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ABSTRACT Comparative approaches in animal gut microbiome research have revealed patterns of phylosymbiosis, dietary and physiological convergences, and environment–host interactions. However, most large‐scale comparative studies, especially those that are highly cited, have focused on mammals, and efforts to integrate comparative approaches with existing ecological frameworks are lacking. While mammals serve as useful model organisms, developing generalised principles of how animal gut microbiomes are shaped and how these microbiomes interact bidirectionally with host ecology and evolution requires a more complete sampling of the animal kingdom. Here, we provide an overview of what past comparative studies have taught us about the gut microbiome, and how community ecology theory may help resolve certain contradictions in comparative gut microbiome research. We explore whether certain hypotheses are supported across clades, and how the disproportionate focus on mammals has introduced potential bias into gut microbiome theory. We then introduce a methodological solution by which public gut microbiome data of understudied hosts can be compiled and analysed in a comparative context. Our aggregation and analysis of 179 studies shows that generating data sets with rich host diversity is possible with public data and that key gut microbes associated with mammals are widespread across the animal kingdom. We also show the effects that sample size and taxonomic rank have on comparative gut microbiome studies and that results of multivariate analyses can vary significantly with these two parameters. While challenges remain in developing a universal model of the animal gut microbiome, we show that existing ecological frameworks can help bring us one step closer to integrating the gut microbiome into animal ecology and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nanping geothermal field in Hainan is situated within the Wuzhi Mountain fold belt of the South China fold system based on its geotectonic units. Although there is abundant surface heat detected and widespread distribution of Late Mesozoic granite in the area, the geological background of geothermal resources remains unclear. In this article, we collected core samples from boreholes within the Nanping geothermal field to conduct testing and analysis on rock thermal conductivity and heat-production rate. By combining these results with temperature logging data, we discuss a method for diterming the heat flow background of convective geothermal system. Furthermore, the study analyzed the geothermal flux and deep thermal structure of the research area. The results demonstrate that the average radioactive heat production rate of the Baocheng rock mass in the study area is 3.16 μW/m³, primarily attributed to the decay heat of Th and U, while the heat contribution of K is negligible. The thermal conductivity values of the rocks are relatively high, ranging from 2.29 to 3.75 W/(mK), slightly exceeding the average thermal conductivity of the upper crust. The study area represents a typical convective geothermal field influenced by groundwater convection, exhibiting a high geothermal temperature gradient. Using the groundwater-correction method, the geothermal flux in the study area is calculated to be 89–108.27 mW/m², of which the thermal conduction component is 73.17 mW/m² and the convective component is 15.83–35.1 mW/m². Among these components, heat generated from radioactive decay of crustal radioactive elements contributes 35.44 mW/m² to thermal conduction, while deep mantle conduction accounts for a heat flux is 37.73 mW/m², with a ratio of 1:1.07 between them. The difference between crustal and mantle heat fluxes is minimal in this region, indicating an approximation towards a "crust-mantle heat source balance zone". Furthermore, the thickness of the "hot" lithosphere in the study area ranges from 42 to 46 km, indicating significant characteristics of extension-thinning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Earth's crust, thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) is a common organic–inorganic interaction, which is in close association with the carbon cycle in sedimentary basins and metal sulfide precipitation in Mississippi Valley-type deposits. However, the reaction pathway and mechanism of TSR need further investigation, mainly due to the complex sulfur species involved in this reaction. Here we applied in situ Raman spectroscopy to disclose the stepwise transformation from sulfate to sulfide and the reaction kinetics in the CH 4 -Na 2 SO 4 /MgSO 4 /H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. Our results indicate that sulfate is transformed to H 2 S through a series of reduction and disproportionation reactions. Once dissolved H 2 S reaches a certain concentration, it reacts with sulfate to form intermediate valence sulfur species (S0 and S 3 −), which quickly oxidize methane to generate CO 2 and H 2 S. The formation of S 3 − and S0 is responsible for the autocatalytic effect in TSR. The sulfur speciation significantly affects the reaction kinetics, which could be divided into three stages based on the in situ observations. Extrapolated kinetic data show that TSR could proceed fast under the catalysis of H 2 S, and the half-life of methane is ∼7.10 million years at 200 °C. Subsequent numerical modeling strongly supports that in situ sulfate reduction could provide sufficient reduced sulfur for the formation of giant Mississippi Valley-type deposits, thus serving as an efficient mineralizing mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dietary energy level impacts rumen function and the microflora in ruminants, which are closely related to their growth and well-being. This study explored how dietary energy levels affect sheep's growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, barrier function, and microflora. Our findings indicated that the average daily weight gain and nutrient digestibility improve with the increase of dietary energy. Meanwhile, the concentration of total volatile fatty acids and propionate in rumen increased, which indicated the enhancement of rumen fermentation. The content and expression of tight junction proteins, which represents rumen barrier function, increased with the increase of dietary energy. In addition, the bacterial diversity in rumen decreased, and the relative abundance of some bacteria like Prevotellaceae, Muribaculaceae, Saccharofermentans, Prevotella and Succiniclasticum changed at the family and genus levels. Ultimately, the growth performance, fermentation characteristics and barrier function were the best when the daily dietary metabolizable energy was 9.8–10.4 MJ/kg. This study revealed the complex interaction between diet, microbiota, and rumen health, ultimately guiding the development of more effective and scientifically informed animal feeding strategies. Dietary energy is crucial for ruminants' performance and health. To determine optimal dietary energy levels for growing sheep, we evaluated their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, barrier function, and microbiota under varying metabolic energy (ME) diets. Forty-five growing Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep, aged 10 months and weighing 30.8 ± 1.9 kg, were randomly allocated to five treatments, each receiving diets with ME levels of 8.0, 8.6, 9.2, 9.8 or 10.4 MJ/kg. The results showed that with increasing dietary energy, the average daily gain (ADG) as well as the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) increased (p < 0.05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased linearly (p = 0.01). The concentration of total VFA (p = 0.03) and propionate (p = 0.01) in the rumen increased linearly, while rumen pH (p < 0.01) and the acetate–propionate ratio (p = 0.01) decreased linearly. Meanwhile, the protein contents of Claudin-4, Claudin-7, Occludin and ZO-1 as well as the relative mRNA expression of Claudin-4 and Occludin also increased (p < 0.05). In addition, rumen bacterial diversity decreased with the increase of dietary energy, and the relative abundance of some bacteria (like Saccharofermentans, Prevotella and Succiniclasticum) changed. In conclusion, increasing dietary energy levels enhanced growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and barrier function, and altered the rumen bacterial community distribution. The optimal dietary ME for these parameters in sheep at this growth stage was between 9.8 and 10.4 MJ/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A solid desiccant cooling system is optimised using a response surface methodology. • Regression models were developed and showed commendable predictive capability. • Multi-objective optimisation was achieved by