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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality in the U.S. accounting for 1 in 4 deaths each year. Environmental factors, such as neighborhood safety, may increase the risk of CVD. Therefore, the current study assessed perceived neighborhood safety and its association with CVD risk factors (i.e. dyslipidemia, hypertension, type II diabetes) among 663 adults (mean age: 49.97 years, 61.24% female, 78.28% White). Participants completed self-report measures as part of a larger study of environmental influences on cardiac health. Results indicated that individuals reporting low perceived neighborhood safety had greater odds of having at least one CVD risk factor (OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.46, 5.22) compared to those with high perceived safety. There was a significant interaction between gender and the presence of at least one CVD risk factor in relation to perceived neighborhood safety. Low perceived neighborhood safety was associated with greater odds of having at least one CVD risk factor among males (OR = 5.48, 95% C.I: 1.82, 16.52) but not females. These findings suggest that low perceived safety is associated with CVD risk factors, especially among males. Future work should seek to better understand the interaction by gender in the relationship between perceived safety and CVD risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diacylglycerol kinase δ (DGKδ) phosphorylates diacylglycerol to produce phosphatidic acid. Previously, we demonstrated that down‐regulation of DGKδ suppresses the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. However, the myogenic roles of DGKδ in vivo remain unclear. In the present study, we generated DGKδ‐conditional knockout mice under the control of the myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) gene promoter, which regulates myogenesis and brown adipogenesis. The knockout mice showed a significant body weight reduction and apparent mass decrease in skeletal muscle, including the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Moreover, the thickness of a portion of the myofibers was reduced in DGKδ‐deficient TA muscles. However, DGKδ deficiency did not substantially affect brown adipogenesis, suggesting that Myf5‐driven DGKδ deficiency mainly affects muscle development. Notably, skeletal muscle injury induced by a cardiotoxin highly up‐regulated DGKδ protein expression, and the DGKδ deficiency significantly reduced the thickness of myofibers, the expression levels of myogenic differentiation markers such as embryonic myosin heavy chain and myogenin, and the number of newly formed myofibers containing multiple central nuclei during muscle regeneration. DGKδ was strongly expressed in myogenin‐positive satellite cells around the injured myofibers and centronucleated myofibers. These results indicate that DGKδ has important roles in muscle regeneration in activated satellite cells. Moreover, the conditional knockout mice fed with a high‐fat diet showed increased fat mass and glucose intolerance. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DGKδ plays crucial roles in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes adversely affects male reproduction and closely associated with male infertility. The present study designed to assess the synergistic effects of Camel milk and Hibiscus rosa sinensis on the reproduction of type II diabetic Wistar rats over one month. Rats were divided into seven groups: control (Group I) and diabetic control (Group II). Group III received 125 mg/kg/day H. rosa sinensis, whereas Group IV received 50 ml/rat/day Camel milk. Groups V-VII were treated synergistically with varying H. rosa sinensis and Camel milk dosages. Group II showed persistent hyperglycemic state, gradually decreasing in treatment groups (III-IV) and synergistic groups (V-VII). The pancreas of Group II rats was damaged, including acinar cell necrosis and vacuolation. These damages were significantly improved in treatment groups (III-IV) and synergistic groups (V-VII). Group II male rats exhibited significant damage to their seminiferous tubules, including a decrease in diameter, and loss of spermatozoa. Seminiferous tubule structures were significantly improved in treatment groups III & IV. The 1st synergistic group (V) demonstrated greater recovery of altered seminiferous tubule structures than the 2nd and 3rd synergistic groups (VI and VII). Sperm analysis revealed that Group II animals had significantly reduced sperm count, motility, and viability, whereas treatment groups III-IV had better sperm characteristics. The synergistic group (V) had a greater sperm count, motility, and viability than syner gistic groups (VI and VII). The present study showed synergistic benefits of H. rosa sinensis and Camel milk in treating and reproducing type II diabetic rats at very low doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the efficacy of liraglutide as an adjunct therapy in regulating metabolic disorders in obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Methods This prospective study selected 116 patients diagnosed with newly onset type 2 diabetes and obesity due to metabolic disorders from April 2022 to April 2023. Patients were divided into four groups based on their medication regimen: Metformin-1 group, Metformin-2 group, Empagliflozin-1 group, and Empagliflozin-2 group. The Metformin-1 and Empagliflozin-1 groups received monotherapy with Metformin and Empagliflozin, respectively, while the Metformin-2 and Empagliflozin-2 groups received liraglutide in addition to their respective monotherapies over a 12-week treatment period. Changes in obesity indices [(body mass index(BMI), waist circumference], glucose metabolism indices [fasting plasma glucose(FPG), 2-hour postprandial glucose(2 hPG), glycated hemoglobin(HbA1C)], lipid metabolism indices [high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG)], insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR), pancreatic β-cell function index(HOMA-β), total adiponectin(tAPN), irisin, and serum secreted frizzled-related protein 5(SFRP5) were observed. Adverse reactions were also recorded during treatment.Results At baseline(T0), there were no significant differences among the four groups regarding obesity indices, glucose metabolism indices, lipid metabolism indices, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, tAPN, irisin, and SFRP5(P＞0.05). Similarly, comparisons between Metformin-1 and Empagliflozin-1 groups at T1 showed no significant differences(P＞0.05). However, the improvements in T1 for obesity, glucose, and lipid metabolism indices, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, tAPN, irisin, and SFRP5 were significantly more pronounced in the Metformin-2 and Empagliflozin-2 groups compared to their respective monotherapy groups(P＜0.05). The overall incidence of adverse reactions, including headache, dizziness, gastrointestinal reactions, urinary infections, and hypoglycemia, did not differ significantly among the groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion For obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, early health education and treatment with Metformin or Empagliflozin are effective. The addition of liraglutide as an adjunct therapy significantly enhances metabolic improvement and weight control without increasing adverse reactions, suggesting that liraglutide is a valuable adjunct treatment for metabolic disorders in these patients and can be promoted for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Metformin (Met), an oral drug used to treat type II diabetes, is known to control blood glucose levels. Metformin carbon quantum dots (MetCQDs) were prepared to enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of metformin. Several studies have shown that carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attractive properties like small particle size, high penetrability, low cytotoxicity, and ease of synthesis. CQDs are made from a carbon source, namely, citric acid, and a heteroatom, such as nitrogen. The active molecule can be a carbon source or a heteroatom, as reported here. Methods: This study aims to produce MetCQDs from an active molecule. MetCQDs were successfully produced by microwave-based production methods and characterized. The effect of the MetCQDs was tested in Wistar albino rats following a Streptozocin-induced diabetic model. Results: The results show that the products have a particle size of 9.02 ± 0.04 nm, a zeta potential of −10.4 ± 0.214 mV, and a quantum yield of 15.1 ± 0.045%. Stability studies and spectrophotometric analyses were carried out and the effectiveness of MetCQDs evaluated in diabetic rats. The results show a significant reduction in blood sugar levels (34.1–51.1%) compared to the group receiving only metformin (37.1–55.3%) over a period of 30 to 360 min. Histopathological examinations of the liver tissue indicate improvement in the liver health indicators of the group treated with MetCQDs. Conclusions: Based on these results, the products have potential therapeutic advantages in diabetes management through their increased efficacy and may have reduced side effects compared to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) was extracted and purified from raw material obtained from P. sibiricum. The structural features of PSP were investigated by Congo red, circular dichroism spectrum, high‐performance gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. In vitro simulations were conducted to investigate the kinetics of PSP enzyme inhibition. Moreover, a type II diabetes mouse model (T2DM) with streptozotocin‐induced insulin resistance was established, and the indexes of lipid quadruple, insulin resistance index, oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), organ index, and pancreatic morphology of model mice were measured. The results showed that PSP mainly consists of monosaccharides, such as mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. It also has a β‐glycosidic bond of a pyranose ring and an irregular reticulated aggregated structure with a triple helix. