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Background: Tooth wear is a multifactorial condition, leading to the irreversible loss of dental hard tissues. The availability of an unambiguous, universally applicable assessment protocol remains lacking. Objectives: The goal of the authors is to develop a set of diagnostic criteria for the assessment of tooth wear (DC‐TW). A two‐step approach will be used to achieve this objective: (1) to develop a preliminary beta version of the DC‐TW, based on the authors' clinical experience and their shared expertise and supported by a narrative review of the existing literature, and (2) to develop the final DC‐TW, with input from a larger group of experts using an international Delphi process. This paper relates to the first step. Methods: The authors outlined the components that should be incorporated into the DC‐TW. The literature search was performed to investigate if their concept was in line with the available literature. The search was conducted to identify eligible publications from inception to July 11, 2022. Two authors independently screened all publications, and differences in judgements were resolved through a consensus procedure. Results: The search yielded 5362 publications, resulting in the final inclusion of 383. These publications were divided into four main topics: (1) nomenclature/taxonomies; (2) self‐report tools; (3) clinical assessment tools; and (4) clinical decision‐making. Conclusions: The information from the publications was used and fused with the clinical experience and shared expertise of the authors to contribute to the development of a preliminary beta version of the DC‐TW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of awake bruxism and sleep bruxism in the Dutch adolescent population. Materials and Methods: As part of a large epidemiologic survey on oral health of the general Dutch adolescent population in 2017, a total of 920 subjects were asked about their bruxism behaviour during daytime and during sleep. The collected data were subjected to stratified analysis by two age groups (for 17 and 23 years, respectively), gender and socio‐economic status. Results: A prevalence of 4.1% and 4.2% was found for awake bruxism and of 7.6% and 13.2% for sleep bruxism. Women reported awake bruxism more often than men in the 17‐year‐old age group (5.0% and 3.2%, respectively), while in the 23‐year‐old age group it was the other way around (4.0% and 4.4%, respectively). Regarding sleep bruxism, women reported higher percentages than men in both age groups (7.8% versus 7.5% and 14.9% versus 11.5%, respectively). Concerning socio‐economic status (SES), awake bruxism was more often found in high SES groups (4.6% versus 3.7% and 4.9% versus 4.0% in both age groups, respectively) as well as for sleep bruxism in the 23‐year‐old group (16.5% versus 8.6%). In the 17‐year‐old group, sleep bruxism was more often reported in the low SES group (9.7% versus 5.3%). Conclusions: Sleep bruxism is a common condition in the Dutch adolescent population, while awake bruxism is rarer. Clinical relevance: Dental caregivers can use this information when negative healthcare outcomes are present amongst adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tooth wear is a multifactorial condition, leading to the loss of dental hard tissues. Physiological tooth wear is a slow process that normally does not lead to any subjective symptoms. When the condition progresses, it can become pathological, and several signs and symptoms may occur. The Tooth Wear Evaluation System (TWES) was described to implement a systematic diagnostic and management approach. Recently, management guidelines were presented in a European Consensus Statement (ECS) as well. Objectives: To evaluate the TWES in practice and to integrate the principles described in the ECS in order to compose a renewed TWES 2.0 and a new taxonomy. Methods: The TWES and the recommendations of the ECS were used by dental clinicians, in order to test its applicability in practice. Results: Agreement was reached that the TWES 2.0 will use a stepwise approach, with a straightforward Tooth Wear Screening part and a more detailed Tooth Wear Status part. Also, the assessment of pathology from the ECS is incorporated in the TWES 2.0 (both classification and taxonomy). Conclusions: In the TWES 2.0 is described that tooth wear is pathological if moderate/severe/extreme tooth wear is present, in combination with one or several described signs and symptoms. Aetiology can be assessed by findings that indicate a chemical and/or a mechanical cause. The taxonomy may help to identify situations in which preventive (restorative) interventions in early stages of tooth wear can be indicated. The reliability and validity of the adapted parts must be proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Tooth wear is a multifactorial condition leading to the loss of dental hard tissues. A counselling/monitoring protocol is of importance in order to keep that loss as limited as possible. Since many factors are involved and a