considering four key parameters. • Case studies demonstrated the system's applicability in Australian climates. Solid desiccant-assisted dew-point indirect evaporative cooling (SD-DPIEC) systems have gained considerable attention as a potential eco-friendly alternative to vapour-compression cooling systems in building cooling applications. However, one major drawback of these systems is their substantial water consumption during evaporative cooling. To tackle this issue, this study aims to improve the cooling efficiency and water utilisation of an SD-DPIEC system using response surface methodology (RSM). This research focuses on optimising four key parameters: supply air temperature, humidity ratio, water consumption rate and coefficient of performance (COP). The independent variables encompass the ambient temperature, relative humidity, regeneration temperature, and recirculation air ratio. Employing a multi-objective optimisation approach via the desirability function, the optimised SD-DPIEC system is subsequently tested in two prevalent weather patterns in Australia. The results demonstrated that the regression models derived from RSM exhibited commendable predictive capability, with the determination coefficient R 2 and Adequate Precision exceeding 0.97 and 40.46, respectively. The outcomes revealed that the system attained its optimal performance with a supply air temperature of 20.36 °C, humidity ratio of 12.56 g kg-1, a water consumption rate of 3.11 kg/hr, and COP of 2.03 under the ambient temperature of 33.79 °C, relative humidity of 68.48 %, regeneration temperature of 51.78 °C, and recirculation air ratio of 60 %. Based on the optimisation results, a case study was undertaken to evaluate the system's applicability in representative Australian climates. The results demonstrated that the system could uphold air conditions with the supply air temperature below 19 °C and humidity ratio below 11.51 g kg-1 under the studied Australian climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), two main types of steatotic liver disease (SLDs), are characterized by a wide spectrum of several different liver disorders, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Multiple immune cell-mediated inflammatory responses not only orchestrate the killing and removal of infected/damaged cells but also exacerbate the development of SLDs when excessive or persistent inflammation occurs. In recent years, single-cell and spatial transcriptome analyses have revealed the heterogeneity of liver-infiltrated immune cells in ALD and MASLD, revealing a new immunopathological picture of SLDs. In this review, we will emphasize the roles of several key immune cells in the pathogenesis of ALD and MASLD and discuss inflammation-based approaches for effective SLD intervention. In conclusion, the study of immunological mechanisms, especially highly specific immune cell population functions, may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for this life-threatening disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper suggests a design and optimisation approach for a consequent‐pole line‐start permanent magnet motor (CPLSPM) with flexible pole arc coefficients and high utilisation of rare‐earth (RE) materials, without the need for a variable frequency drive. The presence of dual‐sided slots and adjustable pole arc coefficient sets CPLSPM apart from other types of motors, making the analysis of its cogging torque more complex. Taking into account the double‐sided slotted and flexible adjustable pole arc coefficient, a cogging torque and airgap flux density model was established, and the influence of the pole arc coefficient on the characteristics of the cogging torque and airgap flux density of CPLSPM was analysed. The authors conduct multidimensional optimisation considering the coupling of multiple parameters to obtain a CPLSPM with minimal RE material usage, low cogging torque and excellent start‐up and steady‐state performance. Finite element simulation data are presented to validate the factors affecting the cogging torque and the feasibility of the proposed less‐magnetic CPLSPM design. Finally, a prototype of a 750 rpm/2.2 kW CPLSPM is built, and performance testing is carried out for comparison, and applied to submersible mixers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statins, known as hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA) inhibitors, are primarily used to lower blood lipids, preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. Research indicates that statins exhibit multiple effects in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. They function by inhibiting the MVA pathway, suppressing inflammation, enhancing cellular immunity, and influencing the gut microbiota, positively impacting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer. Clinical studies have additionally uncovered that statin drugs can augment the effectiveness of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and adjuvant therapies, acting as both preventive and adjunctive measures for colorectal cancer. This article critically reviews the research progress on statins in colorectal cancer, aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for exploring innovative treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interfaces between superconductors and other materials have long been established as being an important part in the exploration of new physics to aid in our understanding of superconductivity and open us up to new technological advancements. Herein this article we analyse the recent progress made in the understanding of superconductivity at the interfaces involving a wide range of functional materials, mostly looking at two-dimensional (2D) systems. We start off in the first half of this review by focusing on magnetic and superconductive hybrid heterostructures, as well as the resulting physical phenomena from these systems. The first is a section on vortex and anti-vortex phenomena; the second key area is ferromagnet–superconductor hybrid phenomena with particular interest of magnetic skyrmions, the third is the novel frontier based on 2D magnetic and superconductive interfaces particularly examining Ising superconductivity at these interfaces; the fourth is superconductivity at anti-ferromagnetic interfaces and finally half-metals at superconducting interfaces. The second half of this review focuses on superconductivity at insulating and other functional interfaces. Examining firstly, Mott insulator interfaces with wide ranging discussions about how such interfaces can enhance our understanding in high-temperature superconductive cuprates and other unconventional superconductor systems such as the nickelates; in the second section the interface of 2D and 3D ferroelectric materials with superconductors with a key emphasis on devices that have been developed to control the superconducting phase; Topological insulators at interfaces with superconductors is the third section; and lastly 2D twisted material interfaces are explored, including the newly discovered magic angle interfaces discovered with graphene and other van Der Waals materials. It is anticipated that this review will lead to further interest in such interfaces to improve our understanding and expose the exotic science behind these interfaces. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study 13 heavy metals were analysed in representative livestock meat, poultry meat, livestock offal and poultry offal samples (20 per category) from marketplaces and retail stores in 16 cities in Shandong province, China. The investigated heavy metals were Cu, Cr, V, Ni, As, Se, Sn, Cd, Pb, Sb, Mn, Ba and Hg. Results revealed mean levels of total heavy metals in meat and offal of 1.56 mg/kg and 39.8 mg/kg, respectively. Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Se, Ba and Pb were found in all samples (100%), followed by Hg (95.0%), V (91.3%), Sn (73.8%), Cd (51.3%), As (21.3%) and Sb (11.3%). Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values showed that high meat intake can cause potential health risks. Thus, continuous monitoring of health risks and trends of heavy metals in meat products is needed, both for food safety and consumer's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of cemented backfill Is compromised via Hasting disturbances in the two-step stopping method. To obtain the dynamic compressive strength of the backfill quickly and accurately, 40 sets of uniaxial impact experiments with different strain rates were conducted using the separated Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB). Input parameters included the times and ratio, backfill density, curing age, and average strain rate, while the dynamic compressive strength of the backfill served as the output parameter. A prediction model, optimized using the back propagation neural network (BPNN) based on the logistic chaotic sparrow search algorithm (CSSA), was established and compared with the BPNN optimized by the traditional BPNN and sparrow search algorithm. The results demonstrate that the average relative error of the CSSA-BPNN model Is 4.11%, with fitting correlation coefficients among the predicted and measured values exceeding 0.96, indicating high prediction accuracy. The root- mean-square error of the CSSA-BPNN model is 0.395 0 MPa, the average absolute error is 0.359 2 MPa, and the coefficient of determination Is 0.995 2, all of which outperform the other two prediction models. This enables accurate prediction of the dynamic compressive strength of the backfill, greatly reducing the need for physical experiments and providing a novel approach to the strength design of mine cemented backfill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as crucial regulators in physiology and human diseases. However, evolutionarily conserved circRNAs with potent functions in cancers are rarely reported. In this study, a mammalian conserved circRNA circLARP1B is identified to play critical roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with high circLARP1B levels have advanced prognostic stage and poor overall survival. CircLARP1B facilitates cellular metastatic properties and lipid accumulation through promoting fatty acid synthesis in HCC. CircLARP1B deficient mice exhibit reduced metastasis and less lipid accumulation in an induced HCC model. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that circLARP1B binds to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (HNRNPD) in the cytoplasm, and thus affects the binding of HNRNPD to sensitive transcripts including liver kinase B1 (LKB1) mRNA. This regulation causes decreased LKB1 mRNA stability and lower LKB1 protein levels. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to theHNRNPD binding sites in circLARP1B increases the HNRNPD binding to LKB1 mRNA. Through the HNRNPD–LKB1–AMPK pathway, circLARP1B promotes HCC metastasis and lipid accumulation. Results from AAV8‐mediated hepatocyte‐directed knockdown of circLARP1B or Lkb1 in mouse models also demonstrate critical roles of hepatocytic circLARP1B regulatory pathway in HCC metastasis and lipid accumulation, and indicate that circLARP1B may be potential target of HCC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common type of malignant tumor within the gastrointestinal tract, and GC metastasis is associated with poor prognosis. Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) is an RNA-binding protein implicated in various types of tumor development and metastasis. However, the role of PTBP1 in GC metastasis remains elusive. In this study, we verified that PTBP1 was upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines, and higher PTBP1 level was associated with poorer prognosis. It was shown that PTBP1 knockdown in vitro inhibited GC cell migration, whereas PTBP1 overexpression promoted the migration of GC cells. In vivo, the knockdown of PTBP1 notably reduced both the size and occurrence of metastatic nodules in a nude mice liver metastasis model. We identified phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) as a downstream target of PTBP1 and found that PTBP1 increased the stability of PGK1 by directly binding to its mRNA. Furthermore, the PGK1/SNAIL axis could be required for PTBP1's function in the promotion of GC cell migration. These discoveries suggest that PTBP1 could be a promising therapeutic target for GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chaoyangopteridae is a clade of azhdarchoid pterosaurs that stands out in China, particularly in the Jehol Biota, as a Cretaceous group of medium-sized and high-crested pterosaurs. Herein, we describe a new species, Meilifeilong youhao gen. et sp. nov., based on two specimens, one tentatively referred to this taxon. This new species represents the most complete and well-preserved chaoyangopterid recorded to date. Along with a set of characters (low premaxillary crest above the nasoantorbital fenestra extending posteriorly, posterior premaxillary process arched and curving posteriorly, a slightly convex sternal articulation surface of coracoid, and a fibular shaft close to proximal articulation strongly arched posteriorly), this species also provides new information both on the unknown palatal region of this clade, and on the rarely preserved (in place) ear portion with stapes. Moreover, M. youhao sheds light on paleoecological aspects, while also giving new information about the taxonomic diversity of this peculiar group of Jiufotang pterosaurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationship and potential causal effect of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) on periodontal disease (PD). Despite prior research on this, there has been no definitive conclusion. Therefore, this study aimed to provide additional insight into these associations. Materials and Methods: This study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2014 to examine the association between VAT and PD in a cross‐sectional study design. Various analytical methods were employed, such as multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spline analysis, and p‐value for trend. Additionally, two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to evaluate the potential causal effect of VAT on PD risk. These methods enabled us to evaluate the association between VAT and PD and to establish whether VAT could be a causal factor in PD development. Results: The study examined a sample of 3535 participants, and the findings suggested that higher VAT levels were associated with an increased risk of PD. In addition, multivariable regression analysis conducted in six models revealed a statistically significant association between VAT and PD risk. Restricted cubic spline analysis showed an inverted U‐shaped association between VAT and PD, with a turning point at 733 g of VAT. Finally, a two‐sample MR analysis provided evidence for a potential causal relationship between VAT and PD risk, with an odds ratio of 1.16 (95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.33, p =.027) per kg increase in genetically predicted VAT. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that there is a significant association between VAT and PD and that VAT could be a potential causal factor in PD risk. Our results also suggest that although there is a potential link between VAT levels and PD risk, the effect size is modest. Therefore, interventions designed to reduce VAT levels should not be considered a primary strategy for PD risk reduction but could be one of many strategies used in a comprehensive approach to PD risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Apigenin effectively inhibits the growth of human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 cells and induces apoptosis as well. This study investigated the effects of ATF6 and PERK signaling pathways in unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) on the apoptosis induced by apigenin in human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 cells. Materials and Methods: SGC-7901 cells were cultured with apigenin and tunicamycin for 48 h or with apigenin for 12–48 h. CCK-8 was used to determine cell viability. The mRNA expression level was detected by RT-qPCR. The expression of related proteins was explored by Western blot. The apoptosis rate of cells and cell-cycle arrest were evaluated by flow cytometer. Results: The results of CCK-8 confirmed that apigenin could induce apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells. In the apigenin -treated cells group, the protein and mRNA levels of GRP78 and GRP94 dose- and time-dependently increased. Additionally, apigenin -activated UPR components PERK and ATF6. However, apigenin exerted no influence on CHOP expression or JNK activation. Pretreatment with 4-PBA significantly increased the apigenin -triggered apoptosis in SCG-7901 cells (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results revealed the protective effect of UPR performance on apigenin -triggered apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this paper are to pursue an accurate numerical method of unsteady cavitating flow at a reasonable calculation cost and investigate the unsteady cavitating flow characteristics of a centrifugal pump. Firstly, the cavitating flow simulations of a centrifugal pump were performed using the partially-averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) turbulence model and its improved model to evaluate the numerical methods based on experimental data. Compared with the experimental results, the improved PANS turbulence model can better predict the cavitating