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The presented work is focused on the palaeopathological analysis of the skeletal remains of 22 individuals (11 adults, two adolescents, nine children) from Modřice (Brno-Country District, Czech Republic) dated to the period of the FunnelBeaker Culture (4000--3700 BC). It represents a group of settled farmers. Compared to similarly dated groups, the Modřice skeletons had a very high rate of tooth decay. Of the congenital malformations, skeletal (scaphocephaly) and spinal (vertebral synostosis, spondylolysis) disabilities were found here. Most of the inflammatory changes on the bones were observed in connection with dental diseases; two cases of otitis media and inflammatory foci on the cranial vault of one of the females were also recorded. Manifestations of chronic inflammation of unknown aetiology were noted in two individuals on the long bones of the limbs. Although the presented research was limited by the small number of examined skeletons, it presents new information about the health status of the studied population group and enriches the existing knowledge about this important Eneolithic population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the history of medicine, scurvy is associated mainly with great overseas discoveries in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is estimated that about 2 million sailors died of scurvy during this period of discovery. The occurrence of scurvy in the past is therefore well mapped in coastal countries, but insufficient attention has as yet been paid to its distribution among the civilian population inland. The presented communication summarizes the available information on this disease, obtained both from literary sources and from the study of direct evidence on skeletal remains from various dated archaeological sites in the Czech Lands (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia), located in Central Europe. The study also seeks to capture the living conditions of individuals with scurvy, with a special focus on the nutrition of the studied population. It confirms the occurrence of this disease from prehistory to modern times. The endangered group is always children between 2 and 5 years of age, which corresponds to the period when breastfeeding ends and there is a transition to a solid diet. In modern times, scurvy is recorded mainly in social institutions (orphanages, foundling homes), prisons and in armies in times of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the years following the reproducibility crisis in behavioral sciences, increased attention of the scientific community has been dedicated to the correct application of statistical inference and promotion of open science practices. In the present survey, we contacted psychology researchers, lecturers, and doctoral students from all universities in Slovakia and the Slovak Academy of Sciences via email. Together we received answers from 65 participants. Questions in the survey covered the most common misconceptions about statistical hypothesis testing, as well as awareness, attitudes, and barriers related to the adherence to open science practices. We found a high prevalence of statistical misconceptions, namely related to the interpretation of p-values and interpretation of null results. At the same time, participants indicated mostly positive attitudes towards open science practices, such as data sharing and preregistration, and were highly interested in further training. These results provide an insight into the needs of the Slovak psychology research community. This is an important step in the further dissemination of open science practices and the prevention of common statistical and methodological errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-discounting in monetary choices is determined by aspects related to the reward, contextual factors and characteristics of a person. In the present study, we used three datasets (Ndata1 = 419; Ndata2 = 485; Ndata3 = 240) to examine how well personal characteristics (sociodemographic, financial situation, self-control, cognitive abilities, negative experiencing, and trustfulness) predict time-discounting in both hypothetical and real reward scenarios. The results of the regression analyses indicate that the characteristics of a person only explain a small proportion of the variance in time-discounting (R² ranged from .10 to .19). The only substantive predictors of time-discounting in monetary choices were financial literacy and the general tendency to delay gratification. We conclude that there remains much work to be done in explaining what determines time-discounting. However, shifting the focus from personal characteristics to the characteristics of reward and contextual factors could be of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During rescue archeological excavation in 2018, the skeletal remains of a young male with an unusually large and rare lytic focus in the right iliac fossa, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, were found at the Mikulov site (Czech Republic). The presented communication considers various diseases that could be the cause of this pathological condition (tuberculosis, syphilis, mycosis, parasitic diseases, tumors, peritoneal abscess). The examination methods used in this case were macroscopic examination, radiological, histological, and genetic analyses. Differential diagnosis helps us to focus upon the most likely etiologies, and in our opinion, we feel this erosive lesion was probably caused by inflammation from a peritoneal abscess associated with chronic appendicitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of our study is to estimate the frequency and types of the tarsal coalition in the populations of the Czech Lands, where this type of data is still missing. Examined skeletal collections belong to seven different sites