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays revealed that PSP acts as a reversible competitive inhibitor of α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase. Furthermore, PSP was found to reduce insulin resistance index, increase OGTT and serum insulin levels, decrease free fatty acid content to improve lipid metabolism, and lower glycated serum protein content to enhance glucose metabolism in T2DM mice, thereby leading to a reduction in blood glucose concentration. Additionally, PSP exhibited reparative effects on the damaged liver tissue cells and pancreatic tissue in T2DM mice. The experiment results provide a preliminary basis for the therapeutic mechanism of PSP about type II diabetes and a theoretical reference for application in food and pharmaceutical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To test the glycemic susceptibility in three urological cancers and eight urological/reproductive diseases using the Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Materials and methods: Two-sample MR was applied to investigate the causal role of three glycemic traits (type II diabetes, fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)) in eleven urological/reproductive diseases (kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, kidney/ureter stone, urinary incontinence, benign prostatic hyperplasia, erectile dysfunction, female infertility, male infertility, abnormal spermatozoa and polycystic ovary syndrome). Further multivariate MR (MVMR) and mediating analysis were performed to investigate the associations. Results: Among all the 11 diseases, type II diabetes was positively associated with erectile dysfunction, which was stable across both cohorts [odds ratio (OR): 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–2.20, P = 0.005 for FinnGen Biobank and OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08–1.21, P < 0.001 for the other cohort]. Also, type II diabetes was negatively associated with male infertility (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.39–0.84, P = 0.005). In addition, all three glycemic traits were observed to be positively associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (OR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.16–4.76, P = 0.017 for fasting glucose per mmol/L; OR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.10–8.39, P = 0.032 for HbA1c per percentage; and OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.00-1.46, P = 0.046 for type II diabetes). Mediating analysis confirmed the effect of type II diabetes on these diseases. Conclusions: There existed glycemic susceptibility in erectile dysfunction, male infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome. We could not conclude stable glycemic susceptibility in other urological/reproductive diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to measure sequential rates of obesity, gestational diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, and anxiety, depression, and antidepressant treatment in pregnant women in Australia between 2008 and 2022. Materials and Methods: BMI ≥ 30 (obesity), BMI ≥ 35 (severe obesity/obesity class II and III), gestational diabetes, Type II diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, clinical diagnoses of anxiety and depression, antidepressant treatment. Results: Women taking antidepressants in pregnancy were substantially more vulnerable to obesity (BMI ≥ 30) with rates of 43.59% vs 26.00%. Women taking antidepressants in pregnancy also had higher rates of severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35) at 25.63% vs 12.98%. A small minority of these women were also nearly 6 times more likely to drink alcohol in pregnancy (2.7% vs 0.47%) and to use other drugs in pregnancy such as amphetamines (0.35% vs 0.07%) and cannabis (3.4% vs 0.73%). When compared with peers matched for diagnoses of depression and anxiety, women taking antidepressants were still more likely to be obese (25.63% vs 20.17%) though this difference was not so marked. Rates of obesity have increased in the cohort studied from 26.86% to 31.27%; of gestational diabetes from 3.98% to 21.77%; of polycystic ovary syndrome from 1.47% to 5.47%; of anxiety from 1.11% to 5.77%; of depression from 2.17% to 4.31%, and antidepressant treatment from 1.45% to 2.16%. Conclusions: Obesity, gestational diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome rates have substantially increased between 2008 and 2022 in Australia. Rates of anxiety in pregnant women have increased substantially over this period, as have rates of depression. Women living with depression and anxiety in pregnancy are increasing to suffer obesity and related metabolic conditions. Antidepressant treatment may also increase these women's vulnerability to obesity and severe obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: With the in-depth research of hydrogel materials, the applicable fields of hydrogel have been gradually broadened, and carrying stem cells for disease treatment has become a new direction of research, but how to construct a hydrogel suitable for stem cell growth is the key problem that needs to be solved at present. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the physicochemical properties of chitosan-chitosan biguanide hydrochloride-collagen composite hydrogels and to evaluate their ability to load mouse umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: The hydrogels were prepared by physically cross-linking chitosan, chitosan biguanide hydrochloride and collagen with the cross-linking agents β-glycerophosphate sodium and sodium bicarbonate, and the suitable hydrogels were screened according to the gel formation time and gel formation effect (noted as Gel-1, Gel-2 and Gel-3 in this way). Morphology, porosity, swelling properties, and degradability of the three groups of hydrogels were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Hemolysis experiments were performed to examine the hemolysis of the three groups of hydrogels. The mouse umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with the hydrogel with the best comprehensive performance of characterization. The cytotoxicity, cell survival and adhesion effect of the composite hydrogel were determined to evaluate the performance of this hydrogel loaded with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscopy characterization results showed that all three groups had porous mesh structures inside, and the internal structure of Gel-2 and Gel-3 with the addition of chitosan biguanide hydrochloride was more porous and three-dimensional. (2) The hydrogel porosity of the Gel-3 group was higher than the remaining two groups, with high porosity and uniform pore size distribution. (3) The swelling performance of all three groups of hydrogels was above 100%, and the swelling performance of hydrogels with chitosan biguanide hydrochloride component was better. (4) The degradation rate of the three groups of hydrogels could be degraded by more than 90% in a time scale of 15 days, with good degradation performance. (5) The results of the hemolytic properties showed that the absorbance values measured by each group of hydrogels carrying chicken erythrocytes were basically the same as those of saline carrying chicken erythrocytes, and no hemolysis occurred. (6) The toxicity experiment and living and dead cell staining showed that the survival rate of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in each group of hydrogels was above 100%, indicating that there was no obvious cytotoxicity. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells could survive under the hydrogel package and the hydrogels had a positive effect on the survival rate of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. (7) The cells in the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell adhesion assay can survive under the hydrogel package and can adhere to the surface of the hydrogel with normal morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder often linked to metabolic syndrome (MS), raising the risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Certain indicators, such as the lipid accumulation product (LAP) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), can predict MS in PCOS patients. This study aimed to assess the predictive power of the visceral adiposity index (VAI) in comparison to LAP and HOMA-IR as predictors of MS in PCOS patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, data from 317 diagnosed PCOS women were analyzed. VAI, LAP, and HOMA-IR were computed as indexes. Participants were categorized into two groups for index accuracy comparison: PCOS patients with and without MS. The data were assessed using a ROC curve. Results: Among PCOS women with MS, 92.3% had abnormal VAI results, 94.5% had abnormal LAP results, and only 50.5% had abnormal HOMA-IR results. Conversely, the majority of PCOS women without MS had normal HOMA-IR (64.6%). When comparing these indexes using the ROC curve, VAI displayed the highest accuracy, followed by LAP and HOMA-IR. Conclusion: The VAI index proved to be a superior predictor of metabolic MS in PCOS women when compared to other indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeginetia indica L., a parasitic root in the Orobanchaceae family, is used as a food colorant in traditional Thai desserts. However, scant information is available on its food applications as well as medicinal properties, while overharvesting by the local people has severely depleted wild plant populations. This research, thus, aimed to extract optimized total phenolic content (TPC) in varying extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box–Behnken design (BBD). Results indicated that an extraction temperature of 90 °C, 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, and 0.5% (w/v) solid-to-liquid ratio yielded the highest TPC at 129.39 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW). Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) identified the predominant phenolics as apigenin (109.06 mg/100 g extract) and luteolin (35.32 mg/100 g extract) with trace amounts of naringenin and rutin. Under the optimal extraction condition, the plant extract exhibited antioxidant activities of 5620.58 and 641.52 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g DW determined by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, while the scavenging capacity of total radicals at 50% (SC50) was determined to be 135.50 µg/mL using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The plant extract also exhibited inhibitory activities against the key enzymes relevant to type II diabetes, obesity, and Alzheimer's disease, suggesting the potential for medicinal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the expanding repertoire of treatment devices that use radiation, the possibility of exposure to both low-dose and high-dose radiation continues to increase. Skin is the outermost part of the body and thus directly exposed to radiation-induced damage. In particular, the skin of diabetes patients is fragile and easily damaged by external stimuli, such as radiation. However, damage and cellular responses induced by ionizing irradiation in diabetic skin have not been explored in detail. In this study, we investigated the effects of several irradiation dose on normal keratinocytes and those from type II diabetes patients, with particular focus on DNA damage. Cellular responses to low-dose radiation (0.1 Gy) and high-dose radiation (0.5 and 2 Gy) were evaluated. Cell cycle analysis was conducted via flow cytometry and cell viability analyzed using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Proteins related to the DNA damage response (DDR) and repair signaling pathways and apoptosis were detected via immunoblot analysis. Apoptosis and cell differentiation were additionally examined in 3D skin organoids using immunohistochemistry. Compared to respective control groups, no significant changes were observed in cell cycle, DDR and repair mechanisms, cell survival, and differentiation in response to 0.1 Gy irradiation in both normal and diabetes type II keratinocytes. On the other hand, the cell cycle showed an increase in the G2/M phase in both cell types following exposure to 2 Gy irradiation. At radiation doses 2 Gy, activation of the DDR and repair signaling pathways, apoptosis, and cell differentiation were increased and viability was decreased in both cell types. Notably, these differences were more pronounced in normal than diabetes type II keratinocytes. Normal keratinocytes respond more strongly to radiation-induced damage and recovery than diabetes type II keratinocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the past, research has shown that a higher body mass index (BMI) is one of the variables that increase the likelihood of kidney stones; however, no studies have found a connection between the two in the type II diabetic population. The purpose of this research is to reveal the association between BMI and kidney stones in the type II diabetic population. Methods: We selected demographic data, laboratory data, lifestyle, and medical history from the NHANES. Specifically includes age, gender, systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), poverty income rate (PIR), body mass index (BMI), kidney stones, education, coronary artery disease, smoking, and drinking. Results: BMI and kidney stones were shown to have a positive association in type II diabetics (blood sugar level > 7.0 mmol/L or diagnosed by a doctor) (OR = 1.021, 95% CI 1.008-1.033, P = 0.001), even after controlling for factors, such as age, gender, race, education level, coronary heart disease, smoking, and drinking. The subgroup analysis revealed a more significant positive association among the 67-80 years, female and Non-Hispanic White population. Conclusions: There is a positive correlation between BMI and kidney stones among the type II diabetic population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The coexistence of diabetes mellitus and psychiatric manifestations has been a subject of increasing interest in recent years. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of psychiatric manifestations among Type I and Type II diabetic patients. Understanding the nuances of psychiatric symptoms in these two distinct types of diabetes is crucial for comprehensive patient care. Materials and Methods: This comparative study involved a meticulously selected sample of Type I and Type II diabetic patients. The sample size was determined through rigorous statistical calculations to ensure representativeness. Patients were recruited from diverse demographics to capture a broad spectrum of experiences. Psychiatric manifestations were assessed using standardized psychological assessment tools and diagnostic criteria. Medical records, including glycemic control parameters, were analyzed to identify potential correlations between diabetes management and psychiatric symptoms. In addition to quantitative measures, qualitative data such as patient narratives and experiences were collected through interviews, providing a deeper insight into the subjective aspects of psychiatric manifestations in diabetes. Ethical considerations were strictly adhered to, and the study was approved by the institutional review board. Results: The analysis revealed distinct patterns of psychiatric manifestations in Type I and Type II diabetic patients. Anxiety and depression were prevalent across both groups, but with varying intensities. Type I diabetic patients exhibited a higher prevalence of anxiety, as reflected in a 25% higher average score on anxiety assessment scales compared to Type II diabetic patients. Contrastingly, Type II diabetic patients displayed a higher incidence of depression, with a 20% higher average score on depression assessment scales compared to their Type I counterparts. These results suggest a potential link between diabetes type and specific psychiatric symptoms, emphasizing the need for tailored intervention strategies. Glycemic control parameters were also scrutinized, revealing an intriguing relationship between blood glucose levels and psychiatric manifestations. Type I diabetic patients with poorly controlled blood glucose levels demonstrated a significant exacerbation of anxiety symptoms, while Type II diabetic patients exhibited a parallel trend with depression symptoms. Conclusion: In conclusion, this comparative study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the intersection of diabetes and mental health. It lays the foundation for further research and the development of targeted interventions to enhance the overall well-being of diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acanthus ilicifolius L. leaf is extensively used in the Indian and Chinese medicine systems to treat diabetes mellitus. In this study, the antidiabetic effect of vitexin isolated from A. ilicifolius leaf extract and their effect on glucose transporter protein type-4 (GLUT-4) translocation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) expression was evaluated in high-fat diet-streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) induced rats. In vitro antidiabetic effect of vitexin was investigated through glucose uptake activity in L6 (rat skeletal muscle) cell lines. Vitexin (10 and 20 mg/kg BW) was administered orally to HFD-STZ-induced diabetic rats for 48 days. The effect of vitexin on body weight, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, total protein, urea, creatinine, and liver enzymes was examined. GLUT-4 translocation and PPAR-γ expression were studied in the skeletal muscle and adipocytes of experimental rats. The interaction of vitexin with GLUT-4 and PPAR-γ was validated by molecular docking analysis. Vitexin significantly lowered the blood glucose and also normalized other biochemical parameters. Furthermore, the treatment with vitexin up-regulates the mRNA expression of GLUT-4 and PPAR-γ in diabetic rats. In silico analysis also supports the promising interactions between vitexin and target proteins. These results explained that vitexin up-regulates the mRNA expression of GLUT-4 and PPAR-γ and enhanced the translocation of GLUT-4 which maintains glucose homeostasis. Thus, vitexin can serve as a novel antidiabetic drug in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical evidence supports the effective role of some transcription factors in insulin synthesis and secretion. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of 10 weeks of aerobic and resistance exerciseonthe expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in pancreatic tissue, serum insulin, and glucose concentration in male rats with type II diabetes (T2D). Methods: Type II diabetes was induced in 18 male Wistar rats (weight: 220 ± 10 g) by administering an intraperitoneal (IP) infusion of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (25 mg/kg). The diabetic rats were then randomly assigned into three groups: (1) Control; (2) aerobic exercise; and (3) resistance exercise. The exercises lasted for 10 weeks, 5 times per week for exercise groups. The expression of GLUT2 in pancreatic tissue, serum insulin, and glucose concentration were compared between the groups following the intervention. The data between the groups were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: In comparison to the control group, the resistance and aerobic exercises caused a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose level (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) and a significant increase in serum insulin (P = 0.001 and P = 0.013, respectively) and expression level of GLUT2 in the pancreas (P = 0.007 and P = 0.001, respectively). No significant difference was observed in the expression of GLUT2 between aerobic and resistance groups (P = 0.485). Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, apart from the effect of other hormonal and genetic components on insulin synthesis, an increase in the serum insulin and a reduction in fasting blood glucose level following the aerobic and resistance exercises can probably be attributed to the increased expression of GLUT2 in response to exercise methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the synergistic effect of Rosa roxbunghii Tratt polysaccharide (RRTP) and Rosa roxbunghii Tratt insoluble dietary fiber (RTIDF) on hypoglycemic function. In this study, RRTP and RTIDF were extracted, isolated and purified, the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides were measured by in vitro experiment and the relationship between hypoglycemic function and intestinal microbiota structure in mice was analyzed in vivo intervention experiment of type II diabetes in mice. The results were as follows: (1) RRTP had a good free radical scavenging ability in vitro, and could significantly inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities with IC50 values of 0.293 and 4.251 mg·mL-1, respectively. RTIDF only showed certain inhibitory activity on α-amylase activity. (2) After the intervention of the extractive in the model mice, the tendency of the obese mice to continue to lose weight was reversed. Compared with CK group, the blood glucose level of RTIDF and RRTP+RTIDF mice were significantly down-regulated, and the activity of CAT enzyme in serum was significantly enhanced. RRTP+RTIDF group was superior to RTIDF group. (3) The extract intervention could reduce the inflammatory factors in the liver, relieve the degree of cell swelling, increase the number of absorbing cells in the cecum, and restore the intestinal wall mucosal layer.(4)Further analysis of intestinal flora showed that RTIDF and RRTP could reduce the proportion of bacteroidetes to firmicutes, increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as acetobacter, but RTIDF had more significant regulation effect on the population. Therefore, based on in vitro hypoglycemic simulation and in vivo intervention results, RRTP and RTIDF have a certain synergistic effect on glucose intervention in diabetic mice, it may be used together as an intervention to improve type II diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The treatment of elderly people who have developed Type II diabetes is a major challenge. Therefore, this study was conducted to ascertain the drug prescription pattern and the adverse effects of drugs in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: This was a cross‑sectional, observational study. This study was carried out on 164 elderly patients with diabetes mellitus attending inpatient and outpatient of the institute. This study assesses the prescribing pattern of antidiabetic drugs and adverse drugs reaction to the drugs administered. Naranjo‑Algorithm Probability of American depositary receipt (ADR) scale and WHO prescribing indicators were used for assessment. This study also identifies the drug utilization in diabetic patients associated with other co‑morbidities. Results: Mean age of the patient was 72.5 in both inpatient and outpatient and male:female ratio among inpatient and outpatient 1.5:1 and 1:1.3, respectively. Metformin (biguanide) was the most commonly prescribed antidiabetic drug and was followed by glimepiride. Insulin was used in 65% of inpatient. Potential drug‑drug interactions were noted in 71% of inpatient and 50.8% of outpatient. The incidence of ADR observed in this study was3.6%. Conclusion: Metformin and glimepiride were the most common drugs used in both inpatient and outpatient groups. Human regular insulin analog was commonly used in both patients group. The poor reporting in pharmacovigilance although mandated by the Indian Council of Medical Research is falling short; in preempting ADR. Effective pharmacovigilance will improve the quality of life in geriatric patients and would help the treating physicians to steer towards safe and effective healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the frequency of risk factors associated with diabetic ketoacidosis in patients presenting at Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. Materials and methods: Patients of either gender, aged between 18 and 60 years, with either type I or type II diabetes mellitus presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis with the duration of diabetes > 1 year were included in the study. DKA was diagnosed based on the clinical presentation of respective patients, serum Random Blood Sugar (RBS), and urinary ketones. Careful scrutinization was done for the detection of common risk factors for DKA like infections, stroke, myocardial infarction, and pancreatitis. Based on the clinical examination for Stroke and acute pancreatitis, CT imaging of the brain and CT of the abdomen with pancreatic protocol were performed. Results: Among 111 DKA patients, the mean age was 43 years with standard deviation ± 12.05. 