flows in the pump and has better applicability. Further, the unsteady cavitating flow characteristics of the centrifugal pump, such as the vapour volume fraction, the cavitation-vortex dynamics and the pressure and head fluctuations, were simulated by improved PANS model and discussed. The liquid flow vortex at the end of the cavitation in the impeller is an important reason for the periodic change of the cavitation shape. The periodic change of cavity volume has a certain impact on the pressure pulsation in the impeller and the pump head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Refractory anastomotic leakage (RAL) after intersphincteric resection (ISR) usually leads to failure of protective stoma reversal in ultralow rectal cancers. The aim of this study is to assess the risk factors and oncological outcomes of both anastomotic leakage (AL) and RAL, and quality of life (QoL) of RAL after laparoscopic ISR (LsISR). Methods: A total of 371 ultralow rectal cancer patients with LsISR were enrolled from a tertiary colorectal surgery referral center. Risk factors for AL and RAL were identified by logistic regression. Three‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) of AL and RAL was analyzed by the Cox regression. QoL of RAL group (compared with non‐RAL group) was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ‐C30 and QLQ‐CR29 questionnaires. Results: The rates of AL and RAL after LsISR accounted for 8.4% (31/371) and 4.6% (17/371) in this cohort, respectively. Non‐left colic artery preservation (odds ratio [OR] = 3.491, P = 0.009), neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) (OR = 6.038, P < 0.001), and lower anastomosis height (OR = 5.271, P = 0.010) were independent risk factors for AL, while nCRT (OR = 11.602, P < 0.001) was the only independent risk factor for RAL. Male (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.989, P = 0.014), age > 60 years (HR = 1.877, P = 0.018), and lymph node metastasis (HR = 2.125, P = 0.005) were independent risk factors of poor 3‐year DFS, but not RAL (P = 0.646). RAL patients have significantly worse global health status, worse emotional and social function scores at the late postoperative stage, and worse urinary and sexual function at the early postoperative stage (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was an independent risk factor for RAL after LsISR. RAL shows similar oncological outcomes, but with poor QoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining virtual sensing (VS) with scattered sound control enables active acoustic cloaking when there are limitations in sensor configurations. The remote microphone method and additional filter method (AFM) are two common VS methods, and both can be divided into the training and control stages; the consistency of the environments in these two stages is essential for the control system. This paper investigates the effects of uncertainties in the incidence angle of the detection wave on these two VS-based scattered sound control methods. Following the analysis, we propose a robust design strategy based on the optimal layout of physical sensors, and the placement scheme is chosen by minimax optimization. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is verified by numerical simulations of a finite-length cylindrical scattering model. The results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the degradation of system performance over the examined range of variations in the detection waves. In particular, the AFM-based method, combined with optimal placement, shows a remarkable improvement in robustness. It improves the worst noise reduction by approximately 14.5 and 10.8 dB on average, respectively, compared with the uniform placement and the direct control method based on the Wiener solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cemented high-concentration backfill (CHB) is an indispensable solution for mitigating risks associated with underground mining voids and surface tailings ponds. The accurate prediction of pressure drop of CHB in pipe flow is crucial for the design of backfilling systems. In this study, full factorial loop tests were conducted to obtain observed pressure drop data and rheological parameters of CHB, while considering the variables of binder content, solid fraction, and flow velocity. The rheometer method was also utilized to acquire the rheological parameters of CHB for comparison. Three analytical models and one numerical simulation method, which are considered highly accurate in the literature, were employed to predict the pressure drop of CHB in pipe flow. The findings indicate that the Buckingham model and the Darby–Melson model produce identical results as they are fundamentally equivalent. The Swamee–Aggarwal model and the single-phase flow simulation employ a similar mechanism as the Buckingham model, albeit with minor variations in mathematical treatment. The rheological parameters of CHB obtained through the rheometer method are considerably greater than those acquired by the loop test method, leading to significantly higher predicted pressure drop values from both the three analytical models and single-phase flow simulation when compared to the measured values. Whereas the mean deviation of the three analytical models is within 6.5% when employing rheological parameters of CHB determined by the loop test, with the Swamee–Aggarwal model being the most accurate, the mean error of single-phase flow simulation remains within 10%. It is suggested that the rheological parameters of CHB be determined through small-diameter loop testing. The Buckingham model and single-phase flow simulation are subsequently recommended for predicting pressure drop in industrial straight horizontal pipelines and complex piping systems, respectively. The results of this study facilitate the selection of the simplest method for accurately predicting the pressure drop of CHB in pipe flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a wireless channel equalization method applied to the constant modulus blind equalization system, which addresses the slow convergence and strong randomness in the initialization of equalizer weights in the constant modulus blind equalization algorithm (CMA) by introducing a hybrid arithmetic whale optimization algorithm (HAWOA). The mean square error in the CMA is utilized as the cost function for the HAWOA to obtain a more effective initial weights for the equalizer. To validate the superiority of the hybrid arithmetic whale constant modulus blind equalization algorithm, tests are conducted on the equalization system using 16QAM and 64QAM signals. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieved better initial weights compared to the CMA and the constant modulus blind equalization algorithm based on the whale optimization algorithm. It can obtain the desired mean square error with a lower symbol error rate in fewer iterations. Furthermore, the hybrid arithmetic whale constant modulus blind equalization algorithm exhibited faster convergence in optimizing initial weights, effectively enhancing the equalization performance of the CMA in wireless channels while ensuring timeliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• iARGs and eARGs of both free and adsorbed states were present in coastal mudflats. • eARGs were higher than iARGs in mudflats and more dominant than other habitats. • eARGs and f-eARGs in coastal mudflats were highly persistent to degradation. • eARGs showed an increasing trend from southern to northern coastal mudflats. • Higher salinity and smaller size induced higher eARGs in northern coastal mudflats. Despite coastal mudflats serving as essential ecological zones interconnecting terrestrial/freshwater and marine systems, little is known about the profiles of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in this area. In this study, characteristics of typical ARGs, involving both intracellular (iARGs) and extracellular ARGs (eARGs) at different physical states, were explored in over 1000 km of coastal mudflats in Eastern China. Results indicated the presence of iARGs and eARGs at states of both freely present or attached by particles. The abundance of eARGs was significantly higher than that of iARGs (87.3% vs 12.7%), and their dominance was more significant than those in other habitats (52.7%-76.3%). ARG abundance, especially for eARGs, showed an increasing trend (p < 0.05) from southern (Nantong) to northern (Lianyungang) coastal mudflats. Higher salinity facilitated the transformation from iARGs to eARGs, and smaller soil particle size was conducive to the persistence of eARGs in northern coastal mudflats. This study addresses the neglected function of coastal mudflats as eARGs reservoirs. Graphical Abstract. [Display omitted]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] With the development of microelectronics, the demand for continuously miniaturized feature sizes has driven continuous progress in lithography technology. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography can directly pattern sub-20-nm half-pitch resolution, and it has emerged as the most promising nanoscale fabrication technology. However, the restricted brightness of the EUV light source and the limited reflectivity of multilayer mirrors impose new requirements for the sensitivity of photoresists. Furthermore, the high-resolution patterning characteristics of the EUV require resistive materials featuring smaller component sizes and higher etch resistance. Thus, the development of photoresists with new attributes of EUV remains a challenge. This review covers the evolution of EUV photoresists, including chemically amplified resists, non-chemically amplified polymer resists, molecular glass resists, and metal-containing resists, including the future development trends of EUV-sensitive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of multifunctional plasticizer using rubber seed oil can increase its added value and expand the application field of plasticized products. Recent studies on bio-based plasticizers focus on bio-based raw materials but products lack functionality. In this study, flame retardant phosphate and chlorine were introduced into the chemical structure of rubber seed oil to synthesis a nitrogen and phosphorus synergistic flame retardant plasticizer based on rubber seed oil(NPFP) and apply it to plasticize polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Thermal stability, limiting oxygen index, plasticizing property, solvent extraction resistance, and microstructure of plasticized PVC materials were characterized. The results showed that NPFP with excellent solvent extraction resistance can significantly enhance the limiting oxygen index and thermal stability of plasticized PVC materials, and can partially replace dioctyl phthalate(DOP) as multifunctional auxiliary plasticizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. This study explored the relationship between the MIR31HG gene polymorphisms and the risk of BC in Chinese women. Methods: Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MIR31HG were genotyped among 545 patients with BC and 530 healthy controls using Agena MassARRAY analysis. The PLINK software was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) via the logistic regression analysis. Multi-factor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis was performed to study the impact of SNP-SNP interaction on BC risk. Results: MIR31HG rs72703442-AA (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.10–0.79, p = 0.026), rs55683539-TT (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26–0.80, p = 0.012) and rs2181559-AA (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.40–0.89, p = 0.038) were associated with a reduced risk of BC in Chinese women, as well as stratified results at age ≥ 52 years. Rs79988146 was correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)in Chinese female BC patients under various genetic models. Age at menarche stratification indicated that rs1332184 was associated with increased risk in BC patients, whereas stratification by number of births indicated that rs10965064 was associated with reduced risk in BC patients. MDR analysis showed that the best single-locus model for predicting of BC risk are rs55683539, which, rs55683539-CC group was a high risk group and rs55683539-TT group was a low risk group. Conclusions: The results indicated that the MIR31HG polymorphisms were associated with a reduced risk of BC in Chinese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different from the copper loss of general permanent magnet (PM) motors, the copper loss of ultra‐high‐speed permanent magnet motors (UHSPMSM) includes DC losses and eddy current losses, which lead to difficulty in analysis. In consideration of the influence of speed, wire diameter and current harmonic loss, DC copper loss and eddy current copper loss are calculated and analysed, respectively, so as to find the main excitation source of copper loss of UHSPMSM. Then, in order to calculate the Litz wire loss in a slotless stator, a Litz wire loss equivalent model is established, which can be used to accurately and quickly calculate the DC loss and eddy current loss of Litz wire independently. Finally, a copper loss separation method is designed to test copper loss of 550,000 rpm UHSPMSM considering the influence of the rotor PM flux at ultra‐high speed. The theoretical analysis and experimental results verify each other. In the end, the experimental results verify the effectiveness of theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the possibility of further dividing migraine without aura (MWA), 1444 female patients fulfilled the criterion were recruited, and grouped basing on the association of MWA onset with menarche and childbirth (group J1, onset before menarche; group J2, onset between menarche and childbirth; group J3, onset after childbirth). By comparing migraine (side, location, aggravated by routine physical activity, NRS score, frequency, accompanying symptoms, with premonitory symptom (PS) and trigger, sum of PS and trigger) and migraine-related factors [chronic daily headache, medicine overused headache, body mass index (BMI), education level, exercise status, sleep status, consumption of tea/coffee/alcohol, patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score and generalized anxiety disorder-7, (GAD-7) score)] among groups, it was found that the J1 group and the J2 group presented more typical migraine features than the J3 group; 2) the J3 group was more prone to emotion and sleep disorders, weight management issues, frequent migraine attacks and medication overuse. This study provided a basis for further dividing MWA. Genetic research should be conducted and treatment should be prescribed accordingly because the underlying pathogenesis may be different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic water heating accounts for 15% to 27% of the total energy consumption in buildings in Australia. Over the past two decades, the latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system has been widely investigated as a way to reduce fossil fuel consumption and increase the share of renewable energy in solar water heating. However, the research has concentrated on the geometric optimisation of the LHTES heat exchanger for the past few years, and this might not be sufficient for commercialisation. Moreover, recent review papers mainly discussed the development of a particular heat-transfer improvement technique. This paper presents perspectives on various solar hot water systems using LHTES to shift focus to on-demand performance studies, as well as structure optimisation studies for faster commercialisation. Future challenges are also discussed. Since the topic is an active area of research, this paper focuses on references that showcase the overall performance of LHTES-assisted solar hot water systems and cannot include all published work in the discussion. This perspective paper provides directional insights to researchers for developing an energy-efficient solar hot water system using LHTES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The current risk stratification system defined by clinicopathological features does not identify the risk of recurrence in early-stage (stage I-II) colorectal cancer (CRC) with sufficient accuracy. We aimed to investigate whether DNA methylation could serve as a novel biomarker for predicting prognosis in early-stage CRC patients. Methods We analyzed the genome-wide methylation status of CpG loci using Infinium MethylationEPIC array run on primary tumor tissues and normal mucosa of early-stage CRC patients to identify potential methylation markers for prognosis. The machine-learning approach was applied to construct a DNA methylation–based prognostic classifier for early-stage CRC (MePEC) using the 4 gene methylation markers FAT3 , KAZN , TLE4 , and DUSP3. The prognostic value of the classifier was evaluated in 2 independent cohorts (n = 438 and 359, respectively). Results The comprehensive analysis identified an epigenetic subtype with high risk of recurrence based on a group of CpG loci in the CpG-depleted region. In multivariable analysis, the MePEC classifier was independently and statistically significantly associated with time to recurrence in validation cohort 1 (hazard ratio = 2.35, 95% confidence interval = 1.47 to 3.76, P  < .001) and cohort 2 (hazard ratio = 3.20, 95% confidence interval = 1.92 to 5.33, P  < .001). All results were further confirmed after each cohort was stratified by clinicopathological variables