and periods (from the Early Bronze Age through the Migration Period and Middle Ages until the 20th century). Tarsal coalition is hereditary abnormal bridging between two tarsal bones (mainly talus, calcaneus, and navicular) which would normally be separate bones. The bridging is caused by a type of connective tissue. Gross macroscopic analysis and comparison with clinical and archaeological literature were used to detect the signs of tarsal coalition. In some cases, the analysis was combined with the radiographic examination. A total of 267 individuals from the following locations were observed: Mikulovice, Kolín, Praha-Zličín, Sady-Špitálky, Trutmanice, Znojmo, and skeletons of recent cadavers from the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno. Another 212 isolated tarsal bones from Brno ossuary material (dated to the 13th-18th century and currently deposited in the Department of Anatomy) were also studied. We estimated that the frequency of tarsal coalition (when individuals from all seven studied archaeological collections were pooled) was 5.6 %. The tarsal coalition frequencies for individual collections ranged between 2.3 % - 10.3 %. If the ossuary material was included in the total tarsal coalition frequency calculations (the number of individuals from the ossuary material was calculated as the minimum number of individuals), the tarsal coalition frequency was 6.1 %. In most of the cases, the calcaneonavicular coalition was detected. The findings may expand our overall understanding of tarsal coalition and stimulate further clinical research when looking for a causal link between tarsal coalition and orthopaedic diseases, such as painful, rigid flatfoot (fibular spastic flatfoot, tarsal synostosis, or dysostosis), and their possible secondary complications (intra-articular trauma, infection, arthropathy, osteonecrosis, neoplasm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the reconstruction of the cellars of a house in Staňkova Street in Brno (Czech Republic), the human skeletal remains of 12 individuals stored in a common grave pit were discovered. By its arrangement, this grave corresponded to mass burials during war conflicts, epidemics or famines. Using the radiocarbon method, the skeletons were dated to the early nineteenth century, when the Napoleonic Wars took place in Central Europe. A detailed analysis of the osteological collection revealed that young men aged from 20 to 30 years, with an average body height of 167.6 cm, were buried in the grave. On one of the skeletons, a comminuted fracture of the humerus was recorded, probably caused by a gunshot wound; on another, there were visible traces of a surgical procedure — amputation. From the results of the examination, it is possible to assume that these were soldiers who had died in a temporary field hospital. The hypothesis was confirmed by the analysis of dental calculus, in which traces of sulphur and nitrogen were found, which are components of gunpowder. Degenerative changes in the spine and bones of the lower limbs also indicate a huge physical strain when carrying heavy weapons during long marches in heavy military footwear. Genetic determination of the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups revealed three different haplogroups that occur with different frequencies in different parts of Europe. So it is probable that victims of the Battle of the Three Emperors, which took place in nearby Austerlitz (Slavkov u Brna) on 2 December 1805, were buried in the mass grave under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented study is a part of a complex study focused on monitoring the origin and development of paediatric care in Moravia, one of the countries of the former Austrian monarchy. It observes the state of health and the causes of paediatric mortality from the 13th to the 19th centuries, on the basis of the study of available literary sources within the context of palaeopathological analyses of children's skeletal remains. The work also takes into account the social conditions, as changes in the Moravian healthcare sector occurred in the period under review in connection with the Theresian and Josephine reforms. Due to the lack of qualified medical staff, the development of Obstetrics and Pediatrics was much slower than other fields of medicine. Sick children were reliant only on the assistance of private doctors, whose care was unavailable to poor families. In the first public health facilities, only children older than 10 years of age were hospitalised with adults. Younger children were given institutional care only from 1846, after the establishment of the Children's Hospital of St. Cyril and Methodius in Brno. In this part of the study, attention was focused on the occurrence of inflammatory diseases, trauma and tumours. According to literary sources, Moravian children were particularly afflicted with infectious diseases. These included diphtheria, black cough, sinusitis, bacterial inflammation of the lungs of various origins, dysentery, salmonellosis, icterus and other diseases. The palaeopathological study demonstrates the high incidence of tuberculous meningitis and congenital syphilis. Traumatic changes were recorded on bones in only a few cases. Unlike written data, the osteology study did not detect any malignant tumours in the examined children. The present communication therefore supplements information on the history and epidemiology of children's infectious diseases in Central Europe during the Modern Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented report describes the skeletal remains of a young man with multiple pathological changes, dated to between 3800-3700 BC. The studied skeletal remains were subjected to classical anthropological analysis. The palaeopathological study was based on detailed macroscopic examination supplemented by histological and radiological examinations. In