63(57%) patients were male while 48(43%) were female. Infection was found in 54(49%) patients, stroke in 4(4%) myocardial infarctions in 3(3%), and pancreatitis was found in 7(6%) patients. Conclusion: The most common risk factor for diabetic ketoacidosis is infections in half of the participants while stroke was 4%, myocardial infarction was 3% and pancreatitis was 6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Regeneration of pancreatic β-cells, is an essential step towards diabetes management. The regenerating (REG) Ia gene is secreted from damaged β-cell for the synthesis of β-cell. This study aimed to identify REG Ia gene polymorphisms and their association with Type II diabetes (T2DM). Methods: Patients (110) with T2DM and age-related controls were selected from PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi. DNA was extracted PCR was performed and amplified products were sequenced to identify polymorphisms. For six exons of the REG 1a gene, 6 sets of primers were designed. The selected (51) samples were amplified and sequenced for 306 (51x6) times. Odds ratios were calculated through logistic regression analysis. The correlation was used to find an association between REG Ia and diseases. p< 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Blood samples were drawn from 90 finalized patients, including 70 diabetics and 20 controls with an M: F ratio of 12:8. Twenty patients opted to withdraw. The REG Ia and disease duration in type II diabetics showed a negative correlation (r= -0.355, p=0.005). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of eight sites were detected: g.-385T>C, g.-243T>G, g.- 145G>A, g.+142A, g.+209G>T, g.+226A>G, g.+2199G>A, g.+2360A>G. The novel SNP g.-145G>A was found in all patients (controls, T2DM). Among all SNPs, only g.+209G>T showed a positive association (OR= 2.4, p=0.01) with T2DM. Whereas, g.-243T>G showed a positive association (OR=8.06, p=0.0003) with smoking. Conclusion: A novel variant g.-145G>A REG Ia gene was found among all participants. The SNPs g.+209G>T had a significant positive association with T2DM and SNP g.-243T>G showed an increased risk of the disease among smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accounting for 5%-15% of total daily energy expenditure, postprandial thermogenesis (PPT) refers to an acute increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR) in the hours after eating. This is largely explained by the energy costs of processing the macronutrients of a meal. Most individuals spend the majority of the day in the postprandial state, thus over one's lifetime even minor differences in PPT may possess true clinical significance. In contrast to RMR, research indicates that PPT may be reduced in the development of both prediabetes and type II diabetes (T2D). The present analysis of existing literature has found that this impairment may be exaggerated in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies compared with food and beverage consumption studies. Nonetheless, it is estimated that daily PPT following carbohydrate consumption alone is approximately 150 kJ lower among individuals with T2D. This estimate fails to consider protein intake, which is notably more thermogenic than carbohydrate intake (20%-30% vs. 5%-8%, respectively). Putatively, dysglycemic individuals may lack the insulin sensitivity required to divert glucose toward storage--a more energy-taxing pathway. Accordingly, the majority of findings has associated an impaired PPT with a reduced "obligatory" energy output (i.e., the energy costs associated with nutrient processing). More recently, it has been reported that "facultative" thermogenesis [e.g., the energy costs associated with sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation] may also contribute to any impairment in PPT among individuals with prediabetes and T2D. Further longitudinal research is required to truly ascertain whether meaningful changes in PPT manifest in the prediabetic state, before the development of T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare pitavastatin 4 mg (high dose) with pitavastatin 2 mg (moderate dose) and ezetimibe combination on LDL-C in type II diabetics. Study Design: Observational study not cross sectional. Setting: National Medical Center (NMC) and PNS Shifa Hospital. Period: January to June 2022. Material & Methods: Fifty diagnosed type II diabetics on metformin, 25 in the monotherapy group (group A) and 25 in the combination therapy group (group B). Glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile tests were conducted in labs pre therapy and 3 months post therapy. LDL-C levels were recorded and compared. Result: Average LDL-C level drop of 13.51% occurred in the monotherapy group and 17.48% in the combination therapy group. Chi square test showed that LDL-C target levels (< 130 mg/dl) were reached in 33% patients in the monotherapy group and in 64% patients in the combination group. Conclusion: Pitavastatin monotherapy and combination therapy both lowered LDL-C levels, however, combination therapy with ezetimibe lowered levels by a greater degree and in a larger number of people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver transplant(ation) (LT) is the most effective treatment for patients with decompensated liver disease. The increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes and the growing number of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease being evaluated for LT, have resulted in a greater proportion of LT candidates presenting with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. As cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after LT, a thorough cardiovascular evaluation pre-LT is crucial. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence on the cardiovascular evaluation of LT candidates and we focus on the most prevalent conditions, namely ischaemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. LT candidates undergo an electrocardiogram, a resting transthoracic echocardiography and an assessment of their cardiopulmonary functional ability as part of their standardised pre-LT work-up. Further diagnostic work-up is undertaken based on the results of the baseline evaluation and may include a coronary computed tomography angiography in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. The evaluation of potential LT candidates for cardiovascular disease requires a multidisciplinary approach, with input from anaesthetists, cardiologists, hepatologists and transplant surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 10,000 metric tons of broiler livers are yielded every year in Taiwan. However, due to unpleasant odor and health concern, these livers are typically discarded as waste in the slaughtering stream in most developed or developed countries. In alignment with global agrocycle policies, a biofunctional chicken-liver hydrolysate (CLH) has been developed. This study was to investigate the effects of CLHs on glucose homeostasis and complications in type II diabetes. Insulin resistance was induced in liver (FL83B) and muscle (C2C12) cells using 30 and 20 ng TNF-α/mL, respectively, resulting in decreased glucose uptake and lower expressions of IRβ, p-Akt/Akt, and p-GSK3/GSK. CLH supplementation significantly upregulated (p<0.05) glucose uptakes and these proteins. In db/db mice, CLH supplementation improved insulin resistance, as shown by OGTT assay, HOMA-IR value and serum glucose levels, while also reducing serum lipids and liver damage indices (p<0.05). Additionally, CLH ameliorated (p<0.05) decreased hindlimb-gastrocnemius weight, and liver lipid contents, oxidative stress (sera and liver) and inflammatory cytokines. Increased glycogen accumulation was visualized in PAS-stained liver and hindlimb tissues of db/db mice supplemented with CLHs, consistent with upregulated glycogenesis in TNF-α-induced liver and muscle cells through the IRβ-Akt-GSK3 pathway. These findings suggest CLH may offer a mitigation against hyperglycemia and associated complications in type II diabetes, while also highlighting a sustainable solution for utilizing poultry slaughter residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With rapid urbanization, the urban environment, especially the neighborhood environment, has received increasing global attention. However, a comprehensive overview of the association between neighborhood risk factors and human health remains unclear due to the large number of neighborhood risk factor–human health outcome pairs. Method: On the basis of a whole year of panel discussions, we first obtained a list of 5 neighborhood domains, containing 33 uniformly defined neighborhood risk factors. We only focused on neighborhood infrastructure-related risk factors with the potential for spatial interventions through urban design tools. Subsequently, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic meta-review of 17 infrastructure-related risk factors of the 33 neighborhood risk factors (e.g., green and blue spaces, proximity to major roads, and proximity to landfills) was conducted using four databases, Web of Science, PubMed, OVID, and Cochrane Library, from January 2000 to May 2021, and corresponding evidence for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) was synthesized. The review quality was assessed according to the A MeaSurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) standard. Results: Thirty-three moderate-and high-quality reviews were included in the analysis. Thirteen major NCD outcomes were found to be associated with neighborhood infrastructure-related risk factors. Green and blue spaces or walkability had protective effects on human health. In contrast, proximity to major roads, industry, and landfills posed serious threats to human health. Inconsistent results were obtained for four neighborhood risk factors: facilities for physical and leisure activities, accessibility to infrastructure providing unhealthy food, proximity to industry, and proximity to major roads. Conclusions: This meta-review presents a comprehensive overview of the effects of neighborhood infrastructure-related risk factors on NCDs. Findings on the risk factors with strong evidence can help improve healthy city guidelines and promote urban sustainability. In addition, the unknown or uncertain association between many neighborhood risk factors and certain types of NCDs requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To find a possible association between levels of vitamin D and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar over six months. Diagnosed cases of Type-II diabetes mellitus were recruited through non-probability consecutive sampling. The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and serum vitamin D levels were assessed in 219 selected patients enrolled in the study through Cobas Integra 800 and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay respectively. Patients were divided into three categories based on increasing levels of glycosylated hemoglobin. The trend in the levels of vitamin D levels in these categories of increasing HbA1c was identified. Results: Out of 219 Type II diabetic patients, 30.1% (66) were men while 69.9% (153) were women. The mean age was 59.48 ± 9.29 years. Similarly, HbA1c and serum vitamin D, were 9.47 ± 2.88 and 18.63 ± 16.54, respectively. Overall, 59% of the patients were Vitamin D deficient. The decrease in Vitamin D levels was associated with an increase in glycosylated hemoglobin levels (p-value 0.002). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency in Type-II diabetes mellitus patients increases with increasing levels of glycosylated hemoglobin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the effect of melatonin on changes in hematological and biochemical parameters in an experimental group of animals with type 2 diabetes. This study expands our knowledge of the impact of metabolic disorders on circadian rhythms, metabolic control, and homeostasis, and uses the nocturnal pineal hormone melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study changes in hematological and biochemical parameters in animals with type 2 diabetes mellitus using streptozocin, as well as to study the effect of the hormone melatonin on the quantitative analysis of total protein and electrolytes, including changes in protein in blood serum. The possible protective effect of melatonin on changes caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus has been studied in the general blood profile. An assessment of blood glucose and serum sugar levels confirmed the induction. I-main group: 1 - control animals (CA), 2 - control group animals are receiving 5 mg/kg of melatonin (CA + MT (5 mg/kg)), 3 - control group animals are receiving 10 mg/kg of melatonin (CA + MT (10 mg/kg)). The experimental group of rats received an intravenous injection of streptozocin 1 mg in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH-7.4) for 7 days. The leading group II of 24 rats with streptozocin-induced type 2 diabetes was divided into subgroups and subjected to various therapeutic procedures. Thus, group 4 - animals with induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2T) served as diabetic control, and group 5 - animals with induced type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving low-concentration melatonin (DM2T+MT (5 mg/kg)), group 6 - diabetes-induced animals receiving high-concentration melatonin (DM2T+MT (10 mg/kg)). Abnormal hematological and biochemical parameters were detected in rats with diabetes mellitus. However, it was found that the introduction of melatonin leads to positive changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health related quality of life (HRQOL) is a synonym for self-perceived health and is useful in predicting morbidity and mortality. Type II diabetes inflicts a significant burden in terms of disability and impaired QOL.5 HRQOL is an important outcome for persons with type II diabetes and this well-being is used to evaluate the impact of the disease and its treatment on individuals and health care costs. OBJECTIVES: 1) To assess health related quality of life among known type II diabetes mellitus patients. 2) To identify socio-demographic factors affecting the health related quality of life among known type II diabetes mellitus patients. Material & Methods: Study Design: Community based cross-sectional study. Study area: study was carried out in RHTC practice area of Department of Community Medicine, Katuri Medical College and Hospital, Guntur. Study Period: July 2021 - June 2022. Study population: Adult population (>30 years of age) who were known type II diabetes mellitus patients residing in rural area. Sample size: 1025 patients were included in our study. Sampling method: Probability Proportion to Size (PPS) method. Method of data collection: Participants were asked to rate their QOL using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire translated into Telugu and to provide ratings of their opinion. The WHOQOLBREF is an abbreviated version of the WHOQOL-100 QOL assessment. It produces scores for four domains (physical health, psychological, social relationships and environment) related to QOL. The four domain scores denote an individual's perception of QOL in each particular domain. Results: Maximum number of respondents (51.6%) were satisfied with themselves and 41% respondents had negative feelings such as blue mood, despair, anxiety and depression very rarely. Overall psychological health was found to be better in males compared to female respondents. Enjoyment in life and self-satisfaction in relation to psychological health was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that diabetes is associated with decreased level of QOL in physical, mental, social and environmental health component. QOL is viewed as a critical outcome of disease treatment and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to identify the effect of sport and nutrition program on some physiological and physical variables among new patients with Type II diabetes. To achieve this aim, the researcher followed the experimental approach. The study sample consisted of 60 patients selected following the purposive sampling approach who were then divided into three groups. The first group was an experimental group of 20 individuals on whom the sport and nutrition program was applied. The second group was an experimental group of 20 individuals on whom the nutrition program was applied. The third group was the control group, which consisted of 20 individuals who practiced their life normally with no experimental interventions. The researcher applied pre and post measurements on the HBA1C, TC, TG, LDL, HDL, and BMI scales and analyzed the data using version 26.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences )SPSS, v. 26.0( program. The statistical analyses and tests included calculations of the mathematical averages, standard deviations, skewness, the Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, and Mann-Whitney U Test. The results revealed statistically-significant (α < .05) differences between the pre and post measurements among the members of the first and second experimental groups in favour of the post test. The results also showed statistically-significant (α < .05) differences between the pre and post measurements of the control group in favour of the pre-test. Moreover, the results uncovered statistically-significant (α < .05) differences in their scores on the scales under study between members of the third group and the first experimental group. In the light of these results, the researcher recommends application of the proposed sport and nutrition program for new Type II diabetes patients because of (i) its positive impact on the physiological and physical variables and (ii) the need for integration of nutrition program with the sport program to achieve the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy is defined by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) as "the presence of signs and symptoms of peripheral nerve dysfunction in the people with diabetes after the exclusion of other causes". [1] Other microvascular manifestations and duration of diabetes, and some people may possess genetic factors that affect their predisposition to developing these manifestations. [2] Material and Methods: This is a prospective study and observational study will be done in the Department of Physiology in collaboration with the Department of Medicine, Index Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Indore. Inclusion Criteria: Only Diagnosed cases of male and female Type II Diabetes Mellitus cases aged 30-60 suffering from more than 2yrs. The diagnosis of diabetes is made on the basis of (Revised American Diabetic Association criteria). Fasting glucose >126mg/dl and 2hr postprandial plasma glucose >200mg/dl. Results: The mean (± SD) of various sensory nerve variables like latency, amplitude and nerve conduction velocity between control and cases. When compared these variables between controls and cases was statistically highly significant (p<0.001). Comparison of various sensory nerve variables like latency, amplitude and nerve conduction velocity between control and cases are graphically shown. Conclusion: A significant negative correlation between BMI and HDL-C was observed, while the correlation between BMI and LDL-C was observed to be insignificant. HDL-C was found significantly higher in patients with normal BMI. These results are important to indicate that there is modest impact of BMI on lipid profile. Therefore, assessment and management for altered blood lipids should not be based on a patient's body weight or BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the treatment goals for type II diabetes is to keep blood sugar to normal and inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes represents a therapeutic strategy to achieve this aim. While medicinal plants possess a useful resource for therapeutics, combining plants of different species is believed to have a better pharmacological effect. Aim and Objectives: This study reported the antidiabetic potential, in-vitro and in-silico, of a polyherbal mixture which is a combined ethanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina, Allium sativum, and Ocimum gratissimum (which are plants native to tropical Africa). Materials and Methods: The study identified and quantified the phytochemicals present in the extract, its antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials were investigated. Also, the bioactive compounds present in the mixture were profiled with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The resulting compounds were screened for their binding potential into the active site of alpha-glucosidase using consensus scoring molecular docking strategy. Results: The polyherbal mixture was abundant in phenols flavonoids and sterols. Apart from scavenging DPPH radicals, the extract also inhibited alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase with better IC50 values of 106.22μg/ml and 128.60μg/ml respectively than the reference drug, acarbose. Out of the bioactive compounds present in the mixture, stigmasterol, gamma-sitosterol, and tocopherol ranked top and are good binders of alpha-glucosidase. It was observed that these compounds possessed better ADMET and drug-like properties than standard acarbose. Conclusion: These features are indicative that the polyherbal mixture of Vernonia amygdalina, Allium sativum, and Ocimum gratissimum contain in part bioactive compounds that can be used for the management/treatment of type II diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Recent findings suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with abnormal production of adipokines (2). Impaired circulating levels of adipokines are associated with multiple cardiovascular complications in diabetes (3). Lipocalin-2 is one of the adipokines that increases in diabetic patients and its secretion is associated with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in these patients (4). also, Omentin-1 concentrations have been reported to decrease in patients with type 2 diabetes (11). Many efforts are being made to develop a drug that improves metabolism and prevents the complications of diabetes. Canagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor drug that acts by inhibiting glucose reabsorption by the body, lowers plasma glucose levels, and improves insulin resistance (13). Prescribing this drug to type 2 diabetes can help improve blood glucose control and reduce body weight in these patients (14, 15). On the other hand, exercise has been used as an adjunct in drug therapy in the management of diabetes complications. Resistance training has been reported to be associated with significant increase in lipocalin-2 concentration in men with type 2 diabetes (16). However, the results of Hosseini et al showed that eight weeks of combined training did not have significant effect on lipocalin 2 in diabetic women (18). Also, significant increase (19) and no change (20, 21) of omentin-1 has been reported in patients with type 2 diabetes after exercise. Since no research has been done on the effect of combined exercise with medication on adipokines in type 2 diabetics, Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined training with Canagliflozin on lipocalin-2 and omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men. Methods: This is a semi-experimental study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all patients with type 2 diabetes in the Tehran city in 2019. 