and molecular subtypes. Conclusions We demonstrated the prognostic statistical significance of a DNA methylation profile in the CpG-depleted region, which may serve as a valuable source for tumor biomarkers. MePEC could identify an epigenetic subtype with high risk of recurrence and improve the prognostic accuracy of current clinical variables in early-stage CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant roots associate with diverse microbes (including bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, and viruses) collectively called the root-associated microbiome. Among them, mycorrhizal fungi colonize host roots and improve their access to nutrients, usually phosphorus and nitrogen. In exchange, plants deliver photosynthetic carbon to the colonizing fungi. This nutrient exchange affects key soil processes, the carbon cycle, and plant health and therefore has a strong influence on the plant and microbe ecosystems. The framework of nutrient exchange and regulation between host plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has recently been established. The local and systemic regulation of mycorrhizal symbiosis by plant nutrient status and the autoregulation of mycorrhizae are strategies by which plants maintain a stabilizing free-market symbiosis. A better understanding of the synergistic effects between mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizosphere microorganisms is an essential precondition for their use as biofertilizers and bioprotectors for sustainable agriculture and forestry management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyester plasticizer (RSOP) for polyvinyl chloride based on rubber seed oil (RSO) was synthesized. Firstly, RSO monoglyceride were synthesized by the transesterification of RSO with glycerol at 220–240 °C. Secondly, RSOP was synthesized from RSO monoglyceride and adipic acid by esterification. The polyester plasticizer was characterized by GPC, FT-IR, 1H NMR and DSC. Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials with RSOP and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in varying ratios were prepared via thermal melting process, RSOP was used as a second plasticizer. The properties of the plasticized PVC materials were characterized by a universal testing machine, TGA, DMA and solvent extraction resistance. The obtained PVC materials showed improved thermal stability and lower glass transition temperature than PVC. Solvent extraction resistance and plasticization of plasticized PVC were also improved. This study provides a new strategy for preparing bio-based polyester plasticizer from RSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is fundamental to neurodegeneration and dementia. Preventing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are potential methods of delaying the onset of aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases. The acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain (AOSC) and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) can increase the expression of antioxidants and have a neuroprotective function. In this study, we investigate the ability of AOSC, HBO, and AOSC + HBO to prevent D -gal-induced brain senescence. The Morris water maze and Y-maze test results showed that all three therapies significantly attenuated D -gal-induced memory disorders. A potential mechanism of this action was decreasing elevated levels of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The western blot and morphological results showed that all three therapies decreased D -gal-induced neuroinflammation and downregulated inflammatory mediators including the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Taken together, our results indicated that AOSC, HBO, and AOSC + HBO therapies attenuated D -gal-induced brain aging in mice by repressing RAGE/NF-KB-induced inflammation, the activation of astrocytes and microglia, and a decrease in neuronal degeneration. These could be useful therapies for treating age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, HBO combined with AOSC had a better effect than HBO or AOSC alone. • AOSC, HBO, and AOSC + HBO treatments alleviated D -gal–induced memory loss in mice. • The neuroprotection was exerted by attenuating neuroinflammation. • They could be beneficial therapies for aging-related diseases such as AD. • HBO + AOSC therapy may produce more profound therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the post-treatment of pollutants, such as the removal of phosphate from wastewater, it is more important to develop effective emission control strategies to reduce phosphate pollution. Phosphogypsum (PG) is a typical solid waste byproduct of phosphate production and contains high amounts of residual phosphate. In order to control the phosphate emissions during the recycling of PG aggregates for cemented backfill, another solid waste product—iron tailings (ITs)—was added during the preparation of backfill slurry. The results showed that the ITs effectively accelerated the phosphate removal in cemented PG backfill, enabling the quick reduction in the phosphate concentration to the discharge standard (<0.5 mg/L) within 15 min. This means that the emissions of phosphate to bleeding water were effectively controlled. The adsorption experiment showed that phosphate was adsorbed by the ITs, and the adsorption data fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption model (R2 = 0.98) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99), indicating that the phosphate adsorption of ITs was a monolayer chemical adsorption. Furthermore, an unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test was performed on the backfill with the addition of ITs. Compared to the control group (without ITs), the UCS of backfill with 20% ITs increased from 1.08 MPa to 1.33 MPa, indicating that the addition of solid waste could be beneficial to the strength development of the backfill by mitigating the interference of phosphate with the hydration process. The backfill cured for 28 d was selected for the toxic leaching test, and the phosphate concentration in the leachates was always below 0.02 mg/L, indicating that ITs can effectively immobilize phosphate in backfill for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Most economically important tungsten (W) deposits are of magmatic-hydrothermal origin. The species and partitioning of W during fluid exsolution, considered to be the controlling factors for the formation of ore deposits, are thus of great significance to investigate. However, this issue has not been well addressed mainly due to the significant difference in reported partition coefficients (e.g., from strongly incompatible to strongly compatible) between fluid and melt (D W fluid/melt). Here, we used an in situ Raman spectroscopic approach to describe the W speciation, and to quantitatively determine the D fluid/melt of individual and total W species in granite melts and coexisting Na 2 WO 4 solutions at elevated temperatures (T ; 700–800 °C) and pressures (P ; 0.35–1.08 GPa). Results show that WO 4 2− and HWO 4 − are predominant W species, and the fractions of these two species are similar in melt and coexisting fluid. The partitioning behaviors of WO 4 2− and HWO 4 − are comparable, exhibiting strong enrichment in the fluid. The total D W fluid/melt ranges from 8.6 to 37.1. Specifically, D W fluid/melt decreases with rising T – P , indicating that shallow exsolution favors enrichment of W in evolved fluids. Furthermore, Rayleigh fractionation modeling based on the obtained D W fluid/melt data was used to describe the fluid exsolution processes. Our results strongly support that fluid exsolution can serve as an important mechanism to generate W-rich ore-forming fluids. This study also indicates that in situ approach can be used to further investigate the geochemical behavior of ore-forming elements during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition, especially for rare metals associated with granite and pegmatite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Microbiota colonize every accessible plant tissue and play fundamental roles in plant growth and health. Soybean stay‐green syndrome (SGS), a condition that causes delayed leaf senescence (stay‐green), flat pods and abnormal seeds of soybean, has become the most serious disease of soybean in China. However, the direct cause of SGS is highly debated, and little is known about how SGS affect soybean microbiome dynamics, particularly the seed microbiome. We studied the bacterial, fungal, and viral communities associated with different soybean tissues with and without SGS using a multi‐omics approach, and investigated the possible pathogenic agents associated with SGS and how SGS affects the assembly and functions of plant‐associated microbiomes. We