time span of decades is included, research to disentangle all these processes in patients is difficult. Instead, a modelling technique was used that is able to deal with time, costs and probabilistic and stochastic information. The aim was to shed light on the question: does a yearly or a once‐in‐five‐years counselling/monitoring protocol yield better outcome measures? Methods: A so‐called timed automata model was adopted, analysed with the tool UPPAAL. To our knowledge, this is the first time that formal modelling is applied in dentistry. In this article, a UPPAAL model for the evaluation of tooth wear is described. Results: Using the UPPAAL model, it was calculated that with a yearly counselling/monitoring protocol the severity of tooth wear at age 74, the total costs per person and the number of restorative treatments were less, and the number of so‐called "good years" was higher. Conclusions: With the use of the UPPAAL model, it may be concluded that a yearly counselling/monitoring protocol can yield better outcome measures. Clinical Significance: Regarding dentistry in general and tooth wear in particular, with the use of a timed automata model in UPPAAL, actual research questions can be answered, factors of influence in a multifactorial condition like tooth wear can be clarified, and future research topics can be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Tooth wear is a common finding in adult patients with dental sleep disorders. The aim of this paper was to review the literature on the possible associations between tooth wear and the following dental sleep disorders: sleep‐related oro‐facial pain, oral moistening disorders, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and sleep bruxism. Methods: A PubMed search was performed on 1 June 2018 using MeSH terms in the following query: Tooth Wear AND (Facial Pain OR Temporomandibular Joint Disorders OR Xerostomia OR Sialorrhea OR Gastroesophageal Reflux OR Sleep Apnea Syndrome OR Sleep Bruxism). Results: The query yielded 706 reports on tooth wear and the mentioned dental sleep disorders. Several associations between tooth wear and the dental sleep disorders were suggested in the literature. It could be concluded that: (a) tooth wear is associated with dental pain and/or hypersensitivity; (b) oral dryness is associated with tooth wear, oro‐facial pain and sleep bruxism; (c) GERD is associated with tooth wear, oro‐facial pain, oral dryness, OSAS and sleep bruxism; (d) OSAS is associated with oral dryness, GERD and sleep bruxism; and (e) sleep bruxism is associated with tooth wear. Conclusions: Tooth wear is associated with the dental sleep disorders oro‐facial pain, oral dryness, GERD and sleep bruxism. The dental sleep disorders are interlinked with each other, which leads to indirect associations as well, and makes the consequences of each single condition difficult to disentangle. Knowledge of these associations is clinically relevant, but more research is needed to confirm their validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Awake bruxism and sleep bruxism are common conditions amongst adult populations, although prevalence data are scarce. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of awake bruxism and sleep bruxism in the Dutch adult population. Methods: As part of a large epidemiologic survey on oral health of the general Dutch adult population, a total of 1209 subjects were asked about their bruxism behaviour during the day and during their sleep. The collected data were subjected to stratified analysis by five age groups (25‐34, 35‐44, 45‐54, 55‐64 and 65‐74 years), socioeconomic status, and gender. Results: A prevalence of 5.0% of the total population was found for awake bruxism and of 16.5% for sleep bruxism. Regarding the five age groups, prevalence of 6.5%, 7.8%, 4.0%, 3.2% and 3.0%, respectively, were found for awake bruxism, and of 20.0%, 21.0%, 16.5%, 14.5% and 8.3%, respectively, for sleep bruxism. Women reported both awake bruxism and sleep bruxism more often than men. These differences were statistically significant. Concerning socioeconomic status (SES), both awake bruxism and sleep bruxism were more often found in high SES groups, being statistically significant for awake bruxism only. Conclusion: Sleep bruxism is a common condition in the Dutch adult population, while awake bruxism is rarer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of tooth wear in different age groups of the Dutch adult population and to determine this tooth wear distribution by gender, socioeconomic class, and type of teeth. Results were compared with the outcomes of a previous study in a comparable population. As part of a comprehensive investigation of the oral health of the general Dutch adult population in 2013, tooth wear was assessed among 1,125 subjects in the city of 's-Hertogenbosch. The data collected were subjected to stratified analysis by 5 age groups (25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-74 years), gender, socioeconomic class, and type of teeth. Tooth wear was assessed using a 5-point