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Determining the factors that influence poverty has been seen as one of the ways of identifying appropriate poverty alleviation strategies in cities. This has been done, in most cases, through the application of ordinary least squares (OLS), which assumes homogeneous influence without considering the spatial heterogeneity that may occur in this influence. This study aims to determine the spatial heterogeneity in the influence of public infrastructure, economic, environmental, and social factors on poverty, by carrying out comparison analysis using OLS and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) in ArcGIS Pro 3.0.1, with a view of proffering poverty alleviation strategies for each section of an urban area. A questionnaire in Geographic Open Data Kit (GeoODK) was administered to 366 urban residents across the twenty wards in the selected city in Nigeria. The results reveal that factors that influence income poverty are spatially varying in direction and weight across a city. Spatial heterogeneity of poverty’s determinants should be considered in the formulation and implementation of effective poverty alleviation policies and programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the role of food aid providers, including their spatial engagement, in seeking to alleviate urban food poverty. Current levels of urban poverty across the UK have resulted in an unprecedented demand for food aid. Yet, urban poverty responsibility increasingly shifts away from policymakers to the third sector. Building on Castilhos and Dolbec's notion of segregating space and original qualitative research with food aid organisations, we show how social supermarkets emerge as offering a type of transitional space between the segregating spaces of foodbanks and the market spaces of mainstream food retailers. This research contributes to existing literature by establishing the concept of transitional space, an additional type of space that facilitates movement between types of spaces and particularly transitions from the segregating spaces of emergency food aid to more secure spaces of food access. In so doing, this research extends Castilhos and Dolbec's typology of spaces, enabling a more nuanced depiction of the spatiality of urban food poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serendipity, curiosity, and lived experience shaped my career as a social demographer and my interests in social policy. I transitioned from the humanities to sociology and demography as a graduate student at the University of Texas at Austin, where I discovered my affinity for quantitative research. My interest in Latin American demography gave way to domestic concerns as new opportunities arose at each of the three institutions where I have had the privilege to work—the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the University of Chicago, and Princeton University. That all three institutions hosted vibrant demography and policy programs facilitated my research about the Hispanic population, family structure, urban poverty, college access, and myriad aspects of socioeconomic inequality and immigrant integration. Superb colleagues and talented graduate student collaborators deserve major credit for my career accomplishments. I attribute numerous opportunities to serve on philanthropic and corporate boards to the strength of weak ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese cities are making a name for themselves through what Guthman calls an 'accumulation by spectacle'. Studies elucidate the fast change of the urban fabric and the interconnection of commercial profits with pro-state propaganda during mega-events. The spectacle appears as a once-in-lifetime chance for a city, orchestrated during a specific time and in purpose-built venues. This article, however, argues that efforts of spectacularisation expand to everyday life. I take the marginalisation of the urban poor in Guangzhou, that is, street vendors and beggars, as a starting point to understand governmental ideals, strategies and patterns of controlling public space. The data is based on fieldwork, government documents, yearbooks and newspapers. Engaging in the discussion on what Debord termed the 'society of the spectacle', I explain how urban management concentrates on areas serving (1) tourism and commerce, (2) memorial politics, (3) government relations and (4) transport and traffic; and follows the pulse of (1) annual events and seasonal holidays, (2) recurring political dates, (3) exceptional mega-events and (4) regular urban development campaigns. These zones and periods of increased control intertwine and culminate in an 'ideal' public space excluding poverty and other elements contesting the city's success images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After resettlement, refugees are situated to navigate new environments and social relationships with nonrefugee residents in the United States. This study focuses on the intergroup dynamics between refugees and native African American residents with whom refugees often share spatial boundaries in urban neighborhoods. Based on 30 in-depth interviews in Albany, NY and Clarkson, GA, our findings suggest that both groups share the experiences of social marginalization and disadvantageous neighborhood factors. On the other hand, each group differed in their views on the police and the type of poverty that they deal with. Although two groups rarely collaborated, solidarity was deemed possible and desirable. Several suggestions for community building were made, including cross-cultural activities for youth and neighborhood activism for adults. Future research can examine the space-making and rights-seeking processes of resettled refugees in the context of urban poverty and in their relation to other locals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female-based urban poverty has been a widely researched topic fitting into the pursuit of gender equality since the Beijing 1995 Conference for Women. However, the criteria for measuring female-based urban poverty assume a direct role in reducing various urban poverty manifestations amongst females. Nevertheless, standard domains such as economic and educational statuses show some noticeable characteristics in smaller townships located in the low-urbanised states of India. The city under concern — Sehore Municipal Council (M.C. hereafter) — furnishes an example of an emerging urban area in a low-urbanised state of Madhya Pradesh (27.6% of the urban population compared to the national average of 31.16%) where domain-wise spatial manifestations of female-based urban poverty are noticeable. In addition to the financial aspect of urban poverty, the study attempts to identify local area determinants related to the socio-economic and the cultural environment of Sehore M.C., using standard variables and indicators for the spatial manifestation of female-based urban poverty through a GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making technique of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Female-based urban poverty in Sehore M.C., lying within the urban sphere of influence of two metro cities of Bhopal and Indore, is analysed across six domains of economic, educational, social, health, lack of decision-making and time poverty, for 17 selected localities across four wards. Out of the six selected domains, the economic poverty domain turns out to be the strongest, while time poverty is the least dominant. The present model of female-based urban poverty may apply to similar newly urbanising areas falling within the ambit of metro cities in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is an important problem area that makes its impact felt in urban spaces with its changing and transforming structure. Especially intense waves of migration from rural to urban areas, excessive population growth, and changes in the labor market have increased the visibility of urban poverty. In this study, the distribution of urban poverty spaces on the Kilis sample and the basic dynamics that affect this distribution are discussed. The urban development process, migrations, and location preferences of the population constitute important factors in the distribution pattern of the poverty places. In the study, poverty rates were calculated using three types of datasets on the scale of Kilis city neighborhoods, and the findings were supported by tables and maps, and descriptive analysis was used. The dataset of the study, the distribution of the population according to education levels at the neighborhood scale of Turkstat, the farmer registration system data of the Kilis Chamber of Agriculture, and the number of families receiving fuel (coal) aid from the Kilis Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundation. Poverty rates were calculated by proportioning the obtained data to the neighborhood