obtained a comprehensive view of the composition, function, loads, diversity, and dynamics of soybean microbiomes in the rhizosphere, root, stem, leaf, pod, and seed compartments, and discovered that soybean SGS was associated with dramatically increased microbial loads and dysbiosis of the bacterial microbiota in seeds. Furthermore, we identified a novel geminivirus that was strongly associated with soybean SGS, regardless of plant cultivar, sampling location, or harvest year. This whole‐plant microbiome profiling of soybean provides the first demonstration of geminivirus infection associated with microbiota dysbiosis, which might represent a general microbiological symptom of plant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We combined observations and simulations to assess tropospheric ozone trends over Southeast Asia from 2005 to 2016. Multi‐platform observations showed that surface ozone had been increasing at rates of 0.7–1.2 ppb year−1 over the Peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA) and 0.2–0.4 ppb year−1 over the Maritime Continents (MC); tropospheric ozone columns had been rising throughout Southeast Asia by 0.21–0.35 DU year−1. These observed ozone trends were better reproduced by simulations driven with satellite‐constrained NOx emissions, indicating that NOx emission growths may have been underestimated for the PSEA and overestimated for the MC in the Community Emissions Data System and the Global Fire Emissions Data set. The surface ozone increases over the PSEA were driven by rapidly growing local emissions, wherein fire emission growths may still be underestimated even with satellite constraints. We highlighted the need for better quantifying Southeast Asian emissions to benefit air quality management. Plain Language Summary: Tropospheric ozone at individual locations in Southeast Asia has reportedly been rising in recent decades, but the spatiotemporal characteristics and causes of such increases have not been assessed. We combined model simulations with surface, airborne, and satellite observations to assess the trends of surface and tropospheric ozone over Southeast Asia from 2005 to 2016. Surface and tropospheric ozone concentrations have risen throughout Southeast Asia, albeit with spatially and seasonally inhomogeneous trends. We showed that current emission inventories based on activity statistics may have underestimated the emission growths in the Peninsular Southeast Asia while overestimated the emission growths in the Maritime Continents. Emission inventories should be re‐evaluated to help guide air quality management in this region. Key Points: Surface and tropospheric ozone has risen significantly over Southeast Asia from 2005 to 2016NOx emission trends underestimated over Peninsular Southeast Asia but overestimated over Maritime Continents in inventoriesGrowing anthropogenic emissions drove large surface ozone increases over Peninsular Southeast Asia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HSP90B1, a member of the heat-shock protein 90 family, plays a vital role as a molecular chaperone for oncogenes and stimulates tumour growth. However, its role in various cancers remains unexplored. Methods: Using the cancer genome atlas, gene expression omnibus the Human Protein Atlas databases and various other bioinformatic tools, this study investigated the involvement of HSP90B1 in 33 different tumour types. Results: The over-expression of HSP90B1 generally predicted poor overall survival and disease-free survival for patients with tumours, such as adrenocortical carcinoma, bladder urothelial carcinoma, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, and lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, HSP90B1 was highly expressed in the majority of tumours. A comparison was made between the phosphorylation of HSP90B1 in normal and primary tumour tissues, and putative functional mechanisms in HSP90B1-mediated oncogenesis were investigated. Additionally, the mutation burden of HSP90B1 in cancer was evaluated along with the survival rate of patients with cancer patients. Conclusion: This first pan-cancer investigation reveals the oncogenic functions of HSP90B1 in various cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the dynamics of the nonreactive and abstraction channels for H + MgD and D + MgH reactions at low collision energies are studied with the quasi-classical trajectory method. Isotopic effects on both differential cross sections and the state distributions are obvious. By distinguishing the roaming processes into roaming during the reaction and roaming before product, differences in state distributions of the products and the isotopic effects are found in these two types of roaming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to systematically maximize hydraulic efficiency and pump head for mine drainage pump using numerical simulation method and optimization design method. First, the preliminary design of the pump is carried out according to the traditional design method, and then the impeller and diffuser of mine drainage pump are optimized by orthogonal test method and computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation method aiming at the hydraulic efficiency of the pump. The results show that under the rated working conditions, the hydraulic efficiency of the optimized mine drainage pump is 82.11%, the pump head is 25.94 m, and the hydraulic efficiency and pump head are increased by 3.58% and 1.53 m, respectively. Furthermore, under the flow conditions of 0.8 Q d, 1.0 Q d and 1.2 Q d, the average radial force of the optimized impeller is reduced by 22.4 N, 18.5 N and 13.1 N respectively, and the average axial force is reduced by 36.7 N, 30.2 N and 27.3 N compared with the original scheme. It indicated that the optimization effect of mine drainage pump is obvious. Through the analysis of the characteristics of the internal flow field, it is illustrated that the reasonable control of the internal flow law of the pump can effectively improve the hydraulic performance of the pump and improve the stability of the pump operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to predict the erosion rate of the components of centrifugal pump under certain operating condition to identify the maximum erosion area and to discuss the factors affecting them. This helps to optimize design and estimate service life. Design/methodology/approach: In the paper, the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach method coupled with the erosion model to investigate the mixed sand characteristics on erosion characteristics of centrifugal pump flow-through wall. The hydraulic performance and wear characteristics experiment of the pump is used to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation. Findings: The blade erosion area mainly occurs near the blade inlet and the trailing edge of the pressure surface, the main erosion area of the impeller back shroud is near the outlet of the flow passage and the main erosion area of the volute is near the tongue and the I section. With the change of the average diameter and density of sand particles, the average erosion rate on different flow-through walls is positively correlated with the average mass concentration to a certain extent. However, for different sand shape factors, there is little correlation between the average erosion rate and the average mass concentration. In addition, compared with other erosion areas, the increase of average sand particle diameter and density has the greatest impact on the total erosion rate of blade pressure surface, while the shape of sand particles has a greater impact on the total erosion rate of each flow-through wall of centrifugal pump. Originality/value: In this work, according to the characteristics of the mixed distribution of different sand diameters in the Yellow River Basin, the erosion characteristics of centrifugal pumps used in the Yellow River Basin are studied. The numerical calculation method for predicting the wall erosion of centrifugal pump is established and compared with the experimental results. The results can provide reference for optimizing design and increasing service life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To evaluate the effect of Japanese foxtail (Alopecurus japonicus Steud.) at different densities on the photosynthetic physiology of wheat, “Yangmai 16” wheat was cultivated in a field using two sowing rates (150 kg ha−1, conventional seeding rate; 225 kg ha−1, high seeding rate) and with different densities of A. japonicus for two years. A. japonicus affected the physiological characteristics of wheat, such as its leaf photosynthetic rate, fluorescence parameters, Hill reaction activity, Rubisco activity, yield and yield components, to varying degrees. However, the