addition to the disorder of flat cranial bones, dental developmental defects, traces after periodontal and sinus maxillaris inflammation, partially fractured left rib and fracture of the first lumbar vertebra were found on this skeleton. Based on the mentioned examinations, this finding was evaluated as one of the possibly oldest cases of scurvy in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lively debate about the effect of maximizing and satisficing tendencies on well-being. The question is, whether maximizing and satisficing have an adaptive or maladaptive effect on well-being. There are also issues regarding the conceptualization and measurement of maximizing and satisficing tendencies. In a sample of 514 subjects from the general population in Slovakia, a two-component model of maximizing was examined. Satisficing tendency was measured as a separate construct. The results show the usefulness of a two-component model (maximizing as a strategy and maximizing as a goal) in measuring maximizing tendency. Maximizing as a strategy (measured as alternative search) turned out to be maladaptive (positively related to depression and negatively related to happiness), whereas maximizing as a goal (measured as high standards) had no maladaptive effect (no relation with well-being). In addition, the two components were differently associated with personality factors, which strengthens the need to distinguish between them. However, the satisficing tendency measured separately from maximizing tendency was not related to anything which raises a question about the conceptualization and validity of this tendency. The results of the current study, therefore, indicate that the (mal)adaptive effect of these tendencies depends on their conceptualization as well as on how these tendencies are measured, and also on their different relationship with personality factors. However, results also point to the importance of considering the cultural context that may have an effect on the relationship between maximizing and well-being. Therefore, the results may vary due to different cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dating of skeletal remains in archaeology is difficult, especially at findings without burial equipment. In this case, apart from literary and iconographic sources, anthropological and palaeopathological analyses, the radiocarbon dating method can also be used. We present an example where we used this procedure in the dating of the skeletal remains of an anonymous recent mass grave, found in the cellars of one of the houses in Brno (Czech Republic). On the basis of an assessment of the archaeological and anthropological context, in combination with radiocarbon dating, it could be concluded that the found skeletal remains were most likely of soldiers who died in the provisional military hospital as a result of injury or infection after the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. An alternative hypothesis, that they are the remains of soldiers who died in the Battle of Hradec Králové in 1866, was excluded by radiocarbon dating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the end of the fifteenth century, the massive expansion of syphilis had a distinct effect on the historical development of Europe. Due to this disease, firstly the numbers of the European population were reduced; thereafter, moral and ethical principles were significantly affected and the combat readiness of armies decreased. The disease forced new legislation which was of vital importance for the development of health services. The Czech Lands, located in Central Europe, were also no exception. The material presented summarises the available information on this disease obtained from written sources and from the study of direct evidence of skeletal remains from archaeological sites of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. Traces of syphilitic bone affliction have observed in almost every large early modern osteological collection to date. A number of currently documented palaeopathological findings of syphilitic changes in bones from the Czech Lands do not by a long stretch correspond to the data presented in literary sources on the mass occurrence of this disease. The submitted study aims to extend current knowledge in this area and thereby to complete a complex view of the development of syphilis in Central Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented study is focused on the observation and interpretation of post-traumatic changes in the facial skeleton. In injuries of the facial bones, it is particularly significant during which growth period the fracture occurred. Selected cases came from three differently dated periods to demonstrate some types of asymmetry we encountered in bone remains from archaeological researches -- 1) approximately 12th--13th centuries BC -- Saqqara Egypt, 2) 5th century -- Líbivá Czech Republic and 3) 13th--18th centuries -- Křtiny, Czech Republic. All the above-mentioned cases were most likely a consequence of interpersonal violence. It can be assumed that, in the female, the trauma could have been the result of domestic violence. The trauma in the male could rather have arisen during a skirmish. The use of modern clinical data provides the opportunity to interpret the ancient material with a greater degree of accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomy of the human forearm and hand has been described in great detail, including possible anatomical variations. For animals, this information is still not complete. The aim of this case study was to describe the anatomy of the muscles of the forearm and hand in one individual of the Anubis baboon and to compare this information with the available data on the subject and with the anatomical standard and possible variations in humans. The biggest differences were noted in the extensor digiti minimi, where two separate