination of two ubiquitous global electronic devices: a notebook and a pair of in-ear headphones. The symmetrical framework of this study arises from the intrinsic similarity that, despite belonging to distinct categories, both devices possess the capability to emit electromagnetic emissions that contain compromised audio signals. This assertion is substantiated by the measurement results presented herein. The proposed methodology involves the analysis of the audio amplitude modulation (AM) demodulated signal in the frequency domain. This innovative approach not only mitigates operator fatigue but also significantly reduces the testing time required for these devices and instrument running hours and leads to the development of new applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information technology equipment (ITE) processing sensitive information can have its security compromised by unintentional electromagnetic radiation. Appropriately assessing likelihood of a potential compromise relies on radio frequency (RF) engineering expertise—specifically, requiring knowledge of the associated causal factors and their interrelationships. Several factors that can cause unintentional electromagnetic emanations that can lead to the compromise of ITE have been found in the literature. This paper confirms the list of causal factors reported in previous work, categorizes the factors as belonging to threat, vulnerability, or impact, and develops an interpretive structural model of the vulnerability factors. A participatory modelling approach was used consisting of focus groups of RF engineers. The resulting hierarchical structural model shows the relationships between factors and illustrates their relative significance. The paper concludes that the resulting model can motivate a deeper understanding of the structural relationship of the factors that can be incorporated in the RF engineers' assessment process. Areas of future work are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the characteristics of spatial electromagnetic noise generators, as well as the formation of a broadband noise signal. A number of well-known methods for assessing the quality of masking noise interference and the approaches used in them have been described. Approaches to the measurement of masking noise were also determined in assessing their quality. In conclusion, additional methods are proposed for assessing the quality of masking noises, such as searching for correlation of noise in different frequency sub-bands and using statistical and (or) graphical methods (tests) for randomness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer electronic equipment will emit unintentional electromagnetic (EM) signals in the working state, especially liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors (desktop and laptop). The monitor emit unintentional EM signals across the Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum making it error-prone, time consuming, and difficult to find the relatively few emanations that obtain hidden information. In this paper, the characteristics of emitted signals which emanations by LCD monitor is verified by analyzing display mechanism, the EM emanations are received and reconstructed by the eavesdropping experiment. According to the principle of LCD, the study shows that refresh rate, horizontal frequency, and pixel frequency are confirmed as key factors to reconstruct image of LCD compromising emanations (CE). In addition, this study promotes the reconstitution quality of LCD CE based on wavelet transform spatial correlation filtering denoising method. Experimental results show that the method can effectively suppress noise and improve the reconstruction quality of weak leakage signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every electronic device that processes information becomes a source of spurious emissions. These emissions can be used in the process of electromagnetic eavesdropping, resulting in the possibility of obtaining information in a non-invasive manner. The graphic tracks of information systems are particularly sensitive sources of such emissions. This paper analyzes the levels of electromagnetic interference from two graphic standards: video grafics array (VGA) and digital video interface (DVI). The DVI standard, due to the assumptions made by the Digital Display Working Group, was to replace the analog VGA standard and increase the electromagnetic safety of transmitted graphic data. However, the reality and ongoing research did not confirm this. The DVI digital standard, as a source of spurious emissions, must be protected in the same way as the VGA standard. This paper analyzes the impact of the color method on levels of electromagnetic interference for the two considered graphic standards. The color method (the right color for the background and text) is one of the solutions that can counteract the process of electromagnetic eavesdropping. The proper selection of colors can limit the level of electromagnetic interference but only in the case of the VGA standard (change in the amplitude of the voltage of the electrical signal). The DVI standard, due to a different way of color coding (the value of voltage amplitude of the electrical signal is constant; the shape of the signal changes), does not show any relation between the choice of background colors and text or the level of generated electromagnetic interference. Very often, this interference has the characteristics of information being processed and becomes valuable in the process of electromagnetic infiltration. That is why, the analog VGA standard is still widely used in information systems, where the most important aspect is the protection of information against electromagnetic penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an information recovery process using a horizontal and vertical synchronization frequency detection algorithm, a multiple frame average technique, as well as an image skew correction process is presented. