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Using the 2018 CHARLS data, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of income on the depression level of elderly people. Research has found that as income increases, the level of depression among the elderly significantly decreases, thereby improving their mental health level. The multiple ⁃ threshold regression estimation results indicate that income has a dual threshold effect on the depression level in elderly people. The effect of income is non⁃linear, and as the income level increases, the positive impact of income on the mental health of the elderly decreases. Further research shows that urban and male elderly people have higher income thresholds, while rural and male elderly people exhibit more complex non⁃linear changes. Finally, this paper suggests improving the security level for the elderly and sharing the fruits of economic and social development; developing human resources for the young elderly and ensuring their re⁃employment; encouraging elderly people to participate in social activities and providing non⁃cash social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has made remarkable achievements in reducing carbon emissions in recent years. However, there is still much reduction room before achieving carbon neutrality. In Beijing, the capital of China, it is a strategic choice to respond to global climate change by promoting green and low-carbon development. This paper calculates the carbon dioxide emissions of key industries in Beijing and analyzes the temporal evolution trend of carbon emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions in Beijing before 2030 are predicted based on the grey prediction GM (1,1) and BP neural network model. The effects of factors of carbon dioxide emissions are discussed using the threshold regression model under different economic conditions. The results show that energy consumption intensity, GDP per capita, and the ownership of civil cars have a positive impact on carbon dioxide emissions, while the number of permanent residents and urban green space areas have a negative impact on carbon dioxide emissions. These findings of carbon emission prediction and influencing factors contribute to carbon reduction path design. Related policy implications on carbon emission reduction are put forward from the aspects of promoting industrial upgrading, accelerating the construction of advanced economic structures, optimizing transportation structures, and strengthening green building development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite mass mortality, hard clams remain among the main cultured shellfish in Taiwan. Using cross-sectional data, this study applies threshold regression modeling with stocking density and feed costs as the threshold variables to explore the nonlinear relationship between input and output factors. The findings show that the production output levels may be increased by different combinations of factor inputs and variations in input factors. More specifically, the higher output levels may be achieved by increasing labor input while reducing capital input factors in farming households with a higher stocking density (HSD > 1,087,870 inds/ha) or higher feed cost (HFC > 13,889 NTD/ha). Farming households with a lower stocking density (LSD ≤ 1,087,870 inds/ha) may enhance production output levels by increasing feed input while reducing capital inputs. Moreover, the maximum output level of HSD and HFC farming households was estimated to reach 9255 kg/ha and 9807 kg/ha, respectively. Results of the production output simulation suggest that the feeding cost per hectare in LSD households should not exceed 25,119 NTD to avoid overfeeding, which may cause culture deterioration and lower survival rates. As such, farmers are advised to adjust their feed costs according to the stocking density to maximize production output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While numerous studies have demonstrated the effects of density and diversity on metro ridership, few studies have explored the long-term mechanisms of these effects. Employing smartcard data and multisource big data from Wuhan between 2015 and 2019, this study applied the panel threshold model to explore the long-term threshold effects of station area density and diversity on metro station-to-station ridership. The results indicated that only when development intensity and land use mix exceeded the threshold values would there be significant positive impacts on ridership at the origins and destinations, and the ridership benefits were significantly reduced when the origin intensity exceeded 1.622 or when the mix exceeded 0.635. Additionally, population density, POI mixture, bus stops and parking lots, station, and network attributes had long-term significant impacts on metro ridership. These findings can contribute to implementing differentiated land development patterns and promoting the sustainable development of TOD strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rased on the survey data of 1 061 households in Hubei Province, this paper analyzes the impact of labor migration and village identity on farmers' participation in rural living environment improvement programs by constructing a binary logit model and a threshold regression model. The results show that; (J) Labor migration has a significant impact on farmers' participation, while the effect of village identity is significantly positive. (2) For farmers with different levels of village identity, labor migration has different effects on their participation. As the village identity becomes strong, the positive effects of labor migration on farmers' participation can be improved. In particular, when the degree of village identity exceeds the threshold value, the impact of labor migration on farmers' participation will change from negative to positive. (3) Considering the possible endogenous problems and using the length of residence as a tool variable to estimate IV Probit, the impact of labor migration and village identity on farmers' participation is robust. This paper reveals that labor migration as the link of capital elements flowing into the countryside does not cause the decline of the countryside, but creates the endowment conditions for farmers to participate in public affairs. And only by triggering the village identity can labor migration achieve its positive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of unemployment has special importance because of its economic and social dimensions. That also has become a chronic economic problems for Turkey's economy and continuing the fight against unemployment for special measures to be taken, it reveals the importance of the unemployment problem for