populations, and by transferring these data to maps, the spatial distribution pattern of urban poverty was obtained. The areas where urban poverty is high are the periphery neighborhoods located in the north and northeast of the city and the central neighborhoods where the Syrian immigrant population is concentrated. In the development process of the city of Kilis, it is seen that poverty has an increasing effect on the rate of urbanization, and in recent years, the city has developed horizontally and vertically with the pressure of overpopulation. In addition, it is seen that the urban elites tend to congregate in the newly established periphery neighborhoods. Especially in neighborhoods where poverty is dominant, there are unplanned urbanization, infrastructure problems, and environmental problems. Reducing poverty is important for a more balanced urbanization process. The ideal recipe for poverty would be to reduce unemployment, to provide good education opportunities, and to reduce informality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a product of various deprivations. Gender discrimination is linked with deprivation in terms of socio-economic and political opportunities. This study explores the link between female-headship of a household and its vulnerability towards urban poverty. Further, the most vulnerable sub-sections among the urban female-headed households are identified. The study is based on the 68th round of Household Consumer Expenditure, and Employment and Unemployment Survey, India. Female-headed households were found to have higher odds to be urban poor as compared to their male counterparts. However, this gender-based difference in odds to be urban poor disappears once educational attainment of household-head is controlled for. This highlights that the discrimination in terms of educational attainment is major cause and solution to urban poverty among female-headed households. Further, female-headed households are not a homogeneous group and exhibit significant differences in their vulnerability to urban poverty across different socio-economic and demographic subgroups. The negative impact of COVID-19 pandemic on female education in India is expected to create a long-term gender gap in terms of poverty. Thus, the public policy should stress on skill and educational attainment of females and target the poverty alleviation programmes on vulnerable sub-section of the female-headed households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and comprehensive urban poverty monitoring is undoubtedly essential to support the urban poverty alleviation targets in many developing countries. The currently available urban poverty monitoring in Indonesia is, however, primarily depends on the expensive and resource-demanding Indonesia National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS). Despite its high-quality poverty statistics, such national-scale survey collection methods are indispensably labor and cost expensive to scale. Alternative data is essentially required to be explored for supporting government poverty data in order to increase the data granularity. In this study, we aim to develop the spatially granular poverty index (SGPI) consisting of multisource remote sensing satellite imageries and big data sources. With 1 km resolution, the SGPI is composed of nighttime light (NTL), normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution levels, education and healthcare Point of Interest (POI) data, as alternative economic activity and poverty proxy indicators. Three different approaches of the equal-weighted sum method, the Pearson correlation coefficient method weighted method, and PCA weighted method are compared and evaluated to combine different indicators. Our result shows that the SGPI built in the scope of Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA) by using the equal weighted sum with Yeo-Johnson transformation (EWS-YJ) has the highest correlation with official poverty data which is 0.954. Based on visual identifications through high-resolution satellite imagery, the areas with a relatively high SGPI value are densely populated, and vice versa. Our findings suggest that multi-source remote sensing and geospatial big data integration are promising alternative approaches for granular urban poverty mapping based on spatial characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we propose a theoretical-methodological reflection on a research work that takes the form of an artistic (co)production workshop in a public secondary school located in a context of urban poverty in the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires (MRBA). We recovered field material produced during 2022 to explore the possibilities of this methodology. Working with artistic practices allows the unfolding of a narrative, a saying, at the same time that it is proposed as a training experience for students, connecting with the task that the school carries out on a daily basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to appropriate healthcare among disadvantaged populations in countries with universal healthcare requires a critical understanding of the relationships between poverty, social exclusion and health in the local context. The qualitative study explored the experiences of healthcare utilization in an inner-city impoverished community living in slum conditions in Hong Kong. Interviews with 40 slum residents in one of the poorest neighbourhoods in the city explored the following domains: experience and perceptions of the community, housing conditions, informal social capital and support system, interactions with community workers, and experiences in utilizing social and healthcare services. Framework analysis was conducted to identify local themes under the model of healthcare utilization: approachability, acceptability, availability and accommodation, affordability and appropriateness. Despite the subsidized public healthcare system, multiple barriers were identified. Low literacy of healthcare systems was prevalent. Specifically, structural barriers relating mainly to the availability, accommodation and affordability of health services were salient to impede access to healthcare. The barriers related to healthcare providers primarily stemmed from the interactions of healthcare providers, perceived stigma and the lack of patient-centred care. In addition, poverty-related sociocultural norms and personal beliefs of healthcare were found to be significant barriers to healthcare access. Despite the well-established subsidized public healthcare system, healthcare inequity was evident. Lack of quality healthcare access needs to be addressed by providing social and educational resources that facilitate collective efficacy for healthcare, community engagement from public sectors and person-centred care with healthcare providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on the concentration of urban poverty has considered two kinds of locations as the pockets of poverty: slums (vs. non-slums) and towns (vs. cities). Moving beyond these binaries in discussing spatial concentration of urban poverty, we have made an intersection of these two kinds of residential locations in the post-reform India using four rounds of data from the National Sample Survey. The proportion of relatively poor households was lower in city slum areas than in towns (both slum and non-slum households). Next, this paper tries to find out the level of basic services availability across these intersectional spatial categories and how public policies respond to existing poverty. Availability of basic services was higher in city slums than in town non-slum households. Across all these urban areas, the poor had a lower access to services than the non-poor, and the gap between them had increased over time. These findings also pose serious concerns on the geographical targeting of poverty alleviation programmes in India and on iniquitous resources allocations for providing basic amenities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how discourses on panhandling intertwine with the governance of beggars on China's urban streets. It focuses on local policy implementation in Guangzhou city, led by the bureau of civil affairs along with its centres for "custody and repatriation" and "assistance stations." The study aims to understand how the state regulates panhandling and engages with beggars in public spaces. Exploring the internal logic of the state's approach and how it has changed during the 40 years of reform, it also considers the junctures at which contradictions and conflicts arise. Based on fieldwork data (2011 to 2014) and the analysis of government documents, yearbooks, academic and mass media discourses, I argue that the state's treatment of panhandlers poses a conundrum as welfare measures conflict with control. While several layers of state regulation and actors contradict