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The obesity epidemic and inequalities in access to food are prompting increasing numbers of food environment studies, which rely on secondary data sources for mapping. This article assesses the reliability of the two main food outlet data sources in France: the volunteered geographical information (VGI) collaborative map OpenStreetMap (OSM) and the national business register Sirene. Their information on food outlets was assessed through ground‐truthing in the city‐region of Montpellier. Sensitivity, positive predictive value, and concordance were computed for each database. We analyzed the socio‐spatial variability of these measures according to households' income level. The sensitivity of Sirene is good and that of OSM moderate, while the opposite holds for positive predictive value, and the concordance of both OSM and Sirene is fair. Sirene provides more reliable data on deprived neighborhoods and OSM on wealthy neighborhoods. Caution is recommended regarding the classifications on which they are based, the time required to update the institutional database, and socially influenced contributions to VGI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1995, the term 'foodscape', a contraction of food and landscape, has been used in various research addressing social and spatial disparities in public health and food systems. This article presents a scoping review of the literature examining how this term is employed and framed. We searched publications using the term foodscape in the Web of Science Core Collection, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases. Analyzing 140 publications, we highlight four approaches to the foodscape: (i) Spatial approaches use statistics and spatial analysis to characterize the diversity of urban foodscapes and their impacts on diet and health, at city or neighborhood scales. (ii) Social and cultural approaches at the same scales show that foodscapes are socially shaped and highlight structural inequalities by combining qualitative case studies and quantitative surveys of food procurement practices. (iii) Behavioral approaches generally focus on indoor micro-scales, showing how consumer perceptions of foodscapes explain and determine food behaviors and food education. (iv) Systemic approaches contest the global corporate food regime and promote local, ethical, and sustainable food networks. Thus, although spatial analysis was the first approach to foodscapes, sociocultural, behavioral and systemic approaches are becoming more common. In the spatial approach, the term 'foodscape' is synonymous with 'food environment'. In the three other approaches, 'foodscape' and 'food environment' are not synonymous. Scholars consider that the foodscape is not an environment external to individuals but a landscape including, perceived, and socially shaped by individuals and policies. They share a systemic way of thinking, considering culture and experience of food as key to improving our understanding of how food systems affect people. Foodscape studies principally address three issues: public health, social justice, and sustainability. The review concludes with a research agenda, arguing that people-based and place-based approaches need to be combined to tackle the complexity of the food-people-territory nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the 2000s, resilience and food security have become associated in literature. However, the diversity of terminology shows that this association is not so easy. This paper objective is to assess the state of the art concerning the different forms of associations between food security and resilience. Does using resilience in the food security field and in the social-ecological system field, highlight the same features? Therefore, do several resilience concepts exist? What does it bring to programs and analysis carried out into food security field?What difficulties and challenges does this integration cause? We carried out a review using scientific literature as well as policy, projects and programs documents from the United Nations, funding agencies, or NGOs. We raise two specific issues: the resilience metrics in the food security scope, and the contribution of resilience in comparison with other approaches such as riskmanagement and vulnerability reduction. In addition, while resilience is not associated with a normativemeaning in the social-ecological system literature, it is always associated with a positive notion in the domain of food security. This raises the politically sensitive question of who is defining a good trajectory. Resilience is also associated with the analysis of the system trajectories, which makes possible to link short-term and long-term. That allows to understand perturbations as well as to anticipate potential responses and design interventions. Finally, holistic and multi-scale characteristics of resilience are found in the whole studied literature and that seems to be an improvement in the food security field. However, the passage from theory to practice is still ongoing and complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore store-specific grocery shopping patterns and assess associations with the objective and perceived retail food environment (RFE). Design: This cross-sectional study used principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis to identify grocery shopping patterns and logistic regression models to assess their associations with the RFE, while adjusting for household characteristics. Setting: The Montpellier Metropolitan Area, France. Participants: To be eligible for inclusion, participants had to be 18 years of age or older and reside in the Montpellier Metropolitan Area. Analyses were carried out on 415 households. Results: Households of cluster 'Supermarket' (49 % of households) primarily shopped at supermarkets and were less likely to live near a convenience store. Households of cluster 'Diversified' (18 %) shopped mostly at organic stores, at markets, at specialised stores, and from producers and were more likely to have a market in their activity space. Households of cluster 'Discount' (12 %) primarily shopped at discounters and were less likely to perceive a producer in their activity space. Households of cluster 'Convenience' (12 %) mostly shopped online or in convenience stores. Finally, households of cluster 'Specialized' (9 %) had high expenditures in greengrocers and in other specialised food stores and were more likely to live near a specialised food store. Conclusions: This study highlighted the importance of considering both perceived and objective RFE indicators, as well as assessments around the home and in activity space. Understanding how people buy food and interact with their RFE is crucial for policymakers seeking to improve urban food policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess whether the retail food environment, measured by multiple indicators around the home and in activity space, was associated with the nutritional quality of food purchases. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 462 households from a quota sampling survey conducted in the south of France (Montpellier Metropolitan Area). The revised Healthy Purchase Index was implemented in order to assess the nutritional quality of food purchases. Food environment indicators (presence, number, relative density and proximity of food outlets) were calculated around the home and in activity space using a geographical information system. Six different types of food outlets were studied: supermarkets, markets, greengrocers, bakeries, other specialized food stores (butcher's, fishmonger's and dairy stores) and small grocery stores. Associations between food environment and the nutritional quality of food purchases were assessed using multilevel models, and geographically weighted regressions to account for spatial non-stationarity. Models were adjusted for households' socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Results: The nutritional quality of food purchases was positively associated with the number of greengrocers around the home (1 vs. 0: β = 0.25, 95%CI = [0.01, 0.49]; >1 vs. 0: β = 0.25, 95%CI = [0.00, 0.50]), but negatively associated with the number of markets around the home (1 vs. 0: β = -0.20, 95%CI = [-0.40, 0.00]; >1 vs. 0: β = -0.37, 95%CI = [-0.69, -0.06]). These associations varied across space in the area studied. For lower income households, the number of greengrocers in activity space was positively associated with the nutritional quality of food purchases (1 vs. 0: β = 0.70, 95%CI = [0.12, 1.3]; >1 vs. 0: β = 0.67, 95%CI = [0.22, 1.1]). Conclusions: Greengrocers might be an effective type of food store for promoting healthier dietary behaviors. Further studies, particularly interventional studies, are needed to confirm these results in order to guide public health policies in actions designed to improve the food environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]