Turkey's economy. In this study, the macroeconomic determinants of unemployment in Turkey has tried to be analyzed for 2005.1- 2018.11 period. In the study, the determinants of the number of unemployed were analyzed by using the ARDL model as well as DOLS, FMOLS and Threshold regression models. According to the findings of the ARDL model, industrial production affets negatively the number of unemployed people in line with expectations, and the CPI and interest rate affects positively. The real effective exchange rate affects the number of unemployed positively, but its coefficient is statistically insignificant. FMOLS, DOLS and Threshold Regression models have also similar results with the ARDL model for Turkish Economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies a threshold regression model and considers three tourism specialization indices as the threshold variables in order to explore the nonlinear relation among tourism growth, economic growth, and other macroeconomic variables for a cross-sectional data set of 84 countries. Our empirical results show strong evidence of a nonlinear relation between tourism growth and economic growth, suggesting that it is not continuous and constant. The results do not support the view that one size fits all, and therefore countries with different conditions of tourism development experience various impacts on the tourism–growth nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the coupling relationship between the carbon market and power market and constructed a threshold regression model of carbon cost pass-through to electricity prices. Furthermore, a system dynamics model was built based on "electricity-carbon" market. The results show that first, the carbon market and power market operate independently but are interrelated. The two markets will work when Chinese emission allowances and carbon prices are effectively connected with carbon emissions and electricity prices. Second, because the electricity price formation mechanism is mainly regulated by China's government, the carbon price has a significant negative effect on the electricity price since the operation of the national carbon trading system. There is no obvious linkage effect between the CO 2 cost and electricity price. Third, under the current policies and market mechanism, the carbon price will experience the process of "remain low-rapid rise-remain high". The carbon price will drive the on-grid price and sales price up. The allowance auction mechanism and carbon cost direct pass-through can effectively reflect CO 2 cost in the electricity price. In the long term, introducing auctioning in the carbon market and reforming electricity price formation in the power sector will tap the emission reduction potential. [Display omitted] • Design of coupling relationship between China's electricity market and national ETS. • Measure the carbon cost pass-through rates in electricity market. • Build the system dynamics model of national ETS and electricity market. • Explore the factors that affect the effectiveness of CO 2 cost pass-through. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between agricultural production factor prices and production performance has long been a topic of academic discussion. However, current research has paid relatively little attention to the problem of scale efficiency losses in agricultural production caused by deviations in farmland prices. In order to explore the development direction needed to improve China's agricultural competitiveness, we analyzed the deviation mechanism of farmland prices in China and the loss of scale efficiency of agricultural production due to high farmland prices, starting from the perspective of farmland price deviation. Accordingly, based on 1188 micro-farm household survey samples, a threshold regression model was used to provide empirical support for our theoretical analysis in two dimensions: full samples and differentiation of farmland use types. The empirical results show that the problem of high farmland prices prevails throughout China, with the mean farmland price deviation (abbreviated as DEV) in Chinese provinces reaching 1.42, and it is especially high in Shandong (1.88), Henan (1.67), and Heilongjiang (1.59). The deviation is mainly caused by China's special resource endowment and farming culture. At the same time, the current scale efficiency of agricultural production in Chinese provinces is inadequate, with a mean value of only 0.70, and approximately 65% of farmers' actual input size is significantly lower than the optimal input size. The threshold effect test shows that the effect of farmland cost increase on agricultural production scale efficiency exhibits a structural shift from promoting to inhibiting as the degree of farmland price changes from low to high. In particular, in the scenario of overpriced farmland (DEV ≥ 1.16), farmland cost increase inhibits the growth of China's agricultural production scale efficiency. In addition, there is heterogeneity across farmland uses, with grain crops being more likely to be scale-efficient (0.74) than nongrain crops (0.62). The threshold regression results between the grain and nongrain groups further reveal that in the high farmland price scenario, grain crops are more severely inhibited by the rising cost of farmland than nongrain crops. Ultimately, we propose an optimal solution to improve the performance of agricultural production in China in two dimensions: reducing farmland cost and promoting service scale operation. [Display omitted] • The reality of high farmland prices exists in China. • The current scale efficiency of agricultural production in China is still insufficient. • Structural changes emerge in the impact of rising farmland cost on scale efficiency due to farmland price deviation. • Farmland with grain crops is more severely affected by higher farmland prices than nongrain crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rather than attempting to balance the environment with the economy (i.e., a zero-sum game), a theoretically better long-term approach would be to achieve harmonious development in which both the environment and the economy benefit. To provide insights into this suggestion, we analyzed the relationships between environmental quality and economic development in China through a threshold regression model based on panel data from 292 cities from 2007 to 2018. We found that the relationship between environmental quality and economic development represented a negative interaction before or after the relationship passed through a zone of temporary balance, but that attaining a high urbanization level (in this case study, 81.0%) could improve the efficiency and capital utilization rate of environmental governance and change