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The demand for eco-products due to the exigency of friendly and environmental production could affect the employment of the firms. This paper tests whether product and process eco-innovations boost employment in Spain differentiating by the environmental goals (material and energy efficiency and environment responsiveness), by the level of qualification of the workers, and by the dirtiness of the industries. We apply a Green Harrison model, using the Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) for Spain from 2008 to 2016. Results show a positive relationship between all types of product eco-innovations and employment, while the influence of process eco-innovations on employment depends on the environmental goals, the level of skills, and the industry. Specifically, distinguishing by industry there is a labour-saving effect in clean industries and a labour-friendly effect for low-skilled employment in dirty industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The springboard theory for multinational enterprises and the upward spiral model address the expansion of emerging countries' multinational enterprises (MNEs) abroad as a set of resource-building stages. This paper aims to analyze this model by qualifying knowledge flows in three domains: learning effects, transfer flows and global connections. Design/methodology/approach: The authors use 2018 data from the ORBIS database to identify evidence concerning the springboard MNE (SMNE) phenomenon. The authors select MNE firms from 93 emerging economies with presence in 71 developed and 93 developing countries. In addition, the authors differentiate between the levels of technological intensity of emerging market MNEs' sectors. Findings: The results highlight the existence of learning processes taking place in subsidiaries and feeding back into parent firms, as well as the existence of capability transfer from home to host units. Originality/value: The main contribution is the addition of empirical evidence on the SMNE and specifically the upward spiral model, considering the micro-level and the productivity differences between parent firm and subsidiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panel data methodology is one of the most popular tools for quantitative analysis in the field of social sciences, particularly on topics related to economics and business. This technique allows simultaneously addressing individual effects, numerous periods, and in turn, the endogeneity of the model or independent regressors. Despite these advantages, there are several methodological and practical limitations to perform estimations using this tool. There are two types of models that can be estimated with Panel data: Static and Dynamic, the former is the most developed while dynamic models still have some theoretical and practical constraints. This paper focuses precisely on the latter, Dynamic panel data, using an approach that combines theory and praxis, and paying special attention on its applicability on macroeonomic data, specially datasets with a long period of time and a small number of individuals, also called long panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to assess a potential dual role of public expenditures in R&D upon economic growth and employment, using these dimensions as partial representations of the socioeconomic state of affairs in European Union’s Member States. First, we look into direct, short-term impacts arising from R&D expenditures, much in the sense of a multiplier effect. Second, we analyse impacts from the stage of development of National Innovation Systems (NIS) upon the macroeconomic conditions of interest, assuming that current stages of development are products of previous commitment to innovation, that is, a structural, long-term outcome of innovation-oriented investments. In order to empirically test our propositions, we have analysed 28 EU Member States (1990–2013) through three sets of econometric (static and dynamic panel data) models. Results highlight that EU countries’ governmental commitment to their respective innovation systems catalyses current and prospective economic growth and employment levels, suggesting a complementarity between Neo-Schumpeterian and Neo-Keynesian perceptions over governmental R&D involvement. This can bring innovation efforts closer to the macroeconomic debate on monetary and fiscal policies and function as a criticism to austerity measures, as this may not only affect the present socioeconomic situation, but also generate the cornerstone for a perennial state of divergence among EU Member States. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The literature about the drivers of eco-innovation has pointed out the importance of internationalization processes. This study explores the relationship between two international strategies -Exports and Outward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)- over eco-innovations differentiating by type of innovation (product and process) and the degree of novelty (radical and incremental). We use a sample of Spanish Manufacturing firms, applying GMM estimations in the period 2008–2016. Results show different effects of learning by internationalization depending on the mode of internationalization and the type of eco-innovation. Specifically, effects of outward FDI for the different types of eco-innovations are lower and take longer to materialize in eco-innovations than exports effects. • There is a process of learning by internationalization that boost eco-innovations. • Exports have more effects on eco-innovations distinguishing by degree of novelty. • Effects of learning by FDI take longer to affect eco-innovations than by exports. • Time is relevant to analyze the link of Internationalization and Eco-innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a formal and empirical framework that links the technological capacity of a country, reflected in its National System of Innovation, with the financial constraints it faces. The paper is divided into two sections. The first one introduces a stochastic growth model based on the relative level of technological development of countries, which determines their productivity and capacity to finance innovation activities. The second section describes the empirical conditioning observed in the innovation outputs of countries determined by their financial constraints and time period relative to the economic crisis of 2008. We classify a panel sample of European Union countries according to their technological development level and find that financial stability constraints negatively affect the less developed ones, a relationship that weakens as their innovation capacity increases. We also observe that financial stability becomes significant among technologically developed countries when reacting to the exogenous shock triggered by the crisis, while laggards remain constrained through the entire 2000-2018 sample period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A process of dialogue often precedes the design of science, technology, and innovation (STI) policies. The scope of the process and the variety of targets and actors involved are key factors helpful in the characterization of dialogues. This paper explores specificity and pervasiveness as distinguishing analytical attributes of dialogues in the field of STI. This point is illustrated through a case study of two dialogues that have taken place over the last decade in Spain using diverse sources of indirect information. One responds to a top-down approach in policy building; the result has been a multi-year regional R&D plan. While the geographical scope is here reduced, the pervasiveness of the topic prevails. The second dialogue has its roots in a large Spanish firm playing as promoter; a clear case of bottom-up dialogue. The target was the reinforcement of university/industry relationships, ultimately ending in new labour regulation. Specificity has been a defining attribute of this dialogue, although the expansive result affects the national space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]