muscle bellies were dissected. We believe that in this individual it was the extensor digiti quarti proprius and extensor digiti quinti proprius muscles. Anatomical standard has not yet been established for the thenar, hypothenar, and contrahentes muscles in the deep layer of the muscles of the forearm of the baboon and literary sources differ notably in some information. Determining the anatomical standard and anatomical variability of individual structures in animals is an important contribution to the field of veterinary surgery and orthopaedics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to discover a way to study the internal structure and evolution of human embryos noninvasively. The human embryo was stained with phosphotungstic acid solution (PTA) in ethanol (EPTA) and scanned using a micro computed tomography (micro-CT) scanner. Using appropriate software, a three-dimensional image of the embryo was created, which could be further exploited. The methodology described could be used for the non-destructive examination of the internal structure of the human embryo, and the resulting data can be used as a resource for medical students, gynaecologists, and paediatricians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Cancer is a serious event in a person's life. However, certain coping strategies in relation to selected social, emotional, and personality factors appear to manage the disease. Methods: Sources of social support were tested in cancer survivors (N = 696) using hierarchical linear regression. Selected personality variables in terms of sociodemographic, clinical, and emotional factors were used as predictors of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies. Results: It was found that adaptive coping strategies were more frequent in younger patients, in patients who attended cancer support groups and those with a greater level of optimism. Maladaptive coping was related to the higher level of experience of pain and sadness, neuroticism, and pessimism. The absence of a relapse and the time since the disease had been diagnosed were also important factors in coping with cancer. Conclusions: The results point to the importance of considering various individual factors in the process of intervention to facilitate adaptive coping and to reduce maladaptive coping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cancer is a stressful life event that can lead to specific posttraumatic reactions. Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) are two main posttraumatic reactions that are related to each other, and both have different correlates.Methods: The linearity of the relationship between PTG and PTSS and the different socio-demographic, cancer-related, emotional, and psychological correlates were analyzed in patients with cancer (N = 126).Results: The relationship between PTG and PTSS was found to be more curvilinear than linear. PTSS was more strongly related to psychological factors (e.g., anxious preoccupation, hope-helplessness, and resilience) while PTG was strongly related to existential factors (e.g., self-transcendence and religiosity).Conclusion: The results show that cancer-related PTSS and PTG are specifically related constructs which are related differently to particular correlates. Specifically, the greatest differences were observed in the psychological variables. In the early phases, therapeutic interventions focused on variables related to PTSS can lead to the reduction of PTSS. In follow-up phases, the therapeutic intervention focused on the increase of the level of variables related to PTG can help the development of PTG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comprehensive synthesis of risk and protective factors of (internet) gaming disorder. • Strongest risk factors: internet addiction, escape motive, internet time, depression. • Strongest protective factors: self-esteem, intelligence, life satisfaction, education. • No evidence for the role of age and social support. • Results provide empirical foundations for theoretical models and prevention strategies. This large-scale meta-analysis aimed to provide the most comprehensive synthesis to date of the available evidence from the pre-COVID period on risk and protective factors for (internet) gaming disorder (as defined in the DSM-5 or ICD-11) across all studied populations. The risk/protective factors included demographic characteristics, psychological, psychopathological, social, and gaming-related factors. In total, we have included 1,586 effects from 253 different studies, summarizing data from 210,557 participants. Apart from estimating these predictive associations and relevant moderating effects, we implemented state-of-the-art adjustments for publication bias, psychometric artifacts, and other forms of bias arising from the publication process. Additionally, we carried out an in-depth assessment of the quality of underlying evidence by examining indications of selective reporting, statistical inconsistencies, the typical power of utilized study designs to detect theoretically relevant effects, and performed various sensitivity analyses. The available evidence suggests the existence of numerous moderately strong and highly heterogeneous risk factors (e.g., male gender, depression, impulsivity, anxiety, stress, gaming time, escape motivation, or excessive use of social networks) but only a few empirically robust protective factors (self-esteem, intelligence, life satisfaction, and education; all having markedly smaller effect sizes). We discuss the theoretical implications of our results for prominent theoretical models of gaming disorder and for the existing and future prevention strategies. The impact of various examined biasing factors on the available evidence seemed to be modest, yet we identified shortcomings in the measurement and reporting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]