each other and create grey areas of state-induced informality, people who beg for alms are continuously criminalized and excluded from public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elena Ferrante's 'Neapolitan Novels', published in English between 2012 and 2015, tell the coming-of-age story of two women born in a poor neighbourhood in post-war Naples. The international success of this four-part series of novels – named in the Italian edition after the title of the first novel, L'amica geniale ('My Brilliant Friend') – testifies to the enduring popularity of the urban poor of Naples as a literary subject. This article discusses several key issues of urban poverty that emerge from the series (i.e. social exclusion, ghettoization, widespread illegality, endemic violence and women's oppression) and analyses how they are narrated, drawing on two classic texts of ethnographic scholarship: Thomas Belmonte's The Broken Fountain (1979) and Italo Pardo's Managing Existence in Naples (1996). In doing so, it reconsiders Ferrante's narrative from a socio-anthropological perspective and assesses her 'ethnographic imagination' vis-à-vis two opposing tendencies in the literature about the urban poor of Naples: one geared towards stigmatization and the other towards romanticization. The article thus argues that the 'Neapolitan Novels' offer a refreshing take on a deeply stereotyped subject, countering (at least in part) the process of 'othering' that traditionally affects the literary representation of Naples' urban poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, large-scale environmental problems, disasters, unemployment, and conflicts have catalyzed population migrations into cities, thus increasing the number of urban poor and worsening the overall poverty rate. While previous studies have investigated different methods of reducing poverty at various time points, this study focused on clarifying the nature of developments and changes in public administration policies designed to address the urban poor in Turkey, including relevant legislative frameworks, involved parties, and future policy outlooks. In the study, it was concluded that rural development should be provided in order to reduce the rate of urban poverty in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a common problem faced by all countries. Breaking the restrictions on urban–rural development imposed by the dual urban–rural system, China has greatly succeeded in eradicating absolute poverty, which has important reference significance for other developing countries to reduce poverty. However, few studies have systematically and empirically tested the heterogeneous impact of urban–rural integration (URI) on urban and rural poverty reduction. Using China's provincial panel data and the spatial econometric model, this study explores the relationship between URI and poverty reduction and tests its spatial spillover effects. The results show that URI and rural poverty present an inverted U-shaped relationship, which first aggravates and subsequently alleviates rural poverty. That has spatial overflow. For urban poverty, URI first reduces and then increases urban poverty in the province. In contrast, URI and urban poverty have an inverted U-shaped relationship in the surrounding province. By calculating the inflection point value, this study finds that when the URI level is between 0.300 and 0.480, URI can contribute to urban and rural poverty reduction in the local and surrounding areas. In the future, the government should dynamically monitor changes in urban and rural poverty while improving the development of URI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the livelihood pattern of the 'floating population' in metropolitan Dhaka, Bangladesh by using the Sustainable Livelihood (SL) framework. Data were collected by applying a mixed-method approach consisting of a semi-structured questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and qualitative observations. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used for presenting the findings of this study. The findings reveal that the survival of the floating population depends on a complex fusion of coping and adaptation measures based on their social relations, communal living, and mental strength. While their livelihood pattern is sustainable to some extent in the social context, it is economically, politically, and environmentally unsustainable. The study identifies the absence of appropriate institutional arrangements as a major constraint in ensuring the sustainability of their livelihood pattern. This study finally offers policy suggestions and advocates further scrutiny of this limitedly investigated subject in the research and policy domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork carried out in a large favela of Belo Horizonte, this study argues that there are three logics at play when it comes to regulating violence in poor Brazilian urban areas: that of crime, that of the state, and that of religion. These three logics act as normative regimes which, connected by the shared notion of 'respect', form symbolical relationships among themselves alternating between dissonance and coordination. This everyday interaction produces a normative triangle that determines which lives are more and which are less valuable and, therefore, the likeliest target of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we discuss results of research carried out in a secondary school in a neighborhood of the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires characterized by the presence of multiple garbage dumps. From the analytical series "la quema-te re-quema" we try to problematize some of the multiple conditions of becoming a teacher in contexts of urban poverty and environmental degradation. We propose that the teaching task in these spaces is configured, on the one hand, by the transfer of responsibilities to individuals and institutions, typical of the managerial logics that characterize current societies and, on the other, by the interconnections that are established daily in a precarious materiality, typical of neighborhoods located between dumps. It is from this affection that we try to approach the understanding of how urban and school inequality is expressed on a daily basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of poverty and anti-poverty practices have always occupied an important place in social life and on the agenda of governments. Practical examples highlight the transformation of these facts and the perception of poverty in the historical process. Today, the concept is mainly addressed at the urban scale, particularly in developing and developed countries. Especially in the last quarter of the 20th century, there has been a major process of transformation in poverty and welfare regimes in response to economic, political and social changes. In this period in which the understanding of the welfare state has weakened, the rapid change in literature is largely attributed to the dominance of neoliberalism. Because during this period, neoliberalism concentrated on establishing a new economic order to secure the power of the ruling classes. For the establishment of this new order, various practices such as downsizing of the public sector, privatizations, flexibility of employment markets, and reduction of labor costs began to spread on a global scale. In parallel with these structural changes in the economy, we can see that there have been significant changes in poverty and anti-poverty practices. In this context, in this study, the transformation of urban poverty is discussed and the change in the approach of fighting against urban poverty in line with the development of social policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of urbanization in Africa is receiving global attention and is subject to comprehensive scientific research due to the wide socioeconomic influence of this continent. Adopting specific search terms and strategies, this paper conducts a statistical analysis of the research articles addressing African urbanization (n = 2046) from the Web of Science core collection. The results show that since 2006, research on African urbanization has entered a stage of rapid development. South Africa and the Global North are the main regions engaged in research on African urbanization. With the application of the bibliometric software HistCite, this paper tries to investigate the research streams and trends contributed by highly cited articles. The main research streams can be divided into 5 areas, with the relationship between disciplines becoming stronger. Population, economy and land-use are the core issues of African urbanization studies, with the largest volume of highly cited articles. Furthermore, the changes in research hotspots were explored based on keyword analysis by CiteSpace. The results indicate that the topics of research hot spots by African and Global North researchers are different, and the Global North has a stronger influence on African urbanization studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have called attention to how neighborhood organizations can help people in low-income neighborhoods who face risks of social exclusion. This study examines how different types of neighborhood organizations broker resources for the urban poor. We investigate how neighborhood organizations employ linking social capital (vertical networks) and organizational ties (horizontal networks). Furthermore, we discuss the process of organizational brokerage and through which mechanisms neighborhood organizations make resources accessible. Qualitative field work was conducted in a faith-based organization, a professional welfare organization and a volunteer organization. Our findings demonstrate that organizations broker resources in different ways, and that mechanisms of organizational brokerage complement each other. We further show how neighborhood organizations play an important role in connecting people from low-income neighborhoods to main institutions such as the labor market and welfare bureaucracies. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for neighborhood effects studies and policy, and what the study’s limitations are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afghanistan is a vulnerable country, and various challenges have led to widespread poverty. This study measured the different dimensions of poverty in rural and urban areas to help policymakers with poverty alleviation in the Kunduz province of Afghanistan. The data were collected from 360 rural and urban households. According to the findings, the MPI index in the Kunduz province's rural and urban areas was found to be 0.483 and 0.445, respectively. The results indicate that Kunduz faces both rural and urban poverty, but that rural poverty is more severe than urban poverty. The intensity and headcount ratio of poverty in rural areas is more significant than in urban areas. It also is clear that all dimensions of poverty in Kunduz are very serious. Thus, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive program to reduce all aspects of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We perform a systematic review of the literature on the association between income, employment, and urban poverty from a multidisciplinary perspective. Our results, derived from the analysis of 243 articles, confirm the significant role of employment in the urban poor's lives, highlighting several factors that constrain their ability to improve their labour market outcomes: lack of access to public transport, geographical segregation, labour informality, among others. Furthermore, the paper finds different strategies used by the poor to promote their inclusion in their city's economy. We found a major bias towards research focused on advanced economies, stressing the need for development studies dealing with the specific challenges of developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of tenure 'contracts' that exist within the low-income settlements involves more than title deeds. Accordingly, 'tenure security' manifests itself beyond legal or de jure construction as it also involves de facto forms of tenure and dweller's perception of security. The perceived tenure security is in turn a function of people's lived experiences which shape the trust they may grant to the future effectiveness of land tenure arrangements. Contextual and historical factors, ranging from political patronage to market pressure to policy provisions, govern the perception of tenure security which usually gets overlooked in policy formulations. With a focus on Mumbai and Jaipur in India, this paper aims to generate and examine the viability of a list of indicators that influence perceptions of land and housing tenure security. The intention is to engender a method towards housing solutions beyond the unidirectional aim of titling and in favour of incremental approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The context of learning, which includes the host country, is an important variable of service-learning. Since international service-learning programs often take place in developing countries, studies about their impact and outcomes commonly draw from experiences in developing countries. Purpose: We investigate service-learning experience in developed, urban settings focusing on dissonances and civic outcomes, key areas of service-learning pedagogy. Methodology/Approach: This an instrumental case study based on a small group sample of 12 Asian student participants of a service-learning exchange to partner universities in the USA. Findings/Conclusions: Findings suggest that developed cities can be fertile grounds for impactful dissonances and civic learning. "First-world expectations" increased or intensified dissonances students experienced. Confronting urban poverty and other social issues in cities similar to their own led students to see domestic problems with fresh eyes. Implications: Service-learning exchange in developed cities can facilitate understanding social problems particularly in the way these occur in developed countries and promises transferability of learning. However, students need prompting to connect experiences overseas to home contexts and draw practical consequences. Faculty or staff assistance is necessary to help students constructively cope with powerful dissonances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines changing attitudes to afternoon and evening meals during the Zimbabwean crisis between 1997 and 2020. It uses household food economics in Harare's high-density suburbs as an entry point into the historiography of the Zimbabwean crisis. By focusing on the management of household economics, the article analyses the affordability, typologies and naming of some meals or relishes that were eaten during the crisis period. It examines the vernacular concepts of tsaona meals that came to dominate afternoon and evening meals. It further analyses the ZANU(PF) government's authoritarian vegetarianism – in which it took a pseudo-decolonial stance as it attempted to re-teach Zimbabwean palates and bowels to consume traditional small grains and vegetables in the context of food shortages and the crisis. Overall, the article provides a sensorial history of meals in Harare's high-density suburbs during the Zimbabwean crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the evolving landscape of poverty research, especially in China, the focus has shifted from eliminating absolute poverty to relieving relative poverty. Although much of the existing studies have begun to use built environment big data, such as remote sensing and street view imagery, to measure poverty, peoples' consumption, an essential indicator of poverty receives less attention. This study delves into the relationship and spatial disparity between poverty measured by consumer big data and multidimensional poverty measured based on the census data. We investigated 1731 communities in Guangzhou as case study regions and combined their residents' mobile phone metadata and spatial cost of living data as the input consumer big data. Then, we constructed Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) levels based on the census data and built random forest classification model based on our consumer big data to predict IMD level at community level. The result shows that the predicted poverty of 81.11% communities were generally consistent with the IMD level, indicating that the consumer big data poverty mapping provided a viable poverty measurement from consumer behavior perspective. The SHapley Additive exPlanations' values result shows that Pinduoduo (a low-cost online shopping mobile application) contributes the most to predicted poverty from consumer behavior. For spatial disparities, poverty mapping based on consumer big data is more sensitive to the poverty in suburban developing neighborhoods and affordable housing communities compared with the IMD. The urban poverty mapping based on consumer big data offers a timely portray of communities' socio-economic challenges and consumption-related poverty, and provides support and evidence for accurate urban poverty alleviation strategies. • Innovatively employed consumer big data to spatially measure urban poverty. • Pinduoduo, fashion businesses, and mobile phone communication expenses are critical factors in identifying urban poverty. • Revealed potentially latent poverty in urban central and peripheral communities based on consumer big data. • Analyzed the mechanism of consumer big data for poverty estimation by analyzing individual communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introduction to the themed Special Feature 'Law at the margins of the city', we present a roadmap of concepts and practices across the