ordinal occlusal/incisal grading scale. The number of teeth affected was higher in older age groups. Men showed more tooth wear than women, and subjects with low socioeconomic status (low SES) showed on average higher scores than those with high SES. Tooth wear prevalence found in this study was higher in all age groups than in the previous study. The present study found prevalences of 13% for mild tooth wear and 80% for moderate tooth wear, leading to the conclusion that these are common conditions in the Dutch adult population. Severe tooth wear (prevalence 6%) may however be characterized as rare. A tendency was found for there to be more tooth wear in older age groups, in men as compared with women, in persons with lower SES, and in the present survey as compared with the previous one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Objective Methods Results Conclusions Tooth wear is a multifactorial process resulting in the loss of dental hard tissues. For its assessment, the tooth wear evaluation system (TWES) 2.0 has been published. Previous studies on the TWES involved well‐trained practitioners, rather than nonexperts.The first aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of the assessment of tooth wear severity on dental hard tissues, using the TWES 2.0, by nonexperts. The second aim was to investigate the reliability of assessment of wear severity on dental restorations, using a third scale.Forty‐seven dental students evaluated at least 9 of 14 possible patient cases on dental casts and intraoral photographs. Cohen's kappa (agreement with sample solution) and Fleiss' kappa (Inter‐rater reliability) were calculated.The agreements of the operators' ratings compared to the sample‐solution resulted in Cohen's kappa between 0.02 and 0.9. The agreements were 0.34 for occlusal; 0.43 for vestibular; 0.57 for oral surfaces.Inter‐rater reliability (Fleiss' kappa) was 0.35 for occlusal, 0.17 for vestibular and 0.24 for oral assessment. The inter‐rater reliability of the ratings on tooth surfaces with restorations was lower with 0.21 (occlusal), 0.14 (vestibular) and 0.39 (oral). The agreement on different restorations differed tremendously.The ability to correctly assess the cases varied considerably between individual examiners. Within the limits of this study, assessment of restorations was slightly more challenging compared to natural teeth, particularly in occlusal regions or when the restorative material is gold. Subsequent studies should address whether enhanced training and improved definition of tooth wear grades result in higher reliability scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinically, sleep bruxism is considered to be associated with the presence of tooth wear, but strong evidence is still lacking. Objective: To examine whether an association exists between polysomnographic parameters, recorded from patients with possible sleep bruxism and tooth wear. Methods: Sixty‐three possible sleep bruxers (19 males and 44 females, mean ± SD age = 38.5 ± 11.4 years) were recruited among patients attending the Clinic for orofacial pain and dysfunction of the Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA). The incisal/occlusal tooth wear was recorded for each tooth clinically, using a 5‐point ordinal scale. Subsequently, all patients underwent an one‐night ambulatory polysomnographic recording, during which the number of bruxism episodes per hour of sleep (Epi/h), the number of bruxism bursts per hour of sleep (Bur/h), and the bruxism time index (BTI) were recorded and analysed. Logistic regression analysis was performed using the presence of tooth wear as the dependent variable, the polysomnographic recordings as independent variables, and corrected for age and gender. The Bur/h and BTI were removed from the analyses due to collinearity with the Epi/h. Additionally, the polysomnographic recordings were also tested for possible association with self‐reported grinding of the teeth during sleep. Results: No significant correlation was found between tooth wear and Epi/h (P = 0.381). In addition, the presence of tooth wear was not associated with self‐reported parafunctions. Conclusion: Clinically measured tooth wear and self‐reported parafunction seem not be related to the polysomnographic parameters of possible sleep bruxism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tooth wear is a multifactorial condition that manifests through various signs and symptoms. These individual signs and symptoms were described in multiple studies, leading to the inclusion in TWES 2.0 (Tooth Wear Evaluation System 2.0) and the forthcoming DC‐TW (Diagnostic Criteria for Tooth Wear). However, a study evaluating their reliability has yet to be conducted. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the reliability in the assessment of 6 signs of pathological tooth wear and 18 clinical signs and symptoms determining aetiology, all of which are included in the TWES 2.0/DC‐TW. Methods: 48 dental students (operators) evaluated patient cases from a patient pool of 14 patients on dental casts and high‐resolution intraoral photographs. The agreement between all operators for each sign and symptom was calculated based on ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficients). Additionally, the agreement of each operator's evaluation with a predefined sample solution was calculated based on Cohen's kappa. Results: Inter‐user agreement ranged from near perfect (0.91) to poor (0.02) for the various pathology signs or aetiology symptoms of tooth wear (mean 0.32). The agreements of the operator's ratings compared to the sample solution resulted in Cohen's kappa from 0.18 to 1 (mean 0.59) for the pathology signs and ranged from 0.02 to 0.51 for the aetiology signs (mean 0.38). Conclusions: The reliability of the signs and symptoms examined and the ability of individual investigators to correctly identify and assign signs and symptoms varied widely. The current assessment tools for the qualification of tooth wear need further refinement, and examiners need intensive training in tooth wear assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To assess awake and sleep bruxism, the Standardised Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) is currently being developed. The STAB will be a comprehensive tool for the detailed assessment of bruxism behaviour itself as well as of its possible consequences, causes, and comorbid conditions. Objective: Since the STAB cannot fully meet the 'A4 principle' for a bruxism assessment tool, i.e., being Accurate (reliable and valid), Applicable (feasible), Affordable (cost‐effective), and Accessible (suitable for everyday clinical use), the Bruxism Screener (BruxScreen) has been developed to be used in large‐scale epidemiological research projects and, especially, in general, dental practices. Methods: The BruxScreen consists of two parts: a questionnaire (BruxScreen‐Q) to be completed by patients, and a clinical assessment form (BruxScreen‐C) to be completed by dentists. Results: This paper describes the development of the BruxScreen and provides the outcomes of the pilot testing phase and the face validity assessment (i.e. that the first impressions of the tool indicate that it adequately reflects the construct to be measured). Conclusion: The resulting BruxScreen is considered ready for more profound psychometric testing in the general dental setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarises the background reasoning and work that led to the selection of the items included in the Standardised Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB), also introducing the list of items. The instrument is currently being tested for face validity and on‐field comprehension. The underlying premise is that the different motor activities included in the bruxism spectrum (e.g. clenching vs. grinding, with or without teeth contact) potentially need to be discriminated from each other, based on their purportedly different aetiology, comorbidities and potential consequences. Focus should be on a valid impression of the activities' frequency, intensity and duration. The methods that can be used for the above purposes can be grouped into strategies that collect information from the patient's history (subject‐based), from the clinical assessment performed by an examiner (clinically based) or from the use of instruments to measure certain outcomes (instrumentally based). The three strategies can apply to all aspects of bruxism (i.e. status, comorbid conditions, aetiology and consequences). The STAB will help gathering information on many aspects, factors and conditions that are currently poorly investigated in the field of bruxism. To this purpose, it is divided into two axes. Axis A includes the self‐reported information on bruxism status and potential consequences (subject‐based report) together with the clinical (examiner report) and instrumental assessment (technology report). Axis B includes the self‐reported information (subject‐based report) on factors and conditions that may have an etiological or comorbid role for bruxism. This comprehensive multidimensional assessment system will allow building predictive model for clinical and research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary discusses the need to move on from the adoption of cut‐off points for the definition of the presence/absence of bruxism and justifies the need to embrace an evaluation based on the continuum of jaw motor behaviours. Currently, the number of events per hour, as identified by polysomnography (PSG), is used to define the presence of sleep bruxism (SB). Whilst PSG still remains the indispensable equipment to study the neurophysiological correlates of SB, the scoring criteria based on a cut‐off point are of questionable clinical usefulness for the study of oral health outcomes. For awake bruxism (AB), criteria for a definite diagnosis have never been proposed. Some goal‐oriented strategies are proposed to identify bruxism behaviours that increase the risk of negative oral health outcomes (eg, tooth wear, muscle and/or temporomandibular joint [TMJ] pain, restorative complications). One possible strategy would embrace an improved knowledge on the epidemiology and natural variability of bruxism, even including study of the amount of PSG/SB and electromyography masticatory muscle activity (EMG/MMA) during sleep and the frequency/prevalence of bruxism behaviours during wakefulness that are needed to represent a risk factor for clinical consequences, if any. There should not be any preclusion about the diagnostic strategies to pursue that goal, and a combination of instrumental and non‐instrumental approaches may even emerge as the best available option. Once data are available, large‐scale, non‐selected population samples representing the entire continuum of EMG/MMA activities are also needed, in the attempt to estimate untreated health risks in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Even though bruxism and Parkinson's disease (PD) share common characteristics, their relation is still not clear. Both bruxism and PD are movement disorders in addition, patients with bruxism as well as those with PD complain about musculoskeletal pain, including temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain. Objectives: Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to gain more insight into the possible relation between bruxism and TMD on one hand and PD on the other. Methods: In total, 801 persons gave their written informed consent and agreed to participate in the study filling in a questionnaire. Complete data were collected from 708 persons (368 with PD or Parkinsonism [PR] and 340 controls) and were included in the analysis. The questionnaire included the graded chronic pain scale, the DC/TMD oral behaviour checklist, the DC/TMD symptom questionnaire and the TMD pain screener. In addition, a question about self‐reported tooth wear was included. The chi‐square test and independent samples t test were used for the data analysis. Results: Patients with PD/PR reported significantly more often bruxism during sleep and wakefulness than controls. Also, patients with PD/PR had more often possible TMD and reported a significantly higher mean pain intensity in the orofacial region than controls. There was no significant difference in complaints of jaw locking between the patient group and the control group. A tendency towards a significant association was found between PD/PR and tooth wear. Conclusion: There is a relation between PD/PR and bruxism. Furthermore, a relation of PD/PR with TMD pain is suggested to be present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the level of oral health-related quality of life and orofacial appearance in patients with moderate to severe tooth wear. Patients with and without a request for restorative treatment were included.Methods: One hundred twenty-four patients (98 men, 26 women, mean age: 40.5 ± 8.8 years) with moderate to severe tooth wear were included. Patients without a request for help received a non-restorative treatment of counseling and monitoring. Patients with a request for restorative treatment were treated with a full rehabilitation using composite resin restorations. Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-NL) and Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES-NL) questionnaires were filled in at baseline and after 1 year.Results: Counseling and monitoring group: baseline OHIP-NL score was 0.4 ± 0.3, baseline summary score of OES-NL was 48 ± 7.0, and baseline impression score was 7.1 ± 1.2. Scores had not changed significantly after 1 year (p = 1.00 after Bonferroni correction).Restoration group: baseline OHIP-NL score was 0.8 ± 0.6, baseline summary score of OES-NL was 38 ± 10, and baseline impression score was 5.9 ± 1.5. Scores had improved significantly after 1 year (p < 0.001 after Bonferroni correction).Conclusions: Counseling and monitoring did not result in a significant deterioration and restorative treatment resulted in a significant improvement of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and orofacial appearance in this patient group.Clinical significance: In patients with moderate to severe tooth wear, without functional and esthetical problems, counseling and monitoring may be an appropriate treatment option. Restorative treatment in patients with a need for treatment results in an improved OHRQoL. OHIP and OES questionnaires may be used to monitor changes in clinically relevant symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tooth wear is a multifactorial process, leading to the loss of dental hard tissues. Therefore, it is important to detect the level of tooth wear at an early stage, so monitoring can be initiated. The Tooth Wear Evaluation System (TWES) enables such a multistage diagnosis of tooth wear. The further developed TWES 2.0 contains a complete taxonomy of tooth wear, but its reliability has not yet been validated. Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) whether diagnoses made based on the TWES 2.0 are reproducible and whether this reproducibility is also achieved with computer‐assisted diagnostics. Methods: 44 dental students received extensive training in TWES 2.0 assessment and taxonomy. The students each evaluated at least 10 (of the present 14) anonymised patient cases using gypsum models and high‐resolution intra‐oral photographs according to TWES 2.0. One half initially evaluated on paper; the other half used dedicated software (CMDfact / CMDbrux). After half of the patient cases (5), the evaluation methods were switched (AB/BA crossover design). The diagnoses were then evaluated for agreement with the predefined sample solution. Results: Evaluation of agreement with the sample solution according to Cohen's kappa indicated a value of 0.46 for manual (traditional) evaluation; and 0.44 for computer‐assisted evaluation. Evaluation of agreement between examiners was 0.38 for manual and 0.48 for computer‐assisted evaluation (Fleiss' kappa). Conclusion: The results of this study proved that the taxonomy of the TWES 2.0 has acceptable reliability and can thus be used by dentists. Accordingly, the system can be learned quickly even by untrained practitioners. Comparable results are achieved with computer‐assisted evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Tooth Wear Evaluation System (TWES) is a type of tooth wear index. To date, there is the lack of data comparing the reliability of the application of this index on gypsum cast records and digital greyscale intra‐oral scan records. Objectives: A comparative evaluation between the use of gypsum cast records and digital greyscale intra‐oral scan records with the reliability of tooth wear scoring using the TWES amongst a group of patients with tooth wear. Methods: Records for 10 patients with moderate to severe tooth wear (TWES ≥ 2) were randomly selected from a larger clinical trial. TWES grading of the occlusal/incisal, buccal and palatal/lingual surfaces was performed to determine the levels of intra‐ and interobserver agreement. Intra‐observer reproducibility was based on the findings of one examiner only. For the interobserver reproducibility, the findings of two examiners were considered. One set of models/ records were used per patient. Cohen's weighted kappa (κW) was used to ascertain agreement between and within the observers. Comparison of agreement was performed using t tests (P <.05). Results: For the scoring of the of the total occlusal/incisal surfaces, the overall levels of intra‐ and interobserver agreement were significantly higher using the gypsum cast records than with the digital greyscale intra‐oral scan records, (P <.001) and (P <.001), respectively. For the overall buccal surfaces, only a significant difference was found in the intra‐observer agreement using gypsum casts, (P =.013). For the palatal/lingual surfaces, a significant difference was only reported in the interobserver agreement using gypsum casts, (P =.043). At the occlusal/incisal surfaces, grading performed using gypsum casts, culminated in significantly higher TWES scores than with the use of the digital greyscale intra‐oral scans (P <.001). At the buccal and palatal/lingual surfaces, significantly higher wear scores were obtained using digital greyscale intra‐oral scan records (P <.009). Conclusions: The TWES can offer a reliable means for the scoring of wearing occlusal/incisal surfaces using gypsum casts. The reliability offered by digital greyscale intra‐oral scans for consecutive scoring was in general, inferior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper was to give an overview of the general project and to present the macrostructure of a comprehensive multidimensional toolkit for the assessment of bruxism, viz. a bruxism evaluation system. This is a necessary intermediate step that will be detailed in a successive extended publication and will ultimately lead to the definition of a Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) as the final product. Two invitation‐only workshops were held during the 2018 and 2019 General Session & Exhibition of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) meetings. Participants of the IADR closed meetings were split into two groups, to put the basis for a multidimensional evaluation system composed of two main axes: an evaluation Axis A with three assessment domains (ie subject‐based, clinically based and instrumentally based assessment) and an aetiological/risk factors Axis B assessing different groups of factors and conditions (ie psychosocial assessment; concurrent sleep and non‐sleep conditions; drug and substance use or abuse; and additional factors). The work of the two groups that led to the identification of different domains for assessment is summarised in this manuscript, along with a road map for future researches. Such an approach will allow clinicians and researchers to modulate evaluation of bruxism patients with a comprehensive look at the clinical impact of the different bruxism activities and aetiologies. The ultimate goal of this multidimensional system is to facilitate the refinement of decision‐making algorithms in the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]