44 men with type 2 diabetes (mean age 25-40 years) were randomly divided into four groups (n=11) of control, drug, exercise and exercise-drug groups. Subjects were given 200 mg of canagliflozin for 12 weeks (25). Combined exercises were performed 3 sessions per week, 45 minutes for 12 weeks (26). Blood samples and anthropometric characteristics were obtained before and 24 hours after the intervention at 12-hour fasting. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, t-test and Tukey post hoc test at P<0.05. Results: The results showed that combined training and combined training with canagliflozin significantly reduced lipocalin-2 and significantly increased omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men (P=0.001). Also, after the combined training intervention, canagliflozin and combined training with canagliflozin, the levels of lipocalin-2 and omentin-1 were lower and higher than the pretest, respectively (P=0.001). Conclusion: The findings of the present study show that combined training and combined training with canagliflozin significantly reduced lipocalin-2 and significantly increased omentin-1 in type 2 diabetic men. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (19, 26-28, 33). Various studies have examined the mechanisms of change in lipocalin-2 induced by exercise. Perhaps one of the reasons for the decrease in lipocalin-2 levels in the present study is the intensity of exercise. also, exercise has been reported to reduce the activity of the NF-κB and inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, and interleukin-1 beta, which activate lipokalin-2 expression (31), therefore It is possible that combined training in this study reduced lipocalin-2 by reducing the above factors. Some studies have reported that the reduction of lipocalin-2 is highly correlated with the reduction of adipose tissue, so that with the reduction of adipose tissue after exercise, the amount of lipocalin-2 decreases (28). also, Omentin-1 changes are largely a function of changes in body composition, including weight loss, fat mass, and body mass index and adipocyte size (35). In addition, in a study, changes in inflammatory levels have been reported to be an influential factor in regulating the expression of omentin)1 (36). Therefore, it is possible that in the present study, combined training increased the amount of omentin-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes by improving the composition of the body and inflammatory agents. The pharmacological effects of canagliflozin in the produced doses cause a significant increase in urinary glucose excretion and a decrease in hyperglycemia. Therefore, in explanation the results obtained in the present study, it can be said that canagliflozin with exercise, by lowering fasting blood glucose and also increasing insulin, may significantly improve the levels of adipokines in type 2 diabetic men. combined training was the strengths of the present study; because this type of exercise can have different responses and adaptations than other exercise programs. There were some limitations in the present study, such as the lack of measurement of other adipokines. According to the results, it seems that diabetics can benefit from combined exercise with canagliflozin to improve adipokines levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes Mellitus (DM), one of the oldest known metabolic disorders, dates back to 3000 BC and continues to have a profound impact on health and the economy. Nutrition plays a critical role in managing diabetes and enhancing overall quality of life. It is also vital for immune system function, as well as in the prevention and treatment of aging-related diseases. A key factor contributing to the global rise in obesity is the excessive consumption of fructose/glucose (corn) syrup, which leads to various metabolic complications. Uncontrolled intake of carbohydrates, particularly sugars like fructose, triggers the Maillard Reaction, a chemical process that occurs between sugars and proteins, resulting in advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). This process is accelerated in diabetic patients due to hyperglycemia, leading to increased glycation of plasma proteins such as immunoglobulins, which play an essential role in the immune system. Studies show that individuals with Diabetes Mellitus experience a higher susceptibility to infections due to increased viral entry, impaired immune responses, reduced viral clearance, and dysregulated inflammatory cytokine production. In this study, human IgG proteins were glycated in vitro using fructose, simulating the damaging effects seen in diabetic conditions. A mixture containing antioxidants like glutathione, oleuropein, and selenium was prepared and incubated with the glycated IgG to assess its protective properties. Lymphocyte cells from healthy volunteers were also treated with fructose and subjected to similar experiments. Results demonstrated that fructose significantly compromises immune function by damaging key proteins, but the antioxidant mixture effectively mitigates this damage, offering a protective mechanism against glycation in the immune system. [Display omitted] • Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the oldest metabolic disorders, dating back to 3000 BC, and continues to have a significant impact on global health and the economy. •Nutrition plays a crucial role in managing diabetes, supporting the immune system, and preventing aging-related diseases. Excessive fructose consumption, particularly from corn syrup, contributes to the global obesity epidemic. •Uncontrolled carbohydrate intake in diabetic patients accelerates the Maillard Reaction, leading to the glycation of plasma proteins such as IgG, impairing immune system function. •Diabetic individuals are more susceptible to infections due to increased viral entry, weakened immune responses, and dysregulated inflammatory cytokines. •A mixture of glutathione, oleuropein, and selenium has shown protective effects against fructose-induced glycation of IgG and lymphocyte cells, suggesting potential therapeutic value in preserving immune function in diabetic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyloids, with their β-sheet-rich structure, contribute to diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and amyloidosis by aggregating within diverse anatomical compartments. Insulin amyloid (IA), sharing structural resemblances with amyloids linked to neurological disorders, acts as a prototype, while compounds capable of degrading these fibrils hold promise as therapeutic agents for amyloidosis intervention. In this research, liposomal nanoformulated iota carrageenan (nCG) was formulated to disrupt insulin amyloids, demonstrating about a 17–20 % higher degradation efficacy compared to conventional carrageenan through thioflavin T fluorescence, dynamic light scattering analysis, and turbidity quantification. The biocompatibility of the nCG and nCG-treated insulin amyloids was evaluated through MTT assay, live-dead cell assay on V79 cells, and hemolysis testing on human blood samples to establish their safety for use in vitro. Zebrafish embryos were utilized to assess in vivo biocompatibility, while adult zebrafish were employed to monitor the degradation capacity of IA post subcutaneous injection, with fluorescence emitted by the fish captured via IVIS. This demonstrated that the formulated nCG exhibited superior anti-amyloid efficacy compared to carrageenan alone, while both materials demonstrated biocompatibility. Furthermore, through docking simulations, an exploration was conducted into the molecular mechanisms governing the inhibition of the target protein pancreatic insulin by carrageenan. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims As a chronic disease with many complications, diabetes requires adherence to treatment regimen. Despite the importance of adherence, it is not done completely in these patients. Nonadherence to treatment has many personal and social consequences. Adherence in diabetic patients can lead to mortality reduction and success in the treatment of diabetes. Considering that adherence to the treatment regimen is challenging among diabetic patients and less attention has been paid to it in Iran, the present study aims to identify the factors related to adherence to treatment regimen among diabetic patients in Sari, Iran. Materials & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 on 226 adults with Type 2 diabetes referred to Baghban clinic affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in Sari, Iran who were selected using a continuous sampling method. Data were collected using a demographic form and the diabetes activities questionnaire. Questionnaires were prepared online using Google Forms. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 26. Results The mean age of participants was 53.06±10.81 years. Most of them were female (61.9%) and married (85.8%) with a high school diploma (26.5%) and moderate economic status (69%). Economic status, age, and BMI had a significant relationship with adherence to treatment regimen (P<0.05); Economic status and age had a positive significant relationship while BMI had a negative significant relationship with adherence to treatment regimen. Diabetic patients with better economic status, higher age, and lower BMI had better adherence. Conclusion This study provides a basis for expanding knowledge of adherence to treatment regimens in diabetic patients in Iran. It is necessary for healthcare providers, especially nurses, to pay attention to the factors related to adherence to treatment in diabetic patients in providing care and education to them to have better treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive salt intake is currently the foremost universal risk factor for controllable chronic disease. This study evaluated the short-term effects of a modest salt intake reduction combined with the Chinese Modified Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (CM-DASH) diet on sodium and potassium intake, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP) in hypertensive patients with type II diabetes. Sixty-one participants were randomized to the intervention group (52% low-sodium salt and DASH) and control group (normal salt and DASH). An 8-week dietary intervention was applied. Daily salt intake, blood pressure (BP), and drug use were recorded every week. Twenty-four-hour urine, casual urine, and blood samples were measured at baseline, the 4th week, and the end of the intervention. Fifty-nine patients (25 men) completed the entire study. Sodium intake decreased by 1259.66 (792.76, 1726.56)/705.80 (149.21, 1262.39) mg/day after 4 weeks (intervention: P <.001; control: P =.015). Potassium intake increased