the impact from negative to positive, thereby achieving harmonious development rather than a zero-sum game. The government should therefore take measures to increase urbanization so as to achieve more harmonious development of the environment and economy (i.e., a win–win situation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the transport energy consumption of 30 provinces in China from 1997 to 2011. By applying the STIRPAT model, the relationship between urbanization and transport energy consumption using control variables such as population, GDP per capita and the proportion of tertiary industry in GDP is investigated. Considering the disparities of income, the impacts of urbanization on transport energy consumption might be distinct. Therefore, this paper estimates the income threshold value and analyzes the effects of urbanization on transport energy consumption in the light of income differential using the panel threshold regression model. Based on the results, some policy suggestions are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper considers the possibility of both a linear effect and nonlinear effect of energy consumption on economic growth, using data for the period 1955–2003 in Taiwan. We find evidence of a level-dependent effect between the two variables. Allowing for a nonlinear effect of energy consumption growth sheds new light on the explanation of the characteristics of the energy-growth link. We also provide evidence that the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Taiwan is characterized by an inverse U-shape. Some previous studies support the view that energy consumption may promote economic growth. However, the conclusion drawn from the empirical findings suggests that such a relationship exists only where there is a low level of energy consumption in Taiwan. We show that a threshold regression provides a better empirical model than the standard linear model and that policy-makers should seek to capture economic structures associated with different stages of economic growth. It is also worth noting that the energy consumption threshold was reached in the case of Taiwan in the world energy crises periods of 1979 and 1982. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To gain better insight into the debate concerning the relationship between defence expenditure and economic growth, this paper empirically applies Hansen's (1996) threshold regression model to examine the threshold effect between the two variables. Allowing defence expenditure to have a non-linear effect sheds considerable new light on the characteristics of the defence-growth link. The single subject, Taiwan, is tested using both a neoclassical one-sector aggregate production function model and Feder's (1982) two-sector production function model over the 1960 to 2002 period. The empirical analysis indicates that the threshold effect strongly exists in 1973 and 1982 coinciding with the occurrence of two energy crises, and the non-linear relationship is solidly supported with both models. While positive externalities seem to prevail for moderate levels of defence spending, the positive effect of defence expenditure on economic growth disappears when the level is relatively large. Thus, only when defence expenditure is small, does the Benoit hypothesis hold. It is demonstrated that a threshold regression provides a far superior empirical model than the standard linear model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Armey curve developed by [Armey, R. (1995). The freedom revolution. Washington, DC: Rognery Publishing Co.] and [Vedder, R. K., & Gallaway, L. E. (1998). Government size and economic growth. Joint Economic Committee] demonstrates that there is a non-linear relationship between government size and economic growth. In order to search for the threshold effects, this paper employs [Hansen, B. E. (2000). Sample splitting and threshold estimation. Econometrica, 68(3), 575–603] threshold regression model to test whether the Armey curve exists in Taiwan, allowing for endogenous government size thresholds. We apply the two-sector production function developed by [Ram, R. (1986). Government size and economic growth: A new framework and some evidence from cross-section and time-series data. American Economic Review, 76(1), 191–203] to construct the threshold regression model. Three classifications of government size are tested in sequence as threshold variables. The result indicates that all three classifications of government size have a threshold effect and that a non-linear relationship of the Armey curve exists in Taiwan. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As the largest CO 2 emitter in the world, China plays a crucial role in global CO 2 emission reduction. Meanwhile, as the largest developing country, China gives top priority to economic development, especially balanced regional development. In order to narrow regional development inequality, China has formulated some economic zone plannings to weaken market segmentation. However, existing studies pay little attention to the impacts of intra-national trade barrier on CO 2 emissions within China. This is the first study to investigate the impact of market segmentation on urban CO 2 emissions in China, taking the Yangtze River Delta region as a sample that is the most developed region with a high economic integration in China. Using a city-level panel data set during the period of 1995–2014 and the fixed effect model, we verify the nonlinear relationship between market segmentation and urban CO 2 emissions measured by three indicators, i.e., total CO 2 emissions, per capita CO 2 emissions and CO 2 emissions per unit of GDP. We also use the generalized method of moments (GMM) to control the endogeneity problem, and further adopt the threshold regression model to check the robustness of the baseline results. The results show that there is a U-shaped curve relationship between market segmentation and urban CO 2 emissions. A low level of market segmentation restrains CO 2 emissions, while a high level of market segmentation promotes CO 2 emissions. This finding is helpful to understand CO 2 emission trends and narrow regional economic inequality accompanied with the implementation of China's economic zone plannings. • We investigate the impact of market segmentation on urban CO 2 emissions in China. • We use a city-level panel data set in the Yangtze River Delta region over 1995–2014. • We use fixed effect model, generalized method of moments and threshold regression model. • There is a U-shaped curve relationship between market segmentation and CO 2 emissions. • Technique and composition effects are dominant when market segmentation level is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]