various fields that are explored in this collection of articles. We invite readers to visit a disciplinary and creative encounter by untangling different routes and layers connecting law, finance, raciality, urban poverty and radical insurgencies. The aim is to delineate and reinaugurate an existing but still not entirely explored area of knowledge, in which the contributing articles provoke insightful critiques about legal articulations on and from the margins of the city. Through a multi-sited perspective, reflected in the contexts from which the invited authors are writing, we suggest that the 'problem of poverty' is not only globalised, but also embedded in and facilitated by globally effective legal processes. By bringing together variegated urban experiences in the United Kingdom, Brazil, Italy, Mozambique, Colombia, Turkey and India, that could be read as isolated and localised, a clear global pattern reveals itself in the transformation of cities and their margins. Likewise, a global web of insurgent practices emerges through the local ways in which law is appropriated by resistance groups from the margins. As will be seen in the contributions to this Special Feature, by disputing law and by disputing space, these ongoing practices can work to destabilise an entire world-making system of property, raciality and urban organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement for the urban commons in Southern Italian cities has been facing the increasing touristification of the historic centres, a process of value extraction built on the character of 'authenticity' and 'marginality' of the urban poor's living to the external gaze. In this resistance, activists encountered the law both as a counter-hegemonic tool exploited to assert their claims over the urban space and as a governmental technique deployed by the public administration to partially tame their political praxis into bureaucratic frameworks. The law has thus been used both to shelter the marginalised from the effects of touristification and as a means to govern urban space by extracting value from urban poverty. This analysis highlights how movements opposing the commodification of urban poverty could gain political strength from creatively exploiting legal tools, which would allow them to protect the interests of the poor and achieve wealth distribution. It also stresses how urban studies would benefit from integrating the perspective of critical legal studies that considers the law as a battleground for social conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing First is a popular model of homeless services that has transformed urban governance across the globe. Scholars have praised Housing First as voluntary care or criticized it as a disciplinary intervention. Both perspectives offer a partial account of Housing First case management. I extend those studies with interview-based research that conceptualizes U.S. Housing First as a hybrid form of homeless governance that exercises control through discipline and inclusive repression. Government authorities contract Housing First providers to reduce public expenditures by rehousing chronically homeless people. Case managers make disciplinary interventions until tenants are confronted with an eviction. At that point, service providers use inclusionary repression to sustain market exchanges by selectively disenfranchising tenants and rendering them pliable to disciplinary interventions in the future. This paper advances homeless scholarship by showing how, as a publicly subsidized property management service, U.S. Housing First buttresses urban housing markets through hybrid governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The green economy is one of the most important manifestations of the integration of economic, social, and environmental dimensions, and without it, sustainable development will not be achieved. The purpose of this article is to identify the components and constructive indicators of the green economy in conjunction with the reduction of urban poverty in Mashhad. Data and Method: This research, in terms of method, is apart from quantitative-qualitative research, in terms of purpose, it is apart from applied research, and in terms of nature, it is among descriptive and analytical research. In the first step, by using the information of the statistical blocks of the Statistics Center for the city of Mashhad in 2016, it has been done to identify urban poverty areas using spatial analysis in the GIS software environment. Then, in the identified poverty areas, the effect of green economy indicators on reducing urban poverty was investigated and analyzed using Pearson's correlation tests and regression of the indicators. Results: The findings of this analysis show that the components of the green economy including access to resources, human capital, economic structure, green management, green investment, green jobs, and green transportation significantly explain the urban poverty of Mashhad, which amount It is equal to 87.3 percent. Conclusion: Considering that the components of the green economy significantly explain the urban poverty of Mashhad, necessary planning should be done in this case.In this research, solutions based on the green economy have been presented in order to reduce poverty in the poor areas of Mashhad city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The issue of poverty is not only one of the most important issues in the world, but also one of the most important internal issues and problems of all societies, both rich and poor. Urban poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon and urban dwellers suffer due to many deprivations, including lack of access to employment opportunities, lack of adequate housing and infrastructure, lack of social security, and lack of access to health, education, and personal security. In the meantime, it seems necessary to have a comprehensive study on poverty that includes a detailed analysis of its positive factors. For this purpose, the present study has been compiled with the aim of investigating and measuring the factors affecting the emergence of the phenomenon of urban poverty in the metropolis of Ahvaz. Data and Method: This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. In this study, urban poverty in the form of five dimensions of economic, socio-cultural, managerial, physical infrastructure and environmental-geographical in the form of 36 indicators have been studied. Results: The results of this study indicate this, In the economic dimension, the biggest impact was the lack of jobs and stable income with an average of 4/09, In the socio-cultural dimension, the lack of women's participation in decision-making, with an average of 3/08, had the greatest impact, Also, in the managerial-institutional dimension, the most affected urban poverty in the metropolis of Ahvaz from the factor of sanctions, with an average of 3, had a positive and significant effect. The phenomenon of urban poverty from the point of view of physical and infrastructural indicators has been most affected by the lack of infrastructure of cultural activities, marginalization with an average of 3.07 and 3, respectively. The last component of the factors affecting the urban poverty pattern that is addressed in this study is environmental-geographical factors The components of the imposed war situation and the special situation of the region with an average of 4.5, and 3, respectively, had the greatest impact on the existence of urban poverty in the metropolis of Ahvaz. Conclusion: The results of the analysis of the questionnaire show that the majority of residents of Ahvaz are in poor economic condition. As well as the problem of unemployment and marginalization in this city, it is considered as one of the main causes of poverty and poverty development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the factors underlying poverty transitions in Nairobi's slums focusing on whether differences in characteristics make people more prone to enter poverty and persist in, or whether past experience of poverty matters on future states. Understanding these issues is essential for the design of effective policy programs aimed at enhancing the lives of the poor. The paper uses an endogenous switching model, which accounts for initial conditions, non-random attrition, and unobserved heterogeneity. Estimations are based on a panel dataset from the Nairobi Demographic Surveillance System. Results indicate that true state dependence (TSD) constitutes the major factor driving poverty persistence. There are little heterogeneity effects. Even when household and individual observed characteristics differ notably, the TSD size remains very large. Active anti-poverty programs aimed at breaking the cycle of poverty constitute then the most appropriate policies for taking people out of poverty and preventing them to fall back