by 641.14 (73.31, 1208.96)/43.43 (−259.66, 346.53) mg/day (intervention: P =.028); MAP decreased by 9.06 (6.69, 11.43)/7.16 (4.03, 10.28) mmHg (both: P <.001); PP decreased by 7.97 (3.05, 12.88)/5.74 (2.55,8.94) mmHg (intervention: P =.002; control: P =.001) after 8 weeks. However, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Modest salt reduction and the CM-DASH diet for hypertensive patients with type II diabetes can achieve short-term salt reduction effects. The effect on changing salt-eating habits needs to be investigated with an extended follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the comparison between the capillary glucose and venous plasma glucose in type II diabetic patients. Study Design: Cross Sectional Observational study. Setting: Al-Tibri Medical College and Hospital Karachi. Period: 1st January 2020 to 30th April 2020. Material & Methods: A total of 86 diabetic patients from the out-patient department with non-probability consecutive sampling were selected. Subjects were diagnosed cases of type II diabetes based on the screening recommendation by the American Diabetes Association between 35-75 years of age of either gender included in this study. Patients with type I diabetes, pregnant females and hematocrit of more than 55% or less than 35%, and patients taking medications like Acetaminophen, and Ascorbic acid were excluded from the study. Each participant was measured for the capillary blood glucose levels by using Accu Chek, Easy max and On-call EZII, using strips by Glucose Oxidase Method. A venous sample was collected within 5 minutes of finger-prick test in a sodium fluoride tube. A Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 was used for data analysis. Results: Out of 86 patients in the study, 48(55.8%) were females and 38((44.2%) were males with a mean age of 47.16±9.916. The mean blood sugars by venous plasma glucose were 249.58±110.75 mg/dl, by Accu Chek 250.47±117.071 mg/dl, by EasyMax 259.26±119.751 mg/dl, and by Oncall EZII 249.33±124.380 mg/dl which shows statistically significant correlation with a p value of <0.001. The glucometers accuracy was determined by using Error grid analysis showed a strong positive correlation between the Accu Chek R²= 0.917, EasyMax R²= 0.917, and Oncall glucometers R²= 0.868 with venous plasma glucose with a statistically significant (p <0.001). Conclusion: This study shows a strong positive correlation between capillary and venous glucose measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) are a series of polypeptides broadly applied in the long-term treatment of type II diabetes. However, administration of GLPRA is mainly through repetitive subcutaneous injection, which may seriously decrease the compliance and safety. Herein, a bio-inspired oral delivery system was designed to enhance the oral absorption of liraglutide (Lira), a kind of GLP-1 RA, by mimicking the natural cholesterol assimilation. 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a cholesterol derivative, was modified on the surfaced of Lira-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (Lira 25HC NPs) and functioned as a "top-down" actuator to facilitate unidirectional transcytosis across the intestinal epithelium. After oral delivery, Lira 25HC NPs displayed improved therapeutic effect as compared with oral free Lira on type II diabetes db/db mice, as evidenced by multiple relieved diabetic symptoms including the enhanced glucose tolerance, repressed weight growth, improved liver glucose metabolism, decreased fasting blood glucose, HbA 1c, serum lipid, and increased ß cells activity. Surprisingly, the fasting blood glucose, liver glucose metabolism, and HbA1c of oral Lira-loaded 25HC NPs were comparable to subcutaneous injection of free Lira. Further mechanisms revealed that 25HC ligand could mediate the nanoparticles to mimic natural cholesterol absorption by exerting high affinity towards apical Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) and then basolateral ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) overexpressed on the opposite side of intestinal epithelium. This cholesterol assimilationmimicking strategy achieve the unidirectional transport across the intestinal epithelium, thus improving the oral absorption of liraglutide. In general, this study established a cholesterol simulated platform and provide promising insight for the oral delivery of GLP-1 RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute phase proteins (APPs), such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), serum amyloid A (SAA), and C-reactive protein (CRP), are elevated in type-2 diabetes (T2D) and are routinely used as biomarkers for this disease. These APPs are regulated by the peripheral mediators of stress (i.e., endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs)) and inflammation (i.e., pro-inflammatory cytokines), with both implicated in the development of insulin resistance, the main risk factor for the development of T2D. In this review we propose that APPs, PAI-1, SAA, and CRP, could be the causative rather than only a correlative link between the physiological elements of risk (stress and inflammation) and the development of insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's scenario, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major medical issue that comes with numerous complications. It is the most imperative disease associated with a diabetic foot. Among other conditions, one of the most common symptoms of diabetes is a diabetic foot ulcer. The early diagnosis of such foot perplexities, which may later lead to foot removal, can shield diabetic patients from many critical stages. The main objective of this work relies on the area of early diagnosis and minimizing the occurrence of ulcers in the diabetic foot. Infrared imaging is an appropriate tool that extracts information for the determination of various diseases. The primary purpose of applying infrared imaging in a diabetic patient is for the early diagnosis of ulcers. This type of diagnosis is non-invasive and faster than colored imaging techniques. This work focuses on temperature variation in the feet of more than 60 persons (37 men (61.67%) and 23 women (38.33%)). The mean age of persons for detecting ulcer formation due to diabetes is 60.50 ± 16.71 years. The foot is divided into six major segments, followed by close observation of the individual part's temperature variation. In the proposed work, image registration is applied to measure the temperature difference between the regions of feet, assuming the threshold temperature as 2.2 °C. The results are obtained using the image processing toolbox of MATLAB. After experimental operations, the results clearly distinguish the foot region, having a temperature difference higher than the assumed threshold value. This analysis distinctly classifies the ulcer risk foot and is quite easy to understand as compared with existing Deep Learning techniques. The proposed methodology is also very less complex in implementation as compared to those of Deep Learning methods. It provides a non-invasive technique for the diagnosis of foot ulcers in a diabetic patient using infrared imaging., [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among people living with HIV (PLWH). Cross-sectional data of 989 PLWH in Texas obtained from the 2015–2017 Texas and Houston Medical Monitoring Project were examined. T2DM was identified by formal medical chart diagnosis, insulin/oral hypoglycemic prescriptions, or most recent fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL. T2DM adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multiple logistic regression. Participants were mostly male (72%), ≥40 years (68%), overweight (31%) or obese (28%) and virally suppressed (62%). T2DM prevalence was 15% with variations by age, body mass index, education and health insurance (p < 0.05 for all). Compared to PLWH ≥60 years, 18–39-year-olds had significantly lower likelihood of T2DM (p < 0.001). Overweight and obese PLWH were 2.11 (95% CI: 1.23–3.63) and 3.89 times (95% CI: 2.30–6.56) more likely to have T2DM compared to normal weight PLWH. Over 1 in 6 PLWH in Texas had T2DM, with age and BMI as significant predictors. Since DM is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and PLWH are living longer, increased education and lifestyle modification interventions are warranted to prevent T2DM development among PLWH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common microvascular complication of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) involving inflammatory kidney damage. Excessive signaling via the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) plays an important role in mediating renal inflammation. A soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE) is an important regulator of the RAGE signaling pathway. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between sRAGE and TNF-alpha in DN. A comparative study was carried out comprising three groups (Control group, T2DM group, and DN group). There were 35 participants in each group. The study participants' plasma levels of sRAGE and TNF-alpha were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Plasma levels of TNF-alpha were significantly higher in T2DM and DN compared to control (P<0.0001). Also, plasma levels of sRAGE were significantly lower in T2DM and DN compared to control (P<0.0001). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between sRAGE and TNF-alpha levels in T2DM (r=-0.3; P<0.05) and also DN (r=-0.37; P<0.001). These results indicate that sRAGE impairment may be responsible for TNF-alpha elevation in T2DM and DN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important global health risk factor in the twenty-first century and one of the 10 major causes of mortality world wide. The generalized structural equation model (GSEM) is a family of statistical techniques in the analysis of multivariate data, classified and sequential, which measures the hidden variables and the relationships between them. Finding risk factors for type 2 diabetes and providing a model for lifestyle changes is the aim of the study.. Methods: This exploratory, cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the risk factors in a cohort of Iranian diabetic patients aged over 35 years (N = 9975). Among 9975 people over 35 years old participating in the first phase of the Yazd cohort study, 1736 people (17.95%) with diabetes and people who were unaware of their diabetes status and pregnant women were excluded and finally we selected 7431 non-diabetics who had FBG test. By presenting the model of initial generalized structural equations using stata software (version 15), we investigated the risk factors affecting type 2 diabetes. Results: The risk factors of BMI (Impact coefficients0.010), triglyceride (0.005), hypertension (0.086), and high cholesterol level (0.005) directly affected the DM status (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, BMI and triglyceride played a mediating role in this regard, and the factors of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, physical activity (-0.23), and diet (0.001) indirectly affected the DM status. Conclusion: Using a large sample, this study provides a clear and direct model of the risk factors for diabetes. The main finding is that the risk factors for diabetes 2 that directly affect Iranians in this study are high blood pressure, BMI, triglycerides and cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The indications for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) undertaking simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) remain an unresolved issue. This study aimed to systematically review the survival outcomes of SPK among T2DM-ESKD patients. Methods: Online databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the CENTRAL Library, CNKI, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and Wan-Fang database were used to locate the studies of ESKD patients with T2DM undertaking SPK up to May 2021. A third reviewer was consulted if there were disagreements. Data were analyzed with STATA (15.0). Results: Nine cohort studies were identified. The pooled 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year patient survival rates of patients with T2DM and ESKD after SPK were 98%, 95%, and 91% respectively. Comparing the treatment effect of SPK between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and T2DM, the survival estimates were comparable. For T2DM patients, SPK had a survival advantage compared with KTA. Conclusions: The synthesized clinical outcomes of T2DM patients with ESKD after SPK were relatively better than KTA, but a subset of T2DM-ESKD patients who would benefit the most from SPK was to be defined. PROSPERO registration number CRD42019118321. Date of registration: 14 Jan 2019 (retrospectively registered) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type II diabetes is considered to be one of the persistent diseases which is the cause of death and disability in many regions. The objective of this research work is to apply an improved combination of the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm with decision trees (J48) for accessing and evaluating the risk factors related to type II diabetes. The model developed concerning the routine and deviated values for each attribute corresponding to type II diabetes. Experimental evaluation has been made with the modified self-regulative function of ACO with enhancement in pheromone update rule to make the ants in the search space converge at the best optimal path. In addition to this, continuous assessment has been made with probabilistic function by the construction of new solution incrementally made by the ants through feature by feature analysis. From the results, it has been observed that the risk factors corresponding to type II diabetes are postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) which has selected with an improved accuracy than that of the existing methods and algorithms. The efficiency of prediction has been tested using Fisher's Z-transformation with a 95% of confidence level for upper and lower bounds. From the inference, it has been observed that there exists a strong correlation among the risk factors PPF and FPG with significance in P-value for the risk corresponding to type II diabetes. Hence, predictive analytics with improvement in ACO with C4.5 decision tree algorithm can also be deployed for accessing the risk factors related to NCD such as cancer, heart disease, and kidney diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) outcomes are worsened by type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is driven by cytokines. Latent TB (LTBi) is common but its effect on the diabetic host is not well understood. We investigated mycobacterial antigen‐stimulated responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) isolated from healthy endemic controls (EC), those with LTBi, DM groups with and without LTBi, as compared with TB patients. Cytokines were measured using a Luminex‐based assay. Gene expression was determined by RT‐PCR. In DM‐LTBi cases, PPD‐stimulated proinflammatory cytokines; IFN‐γ, IL‐6, IL‐2, TNF‐α and GM‐CSF and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐5 and IL‐13 were raised as compared with EC. DM‐LTBi PPD‐stimulated IFN‐γ, IL‐6 and TNF‐α mRNA titres were found raised in DM‐LTBi, whilst suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)‐3 expression was lowered. Within DM cases, stratification based on HbA1c levels revealed raised IFN‐γ but lowered IL‐6 gene expression in those with controlled levels as compared with uncontrolled glycaemic levels. Further, SOCS1 expression levels were found higher in DM cases with controlled glycaemia when compared with EC. Overall, we show that diabetics with LTBi manifest raised levels of inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines concomitant with reduced SOCS3 mRNA expression. Reduced glycaemic control results in further inflammatory dysregulation impacting conversing impacting IFN‐γ and IL‐6 activation. These results suggest that dysregulated immune activation in diabetes is exacerbated by LTBi, lack of glycaemic control may further compromise immunity against MTB infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic conditions like type II diabetes (T2DM) have long been known to exacerbate many infectious diseases. For many arboviruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV), severe outcomes, morbidity and mortality usually only occur in patients with such pre-existing conditions. However, the effects of T2DM and other pre-existing conditions on human blood (e.g., hypo/hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia) that may impact infectivity of arboviruses for vectors is largely unexplored. We investigated whether the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes was affected when the mosquitoes fed on "diabetic" bloodmeals, such as bloodmeals composed of artificially glycosylated erythrocytes or those from viremic, diabetic mice (LEPRDB/DB). Increasing glycosylation of erythrocytes from hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) values of 5.5–5.9 to 6.2 increased the infection rate of a Galveston, Texas strain of Ae. aegypti to ZIKV strain PRVABC59 at a bloodmeal titer of 4.14 log10 FFU/mL from 0.0 to 40.9 and 42.9%, respectively. ZIKV was present in the blood of viremic LEPRDB/DB mice at similar levels as isogenic control C57BL/6J mice (3.3 log10 FFU/mL and 3.6 log10 FFU/mL, respectively. When mice sustained a higher ZIKV viremia of 4.6 log10 FFU/mL, LEPRDB/DB mice infected 36.3% of mosquitoes while control C57BL/6J mice with a viremia of 4.2 log10 FFU/mL infected only 4.1%. Additionally, when highly susceptible Ae. aegypti Rockefeller mosquitoes fed on homozygous LEPRDB/DB, heterozygous LEPRWT/DB, and control C57BL/6J mice with viremias of ≈ 4 log10 FFU/mL, 54%, 15%, and 33% were infected, respectively. In total, these data suggest that the prevalence of T2DM in a population may have a significant impact on ZIKV transmission and indicates the need for further investigation of the impacts of pre-existing metabolic conditions on arbovirus transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ) is one of the most widely used measures of emotional and cognitive representations of illness. The B-IPQ has been translated and adapted into many languages. However, the scale has not been translated into Iraqi Arabic in patients with type II diabetes. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate psychometric properties of the B-IPQ among Iraqi patients with type II diabetes. Methods: In this quantitative study, the Arabic Version of the B-IPQ was given to 192 Iraqi patients with type II diabetes. The participants were randomly selected from 5 hospitals and a diabetes society in Baghdad, Iraq. The participants included individuals diagnosed at least 1 year before this research. Using WINSTEPS computer program, the Rating Scale Model (RSM) was employed as a polytomous extension of the Rasch model (RM) to evaluate the scale in terms of unidimensionality, local independence, item statistics, and rating structures. Results: The results indicated that the values of infit and oufit mean square (MNSQ) are within the ideal range of 0.60 and 1.40, suggesting that the items of the scale fit to the RM. The data was found to be unidimensional because the first factor explains 5.5% of the unexplained variance with an eigenvalue of 1.5 (< 2). The results also showed that items are locally independent, and both persons and items have high Rasch separation reliability indices. More importantly, the response options or categories of the scale work optimally because with the increase in category values, observed averages also increased. Conclusion: The overall findings showed that the Arabic version of the B-IPQ is a valid and reliable instrument and can be employed to assess illness perceptions among Iraqi patients with type II diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This prospective study investigated the relationship between the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) level and cognitive impairment (CI) in type II diabetes mellitus (TIIDM) patients with white matter hyperintensity (WMH). A total of 87 TIIDM patients diagnosed with WMH were included in this study. They were grouped into CI group and noncognitive impairment (NCI) group based on the MoCA scales. The serum Lp PLA2 levels and MoCA scores of the patients with WMH were compared with those of control (Ctl). Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors affecting CI and diagnostic value of serum Lp PLA2 for CI. The WMH group had significantly higher serum level of Lp PLA2 and significantly lowerMoCAscore than Ctl group. There were significant differences in serum levels of homocysteine, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and Lp PLA2 (P < 0.05) between the groups. Logistic regression showed that HDL-C, homocysteine and Lp PLA2 were the risk factors for CI in the patients (P < 0.05); receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that HDL-C and Lp PLA2 had significant diagnostic value for CI in WMH patients. Therefore, Lp PLA2 can be assessed in the elderly as a screening to identify putative CI patents for preventive treatment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a chronic disease wherein the body doesn't produce enough or any insulin, doesn't properly utilize the insulin that is produced, or shows a combination of both. When any of these occur the body is unable to get sugar from the blood into the cells which lead to rise in blood sugar levels. Diabetes is characterized by increase in blood glucose level either because of insufficient insulin discharge (type I diabetes) or impeded insulin action (type II diabetes). It is a vital health problem which can cause physical disability and even death in some cases. Diabetes has affected over 246 million people worldwide as indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) report, and this number is predicted to ascend to more than 592 million in 2035. In India, the type of diabetes differs considerably from the western world i.e. Type I diabetes is considerably rarer, while more than 90% of the people are diagnosed with Type II diabetes. Due to the high occurrence of Type II diabetes in recent years, the forecast and early prediction of the disease have become more important. An artificial neural network (ANN) is a network of artificial neurons, similar to the ones found in human brain which is used for solving artificial intelligence problems such as image identification, pattern recognition, classification, prediction, data compression and optimization. A number of ANN techniques have been applied for prediction and classification of diabetes. After reviewing various literature papers, this study is aimed to identify the technique among different artificial neural network techniques that can be used to predict accurate blood sugar level of Type II diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]