physiological responses of wheat at different seeding rates varied; the effect of A. japonicus on wheat was more severe at the conventional seeding rate than at the high seeding rate. A. japonicus affected wheat leaf morphology and inhibited photosynthetic processes, leading to decreased PSII electron transport, energy metabolism and photosynthate accumulation, ultimately reducing wheat yield. An appropriate increase in the wheat seeding rate could improve specific leaf weight, maintain Rubisco activity, reduce photoinhibition, and alleviate the stress caused by A. japonicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen-diesel dual fuel (HDDF) technology is one approach available to improve the performance and reduce carbon-based emissions of compression ignition (CI) engines. Unfortunately, when operated at partial and low loads, HDDF engine configurations suffer from poor fuel utilization, combustion efficiency and ignition delay. As partial load application is increasingly important to performance of hybrid power systems, this paper explores the use of oxygen enrichment to improve HDDF performance outside of conventional load applications. In this paper, a numerical model was first developed and validated for HDDF combustion using experimental data. This model was subsequently applied to study the influences of oxygen enrichment on engine performance and emission characteristics. Furthermore, the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) was implemented as a secondary control for NOx emission reduction. For this configuration the results showed that oxygen enrichment (between 21% and 27% by volume) into the intake manifold led to an improved combustion efficiency and reduced carbon-based emissions. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased by 1.6% and the brake specific energy consumption decreased by 4%. Across the emissions spectrum, soot emission reduced by 72%, whereas NOx emission increased by 63% without using the EGR technique. By combining oxygen enrichment and EGR strategies, a considerable reduction of 79% in NOx and an increase of 2.6% in BTE was observed for the oxygen concentration of 27% and EGR rate of 24% compared to a conventional HDDF operation with 45% HES ratio. [Display omitted] • Effect of oxygen enrichment on hydrogen dual-fuel engine performance was studied. • Thermal efficiency of dual-fuel engines was improved by oxygen enrichment. • Oxygen enrichment reduced carbon-based emissions and increased NOx emissions. • EGR significantly reduced NOx emissions and slightly increased system efficiency. • Combined EGR and oxygen enrichment techniques largely improved engine performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer (GC) is an aggressive malignancy with a high mortality rate and poor prognosis, primarily caused by metastatic lesions. Improved understanding of GC metastasis at the molecular level yields meaningful insights into potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Covalently closed circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as crucial regulators in diverse human cancers including GC. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that circRNAs exhibit the dysregulated patterns in GC and have emerged as crucial regulators in GC invasion and metastasis. However, systematic knowledge regarding the involvement of circRNAs in metastatic GC remains obscure. In this review, we outline the functional circRNAs related to GC metastasis and drug resistance and discuss their underlying mechanisms, providing a comprehensive delineation of circRNA functions on metastatic GC and shedding new light on future therapeutic interventions for GC metastases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let f (d) be the smallest value for which every bridgeless graph G with diameter d admits a strong orientation G ⇀ such that the diameter of G ⇀ is at most f (d). Chvátal and Thomassen (JCT-B, 1978) established general bounds for f (d) and proved that f (2) = 6. Kwok et al. (JCT-B, 2010) showed that 9 ≤ f (3) ≤ 11. In this paper, we determine that f (3) = 9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play oncogenic or tumor-suppressive roles in various human cancers. Nevertheless, the biological functions of circRNAs in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are still elusive. Methods: CircVAPA (annotated as hsa_circ_0006990) was identified by mining the circRNA profiling dataset of six paired SCLC tissues and the RNA-seq data of serum samples from 36 SCLC patients and 118 healthy controls. The circVAPA expression level was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR in SCLC cells and tissues. Cell viability, colony formation, cell cycle and apoptosis analysis assays and in vivo tumorigenesis were used to reveal the biological roles of circVAPA. The underlying mechanism of circVAPA was investigated by Western blot, RNA pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation, dual-luciferase reporter assay and rescue experiments. Results: We revealed that circVAPA, derived from exons 2-4 of the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein A (VAPA) gene, exhibited higher expression levels in SCLC cell lines, clinical tissues, and serum from SCLC patients than the controls, and facilitated SCLC progression in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circVAPA activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway by modulating the miR-377-3p and miR-494-3p/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) axis to accelerate SCLC progression. Furthermore, circVAPA depletion markedly enhanced the inhibitory effects of BMS-536924, an IGF1R kinase inhibitor in cellular and xenograft mouse models. Conclusions: CircVAPA promotes SCLC progression via the miR-377-3p and miR-494-3p/IGF1R/AKT axis. We hope to develop clinical protocols of combinations of circVAPA inhibition and BMS-536924 addition for treating SCLC with circVAPA upregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic performance of a series of single transition metal (TM = 3d, 4d, and 5d series) atoms anchored on B/N co-doped graphene (B x N y @Gra) toward electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) was systematically investigated by first-principles calculations. Among 180 possible materials, four catalysts (Tc-B 1 N 3 @Gra, Os-B 2 N 2 α@Gra, Re-B 2 N 2 γ@Gra, Nb-B 3 N 1 @Gra) feature the highest activity with U L no higher than 0.31 V. Interestingly, a volcano curve between U L and Δ E ads (*NNH) can be established, so Δ E ads (*NNH) can be applied as a descriptor to unveil the structure-activity relationship and characterize the activity of catalysts. The properties, thermal stability, and selectivity for the four catalysts were analyzed. Os-B 2 N 2 α@Gra is identified as a promising catalyst in this work for catalyzing N 2 electroreduction to NH 3 owing to its potent catalytic activity (U L = −0.28 V), high stability and distinct selectivity. This work can give some meaningful guidance for rapid screening and the rational design of efficient single-atom catalysts for electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis and other related electrochemical reaction. We expect that the present study will inspire and promote the efforts from both experimental and theoretical in this direction. [Display omitted] • Different coordination environments and metal constitute TM-B x N y @Gra family. • The high-throughput screening method was applied to screen the efficient catalysts. • Four catalysts with | U L | ≤ 0.31 V were selected from TM-B x N y @Gra family. • Os-B 2 N 2 α@Gra is a promising catalyst toward eNRR with U L of −0.28 V. • There is an approximate volcano curve between the U L and Δ E ads (*NNH). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using density functional theory (DFT), geometric optimizations were performed on the supercell systems of undoped cassiterite and 24 types of doped cassiterite with metals such as Sc, Ti, V, etc. The lattice constants, band structures, and electronic density of states (DOS) were calculated to investigate the crystal structure and electronic properties of cassiterite. The results indicate that the presence of impurity defects leads to varying degrees of distortion in the lattice angles and unit cell of cassiterite crystal. Doping with Ti and Al increases the semiconductor band gap of cassiterite, while other impurity-doped cassiterite decreases the band gap. The impurity-doped cassiterite band gap gradually decreases with increasing atomic number, exhibiting semiconductor-to-metal transition in the doped cassiterite. The overall DOS of cassiterite doped with Nb, Mo, Ta, W, As, Sb and Bi shifts to the direction of low energy, and the oxidation capacity of cassiterite is enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]