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed procedure are demonstrated using liquid crystal display monitors and a log-periodic dipole array antenna with software-defined radio equipment. In addition, it is shown that real-time video information recovery is possible from a distance of 10 m behind a concrete wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the compromising video emanations from a desktop computer with a liquid-crystal display (LCD). Near-field tests are performed in a common unshielded office environment to investigate the video information leakage, and the tests show that the video graphics adapter (VGA) connector is a leaking source. To illustrate the mechanism of the video leakage, a wire antenna model is developed according to the physical dimensions of the connector. The radiated fields of the connector are calculated in the time domain from this model, the results are verified by the tests. Combining the expressions of the radiated fields and the transfer function of the test probe, the function relationship between the original red/green/blue signal and the intercepted signal is established. Finally, a readable text is reconstructed from the intercepted signal when a Chinese document is displayed on the LCD. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Sasquatch pastoral attempts to define the parameters of why mythic accounts of wild-men are so common. As a concept, it is a critically useful way of understanding how Sasquatch, Bigfoot, the Yeti, and other cryptozoological accounts fulfill a deep-seated and seemingly universal desire to understand humanity's own mythic origins. Whether such accounts have any veracity or not, the Sasquatch pastoral provides a theoretical vocabulary for conceptualizing the archetypal attractions of such accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the emissions of a laser printer, which may process classified information, are investigated in the media of electromagnetic radiation (ER), Power Line Conductors (PLC), and Signal Line Conductors (SLC). First, the candidate frequency points of Compromising Emanations (CE) are examined in the frequency domain. Second, the emitted signal is AM-demodulated with the proper bandwidth, and then sampled by a high storage oscilloscope in these frequency points. Third, the collected data is converted to 2D image by applying signal and image processing techniques. In addition, this study introduces some practical measurement methods to reveal the possible CEs of laser printers. Finally, the procedure of the image reconstruction of CEs of the laser printer data is explained in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous airborne electromagnetic surveys have been acquired in Australia using a variety of systems. It is not uncommon to find two or more surveys covering the same ground, but acquired using different systems and at different times. Being able to combine overlapping datasets and get a spatially coherent resistivity-depth image of the ground can assist geological interpretation, particularly when more subtle geophysical responses are important. Combining resistivity-depth models obtained from the inversion of airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data can be challenging, given differences in system configuration, geometry, flying height and preservation or monitoring of system acquisition parameters such as waveform. In this study, we define and apply an approach to overlapping AEM surveys, acquired by fixed wing and helicopter time domain electromagnetic (EM) systems flown in the vicinity of the Goulds Dam uranium deposit in the Frome Embayment, South Australia, with the aim of mapping the basement geometry and the extent of the Billeroo palaeovalley. Ground EM soundings were used to standardise the AEM data, although results indicated that only data from the REPTEM system needed to be corrected to bring the two surveys into agreement and to achieve coherent spatial resistivity-depth intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that electromagnetic (EM) information leakage from modern laptops and desktops (with no peripherals attached) is indeed possible and is relatively easy to achieve. The experiments are performed on three laptop systems and one desktop system with different processors (Intel Centrino, Core 2, Core i7, and AMD Turion), and show that both active (program deliberately tries to cause emanations at a particular frequency) and passive (emanations at different frequencies happen as a result of system activity) EM side-channel attacks are possible on all the systems we tested. Furthermore, this paper shows that EM information leakage can reliably be received at distances that vary from tens of centimeters to several meters including the signals that have propagated through cubicle or structural walls. Finally, this paper shows how activity levels and data values used in accessing different parts of the memory subsystem (off-chip memory and each level of on-chip caches) affect the transmission distance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Electromagnetic intelligence and attacks pose unacceptable risks for the security and safety of critical networks and more specifically the power network. In this paper, it is pointed out how the use of the excess model allows one to extrapolate the very high level of spurious compromising emanations induced by an information system in realistic power network models. It is shown that the design of appropriate protections and risk management methodologies can be enhanced thanks to the extreme value statistics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT With the growth of high data rate speed cellular communication systems (UMTS, GSM, WiFi, Bluetooth), prediction of the electromagnetic propagation becomes a military strategic stake and an active subject of research. To give fast realistic predictions of the field strength and delay spread in wireless mobile communication networks, SILICOM developed the SLC software within the context of PEA GOLIATH project supported by DGA. This model is based on parallel three-dimensional raytracing combined with GO/UTD theory. This article describes our solution and shows its application to TEMPEST classification study of buildings. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:519-523, 2014 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has discussed the information leakage threat due to the radiated emission of information technology equipment (ITE). This paper focused on the theoretical estimation of the maximum receivable distance for the radiated emission causing the information leakage. The maximum receivable distance estimation formula was theoretically derived based on the reception capacity of a wideband receiver with a specific antenna, the limits of the electric field strength of the radiated emission of ITE regulated in CISPR 22 standard, and the attenuation by the distance in a free space for the radiated emission. In addition, the maximum receivable distance estimation in the considerable worst case was conducted by assuming some realistic parameters for a commercial high-performance wideband receiver and a commercial high-gain log-periodic antenna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The storm or tempest as an epic, stoic and emblematic image, appears repeatedly in Cómo ha de ser el privado [How the Minister Ought to Behave]. An analysis of this image can lead us to better understand the motivation of the main characters in the play, who are clear allegories of historical figures disguised in a way that is extremely obvious. We will view how the minister (Valisero / Olivares) slowly comes to control the internal storms of his being, eventually coming to represent what he had promised the king he would be, a selfless servant of the monarchy. Valisero can also foresee the political and religious storms that will batter the kingdom and find ways to avert them. While Valisero can observe and resist inner and outer storms, the king does not know how to react and depends on his minister to carry the ship of state to safe harbour. Through the study of the storm imagery this essay confirms previous assessments that Quevedo's play praises Olivares while it presents a less positive vision of Philip IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present results on research performed in the TEMPEST domain, which studies the electromagnetic disturbances generated unintentionally by electronic equipment as well as the methods to protect the information processed by this equipment against these electromagnetic phenomena. The highest vulnerability of information leakage is attributed to the display video signal from the TEMPEST domain perspective. Examples of far-range propagation on a power line of this type of disturbance will be illustrated for the first time. Thus, the examples will highlight the possibility of recovering processed information at distances of 1, 10 and 50 m. There are published articles studying electromagnetic disturbances generated by electronic equipment propagating on power cables of such equipment but no studies on their long-distance propagation. Our research aims to raise awareness in the scientific community and the general public of the existence of such vulnerabilities that can compromise confidential or sensitive information that can make the difference between success or failure in the business sector, for example, or can harm personal privacy, which is also important for us all. Countermeasures to reduce or even eliminate these threats will also be presented based on the analysis of the signal-to noise-ratio recorded during our research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TEMPEST is a new interactive simulation program for the estimation of the wastewater temperature in sewers. Intuitive graphical user interfaces assist the user in managing data, performing calculations and plotting results. The program calculates the dynamics and longitudinal spatial profiles of the wastewater temperature in sewer lines. Interactions between wastewater, sewer air and surrounding soil are modeled in TEMPEST by mass balance equations, rate expressions found in the literature and a new empirical model of the airflow in the sewer. TEMPEST was developed as a tool which can be applied in practice, i.e., it requires as few input data as possible. These data include the upstream wastewater discharge and temperature, geometric and hydraulic parameters of the sewer, material properties of the sewer pipe and surrounding soil, ambient conditions, and estimates of the capacity of openings for air exchange between sewer and environment. Based on a case study it is shown how TEMPEST can be applied to estimate the decrease of the downstream wastewater temperature caused by heat recovery from the sewer. Because the efficiency of nitrification strongly depends on the wastewater temperature, this application is of practical relevance for situations in which the sewer ends at a nitrifying wastewater treatment plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Stress-induced cardiomyopathy and ischemic cardiopathy have been described after natural disasters such as earthquakes. Objectives of the study: Count stress-induced cardiomyopathies and ischemic cardiopathies just after Xynthia tempest which damaged the Vendean coast on February2010, in order to study epidemiology. Patients and method: Included patients were living in a tempest damaged village, and admitted in Vendee hospital jut after or in the week following the tempest, and presenting a suspected acute coronary syndrome or stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Results: Among 3350 inhabitants of the two damaged Vendean towns, we count three acute coronary syndromes, two Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathies, and one coronary spasm. We count five women and one man, average age is 76. Conclusion: The diagnosis of ischemic cardiopathy and stress-induced cardiomyopathy is over-represented in this tempest damaged population, that have been little described. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Se presenta un resumen para el artículo "Vientos contrarios: tempestades de pasión y poder en Cómo ha de ser el privado" de Frederick de Armas.