in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the epistemic functions of images in the geographic and sociological discourses on poverty habitat in the megacities of the global south by focusing on Mexico city. Based on a conceptual and methodological review of art history from Bildwissenschaft perspective (visual studies), this paper aims to examine the poverty habitat by describing its typologies, patterns, encodings and possible effects of its visual constructions. This contribution outlines the utility of this type of research, the function of inter and transdisciplinary studies in this field and its fundamental ethic dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to identify the location and characteristics of poor urban neighborhoods in Pyongyang using deep-learning-based remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS), and big data analyses. To this end, we first classify the residential areas of Pyongyang City into five classes. We then analyze each class's spatial and inter-variable characteristics to identify the location and characteristics of poor residential areas. Due to the scarcity of statistical data and the restricted access to the city, this study introduces a research methodology termed Machine-Human Sequential Design (MHSD). The results of the study show that low levels of Housing environment, Economic status, Accessibility, and Block activation characterized poor neighborhoods in Pyongyang. In comparing individual variables, the density of single-story slate-roofed houses (tangjip) was the highest, and the density of night illumination, number of cars, and points of interest (POIs) was the lowest. This study illustrates the distinctions in urban poverty in Pyongyang compared to developing countries and introduces a novel research methodology tailored for a highly closed city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Disaster risk is increasing sharply in cities around the world that are at hazards. Within cities, especially cities in low and middle-income countries, some urban spaces are constructed to distribute risks unfairly. For example, in Tehran, the existence of threatening hazards such as earthquakes, floods, fires and many environmental challenges along with a large area of unstable fabrics has caused this city to have special conditions in terms of disaster risk management. This study utilizes the approach of integrating disaster management policies and promotion of underutilised fabrics following the zoning of these fabrics in Tehran in terms of vulnerability to various hazards and provides solutions to control and reduce the damage caused by hazards with emphasis on policy-making, planning and prevention. Data and Method: This research is applied-developmental in terms of type and its general model is descriptive-analytical and based on the evaluation method, during which the modeling, construction of a composite index and integration and superimposition of information layers and data based on the analytic hierarchy process to determine the final weight of spatial units and zoning of vulnerability of underutilised Fabrics in Tehran has been done. Indicator data and layers are also extracted from sources and various secondary data. Scoring of indices and sub-indices is based on experts' questionnaire and calculations were done in ARC GIS software. Results: In Tehran, there is a large overlap between the range of underutilised urban fabrics and higher levels of urban poverty, population concentration, and the potential for a variety of hazards. In this regard, underutilised fabrics of the southern half of Tehran, especially in regions 15, 18 and 20 in the first degree and regions 16, 17 and 19 in the second degree have the greatest potential for risk. Conclusion: In some areas of Tehran, the realities of disaster management are much more complex than existing plans and policies. The disaster management system in underutilised fabrics requires a different mechanism compared to other parts of the city. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk in these areas, it is necessary to pay special attention to the issue of reducing urban poverty and vulnerability, and in general integrating policies and measures of disaster risk management and urban planning and social and economic development programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doctrine of sustainable development has its origins in the realm of international environmental law. This article considers its potential usefulness for the purposes of alleviating urban poverty in South Africa. Urban poverty is an endemic and persistent phenomenon in South African cities, which lack economic and social integration. In the realm of international sustainable development discourse, it has come to be acknowledged in more recent years that sustainable development is intertwined with issues of poverty. South African legislation and case law acknowledge sustainable development but do not consider its possible usefulness as an underpinning doctrine for urban poverty alleviation. The potential of the doctrine for this purpose has been justifiably questioned on several grounds. However, it is possible to conceptualise ways in which it can be deployed as a theoretical basis for initiatives towards such alleviation. It is argued in this article that all three branches of government in South Africa should play a role in achieving this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slum formation and settlements globally are an indication of either a housing deficit or the relative un-affordability of formal housing. Across developing nations it is quite common to find the urban poor resolving their accommodation issues by moving to slums while the government more often seeks to oppose the formation and continued existence of such settlements. Government interventions consequently further exposes the informal dwellers of these settlements into extreme vulnerabilities. A significant number of slum settlers are gainfully employed engage across various in informal economic activities and tend to be major drivers of informal economies. In this study, we investigate the impact of forced evictions from a socio–economic perspective by comparing former income earning households of a demolished slum to households in three existing slum communities. As well as investigating the dominant factors prompting slum formations and settlements in two of the three communities which are emerging communities. Primarily, our focus was to map household income and ascertain fatalities post-eviction. Secondly, we intend to profile the households in emerging communities to ascertain factors prompting slum formation and settlements in Lagos, Nigeria. We conclude that evictions are both a cause and consequence of poverty which in itself is a contributing factor to slum proliferation. We outline a few interventions in cases of unavoidable demolition and suggest the need to domesticate International Treaties in the protection of informal dwellers among other things. Abbreviations: NSISF: Nigeria Slums and Informal Settlement Federation; IDP: Internally Displaced Persons; COHRE: Centre on Housing Rights & Eviction; UN: United Nations; NBS: Nigeria Bureau of Statistics; JEI: Justice and Empowerment Initiative; SES: Social Economic Status; ICESCR: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; PHC: Primary Healthcare Centre; ICCPR: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; UNFPA: United Nations Population Fund; NPC: National Population Council; SDI: Slum/Shack Dwellers International; GHS: General Household Survey; NSISF: Nigeria Slums and Informal Settlement Federation; ID: PInternally Displaced Persons; COHRE: Centre on Housing Rights & Eviction; UN: United Nations; NBS: Nigeria Bureau of Statistics; JEI: Justice and Empowerment Initiative; SES: Social Economic Status; ICESCR: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; PHC: Primary Healthcare Centre; ICCPR: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; UNFPA: United Nations Population Fund; NPC: National Population Council; SDI: Slum/Shack Dwellers International; GHS: General Household Survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostitution is one of the complex social problems that Algerian society quietly suffers from, especially official prostitution, as this phenomenon is unknown in the media, official and academic. This study is an attempt to investigate the scale and the causes of it, using Annaba Department as a model. The study found a correlation between urban poverty and official prostitution, as well as other encouraging factors on a social and ecological basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new concept of poverty or urban poverty includes the disadvantaged status of people who are unable to obtain an equal share of various socio-spatial factors, particularly economic, in regards to daily life. Waste collectors are one of the main groups in the urban environment who are deprived of welfare, justice, and representation. This study aims to answer the questions of what psychosocial effects and other difficulties are faced by waste laborers, as well as how their reflections on their experiences and sense of belonging to the city has developed. The study population consists of three (3) metropolitan districts of Ankara (Altındağ, Çankaya, and Keçiören), and the sample group is comprised of seventy (70) waste workers who eke out an existence by collecting waste in these districts. The data obtained in the study and carried out in the form of face-to-face interviews, which is one of the qualitative research techniques utilised in this study, were analyzed through the use of descriptive and content analysis. The results obtained show that waste laborers experience urban poverty in their socio-spatial relations with regard to daily life. It was revealed that they were susceptible to certain spatial and psychosocial traumas, such as marginality produced by the new concept of poverty, inability to relate to urban space, exclusion and stigma. Various suggestions are made in the study to include waste laborers in the recycling sector, and so help them find solutions to the multiple disadvantages they face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical engagement-promoting strategies in child and family mental health services have been identified largely within the context of clinic-based services delivered by mental health professionals. However, the magnitude of unmet youth mental health need necessitates expanding the scope of mental health services, and the associated engagement strategies, beyond traditional models and service providers. The present study aimed to extend our understanding of engagement strategies to a school-based mental health service model, using a community health worker (CHW) workforce implementing an early intervention program with parents and school-aged children (K-4) in high poverty urban communities. Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 16 CHWs to capture their descriptions of the engagement strategies they utilized with parents throughout program implementation. Transcripts were coded and themes were identified following procedures for thematic analysis. Thematic analyses revealed ten themes describing a range of engagement strategies falling into two overarching categories: (1) rapport building, and (2) responsive delivery. Themes within the rapport building category included non-judgmental supportive listening, increasing social proximity, praise, privacy and confidentiality, and leveraging relationships. Themes within the responsive delivery category included flexibility, consistency, advocacy, incentives, and meeting needs. Findings provide preliminary evidence regarding the ability of CHWs to identify and implement a range of engagement strategies with parents and families that parallel empirically-based engagement strategies in traditional services. These findings speak to the potential of this workforce to engage underserved families in mental health services, underscoring the important role for CHWs in reducing mental health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experience with urban social protection programmes is relatively limited in the Global South. Extensions or duplicates of rural social assistance programmes do not reflect the distinct vulnerabilities of the urban poor, who face higher living costs and more precarious employment, and are not reached by social insurance schemes that are designed for formally employed workers. Neither the Sustainable Development Goals nor the New Urban Agenda reflect a specific focus on urban social protection. COVID-19 has exposed this major gap in coverage, given the disproportionate impact of lockdowns on the livelihoods of the urban poor. To 'build back better' post COVID-19, we propose rights-based national social protection systems with two components: categorical social assistance for non-working vulnerable groups (children, older persons, persons with disability) and universal social insurance for all working adults (formal, informal or self-employed), financed out of general revenues rather than mandatory contributions by employees and employers. These ideas are explored in the case of South Africa, which has comprehensive social assistance but inadequate social insurance for urban informal workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender-based structural inequalities in Southern African cities continue to drive poverty and food insecurity in spite of decades of development efforts to raise the social, economic, and political status of women relative to men. A 2014 survey of household food security in Maputo found that female headship is closely associated with food insecurity. This article assesses the role of employment and education in explaining this phenomenon in the city of Maputo. Using household survey data, this investigation defines the extent to which the relationship between the sex of the household head and food insecurity appears to be conditionally dependent upon employment and education. The findings provide further impetus to urban policy makers to operationalise gender equality goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The trend of urbanization in developing countries has been faced with spatial imbalances, polarization of regions and social groups, and unstable urban growth. As the instability caused by this uneven growth has led to the formation of areas of poverty in urban areas. Spatial analysis of these areas determines the extent of deprivation in different areas and prioritizes measures to improve living standards. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the existing inequalities and show the pattern of poverty in Ardabil urban blocks with emphasis on social indicators during the years 2006 to 2016 and also to investigate the factors affecting the organization of this phenomenon. Methods: The research method is spatial analysis in terms of applied purpose and approach. The statistical population of this research is the legal limits of Ardabil in 2006 and 2016 and the sample size is all the statistical blocks of the mentioned years. In order to collect research data, the information available in the statistical blocks of 2006 and 2016 in Erbil and a questionnaire of academic elites and city managers have been used. To show the situation of social poverty, spatial autocorrelation technique was used using hot spot analysis in Arc / GIS software and to analyze the pattern of social poverty distribution, Moran statistic was used. To analyze the data of the second part of the research (identifying the factors affecting the expansion and spatial organization of social poverty zones), the structural equation analysis model in AMOS software has been used Results: Based on the obtained results, out of 5142 urban blocks in Ardabil in 2006, about 53% were in a very deprived and deprived condition, 26% were in a moderate condition and about 21% were in a well-off condition. In 2016, these percentages are 46, 22, 32 among 6439 urban blocks, respectively, and this also shows that Ardabil urban blocks in terms of social indicators in 2016 compared to 2006 they are in a better situation. Conclusion: Due to the spread of urban poverty in Ardabil over the past decades, empowerment of low-income and poor in the city should be done with a multidimensional perspective (and not just paying attention to the physical dimensions). In this regard, the role of facilitator of the city management system and the realization of bottom-up planning and participatory approach is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caregiver strain and social support have been identified as both facilitators and deterrents to parental mental health service use on behalf of their children. This study focused on the relationship between caregiver strain, social support, and mental health service use among African American mothers of children at-risk or meeting criteria for a disruptive behavioral disorder and living in urban communities of concentrated poverty. Mothers (n = 89), participating in a five-year NIMH funded study of school-based community mental health services, completed measures at baseline of caregiver strain and both perceived and received social support. Service use was calculated as the sum total of services (sessions) received. Associations between caregiver strain and service use were examined, and perceived and received social support were explored as potential moderators. Baseline covariates included child's age, gender, symptom severity, and maternal employment status. Findings highlighted child symptom severity as the strongest predictor of caregiver strain and perceived social support as moderating the association between caregiver strain and service use. Mothers were more likely to utilize services when experiencing relatively high levels of perceived support or high caregiver strain but not both, highlighting the importance of their interrelationship. Received support did not moderate the association between strain and service use. In addition, mothers utilized services more often for sons than daughters and when unemployed. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Highlights: Mothers reporting high caregiver strain or high perceived social support, but not both, were more likely to use services. Received support did not moderate the association between strain and service use. Mothers were more likely to receive services for their sons than their daughters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the perceptions of those who live in a context of marginalization and urban poverty as to their awareness of any risks to health and well-being associated with climate change. The methodological framework for this study was qualitative and ethnographic. The main sources of information were semi-structured interviews with residents of El Colli, located in Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico who are parents. We conclude that there are climate change-induced environmental regional particularities that result in unequal conditions of vulnerability and a greater occurrence of risk events for populations in marginalized and poor areas. Thus, we argue that the theoretical and methodological references that consider local knowledge are key to enabling adaptation measures aimed at social welfare. Spanish Abstract: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la percepción sobre riesgos a la salud y el bienestar asociados al cambio climático, a partir de las experiencias cotidianas de vivir en un contexto de marginación y pobreza urbana. La perspectiva metodológica fue de carácter cualitativo y de cohorte etnográfi co, cuya principal fuente de información fueron entrevistas semiestructuradas a los padres y madres de familia, habitantes de El Colli, ubicado en Zapopan, Jalisco, México. Concluimos que las particularidades regionales a escala local enfrentan impactos específicos asociados al cambio climático según las condiciones desiguales de vulnerabilidad entre la población y la ocurrencia de eventos riesgosos. Así, sostenemos que los referentes teórico-metodológicos que consideren el conocimiento local son clave para propiciar medidas de adaptación encaminadas al bienestar social. English Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the perceptions of those who live in a context of marginalization and urban poverty as to their awareness of any risks to health and well-being associated with climate change. The methodological framework for this study was qualitative and ethnographic. The main sources of information were semi-structured interviews with residents of El Colli, located in Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico who are parents. We conclude that there are climate change-induced environmental regional particularities that result in unequal conditions of vulnerability and a greater occurrence of risk events for populations in marginalized and poor areas. Thus, we argue that the theoretical and methodological references that consider local knowledge are key to enabling adaptation measures aimed at social welfare. Spanish Abstract: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la percepción sobre riesgos a la salud y el bienestar asociados al cambio climático, a partir de las experiencias cotidianas de vivir en un contexto de marginación y pobreza urbana. La perspectiva metodológica fue de carácter cualitativo y de cohorte etnográfi co, cuya principal fuente de información fueron entrevistas semiestructuradas a los padres y madres de familia, habitantes de El Colli, ubicado en Zapopan, Jalisco, México. Concluimos que las particularidades regionales a escala local enfrentan impactos específicos asociados al cambio climático según las condiciones desiguales de vulnerabilidad entre la población y la ocurrencia de eventos riesgosos. Así, sostenemos que los referentes teórico-metodológicos que consideren el conocimiento local son clave para propiciar medidas de adaptación encaminadas al bienestar social. French Abstract: L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser la perception des risques pour la santé et le bien-être liés au changement climatique à partir des expériences quotidiennes de vie dans un contexte de marginalisation et de pauvreté urbaine. La méthodologie adoptée s'appuie sur une cohorte qualitative et ethnographique, dont la principale source sont des entretiens semi-structurés avec des parents résidant à El Colli, situé à Zapopan, au Jalisco, Mexique. Nous concluons que le changement climatique a des répercussions spécifiques en fonction des particularités régionales à l'échelle locale, notamment des conditions inégales de vulnérabilité de la population et de la survenue d'événements à risque. Ainsi, nous soutenons que les références théoriques et méthodologiques qui prennent en compte les connaissances locales sont essentielles pour promouvoir des mesures d'adaptation visant le bien-être social. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Country-wide urbanization in Uganda has continued amidst institutional challenges. Previous interventions in the water and sanitation sector have not addressed the underlying issues of a poorly managed urbanization processes. Poor urbanisation is linked to low productivity, urban poverty, unemployment, limited capacity to plan and offer basic services as well as a failure to enforce urban standards.Methods: This ethnographic study was carried out in three urban centres of Gulu, Mbarara and Kampala. We explored relationships between urban livelihoods and sustainable urban sanitation, using the economic sociology of urban sanitation framework. This framework locates the urbanization narrative within a complex system entailing demand, supply, access, use and sustainability of slum sanitation. We used both inductive and deductive thematic analysis.Results: More than any other city in Uganda, Kampala was plagued with poor sanitation services characterized by a mismatch between demand and the available capacity for service provision. Poor slum sanitation was driven by; the need to escape rural poverty through urban migration, urban governance deficits, corruption and the survival imperative, poor service delivery and lack of capacity, pervasive (urban) informality, lack of standards: 'to whom it may concern' attitudes and the normalization of risk as a way of life. Amidst a general lack of affordability, there was a critical lack of public good conscience. Most urbanites were trapped in poverty, whereby economic survival trumped for the need for meeting desirable sanitation standards.Conclusions: Providing sustainable urban livelihoods and meeting sanitation demands is nested within sustainable livelihoods. Previous interventions have labored to fix the sanitation problem in slums without considering the drivers of this problem. Sustainable urban livelihoods are critical in reducing slums, improving slum living and curtailing the onset of slumification. Urban authorities need to make urban centres economically vibrant as an integral strategy for attaining better sanitation standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand the household livelihood strategies of the urban poor in Gaziantep and how these strategies are shaped by being native or immigrant. For field research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with forty participants. The data obtained from the interviews reveal that the household livelihood strategies pointed out in the literature are also used by the urban poor in Gaziantep, however, these strategies differ between native and Syrian poor. Entering into the informal labor market, using women's and children's labor, reducing consumption and spending, relying on family and support networks, and seeking social assistance are common strategies for households of native and immigrant participants. However, these common strategies are applied differently by native and immigrant households. The cultural responses against women’s work outside of the household are harsher than the native participants’ households. Therefore, immigrants women’s work is limited to working in seasonal agricultural work, and doing piece-work at home. Another differentiating strategy is using child labor. Immigrant households are employing this strategy more intensely than native households. Another strategy employed more intensely in immigrant households is relying on family and kinship networks. Maintaining linkages with rural is peculiar to native participants’ households. Migrating another city or country is another strategy that was used or planned to be used by immigrant participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]