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Addition of CO to a tetrametallic magnesium hydride cluster results in both carbon‐carbon bond formation and deoxygenation to generate an acetaldehyde enolate [C2OH3]− which remains coordinated to the cluster. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of formation of an isolable complex containing an [C2OH3]− fragment from reaction of CO with a metal hydride, and the first example of CO homologation and deoxygenation at a main group metal. DFT studies suggest that key steps in the mechanism involve nucleophilic attack of an oxymethylene on a formyl ligand to generate an unstable [C2O2H3]3− fragment, which undergoes subsequent deoxygenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addition of CO to a tetrametallic magnesium hydride cluster results in both carbon‐carbon bond formation and deoxygenation to generate an acetaldehyde enolate [C2OH3]− which remains coordinated to the cluster. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of formation of an isolable complex containing an [C2OH3]− fragment from reaction of CO with a metal hydride, and the first example of CO homologation and deoxygenation at a main group metal. DFT studies suggest that key steps in the mechanism involve nucleophilic attack of an oxymethylene on a formyl ligand to generate an unstable [C2O2H3]3− fragment, which undergoes subsequent deoxygenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the first successful use of Magnetic Resonance guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (MRgHIFU) thalamic ablation in a patient with cerebral aneurysms. The patient had essential tremor and had previously undergone treatment for a larger aneurysm using a Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device. The MRgHIFU procedure was performed successfully, resulting in significant tremor suppression without side effects. However, the patient did experience a small subcortical infarct after the procedure, which prompted further evaluation. The article highlights the feasibility and relative safety of the MRgHIFU procedure in patients with aneurysms, but emphasizes the need for individualized risk assessment and discussion with each patient. [Extracted from the article]

Reactions of thiophene, 2-methylthiophene, 2-methoxythiophene, 2,3-dimethylthiophene, and benzothiophene with the aluminium(I) complex [{ArNC(Me)2H}Al] (Ar = 2,6-di-isopropylphenyl) are reported. In all cases, carbon–sulfur bond activation and ring-expansion of the heterocycle is observed. For thiophene, we identify a reaction network for desulfurisation that includes an unusual second carbon–sulfur bond activation step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-large chemical libraries are reaching 10s to 100s of billions of molecules. A challenge for these libraries is to efficiently check if a proposed molecule is present. Here we propose and study Bloom filters for testing if a molecule is present in a set using either string or fingerprint representations. Bloom filters are small enough to hold billions of molecules in just a few GB of memory and check membership in sub milliseconds. We found string representations can have a false positive rate below 1% and require significantly less storage than using fingerprints. Canonical SMILES with Bloom filters with the simple FNV (Fowler-Noll-Voll) hashing function provide fast and accurate membership tests with small memory requirements. We provide a general implementation and specific filters for detecting if a molecule is purchasable, patented, or a natural product according to existing databases at https://github.com/whitead/molbloom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an overlap between the International Classification of Diseases for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics- 11th Revision (ICD-11) diagnoses of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) and personality disorder. When the latter is comorbid with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this may allow for a false positive CPTSD diagnosis. This fact has both clinical implications and throws into relief theoretical questions about the ontology of trauma and personality disorder-related pathology. These questions are presented as a call for further research. The ICD 11 introduces a new CPTSD diagnosis, and a new conceptualisation of personality disorder. Despite the advances of the ICD 11, the arrangement of these constructs allows for issues which may pose difficulties for clinicians working in this area. There remain a variety of epistemological and ontological questions concerning trauma and the type of difficulties captured by the diagnosis of personality disorder. These will require future research to clarify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaction of a molecular calcium hydride with a series of group 9 dicarbonyl complexes [M(η5-C5Me5)(CO)2] (M = Co, Rh, Ir) led to the formation of both mono(formyl) and bis(formyl) complexes. The bis(formyl) complexes are unique. They have been characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and examples have been crystallographically characterised for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the Department of Digital, Culture, Media & Sport committee's inquiry into the economics of music streaming. The scrutiny of the committee's oral and written evidence, and final report is placed within the context of the music industry's significance to UK cultural policy since the late 1990s. The perspectives of the UK's musicians and song-writers are a focal point of the analysis of the inquiry's published documentation, as they are when discussing the committee's recommendations released in July 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many commentators have in the past hailed the production in China of lower cost versions of famous Chinese and international cultural and media products, better known as a shanzhai (山寨) form of production. Against that, this paper argues that there has been a significant move away from a copycat model in the Chinese creative industries, a trend which should be viewed within the context of China's obligations as a full member of the WTO. This paper argues that the way in which online video industries have developed and innovated over the last 14 years in China has changed in that online video industries are constantly mutating their business models in response to lawsuits for IP violations instead of simply aligning with existing regulations. By doing that, they are indirectly adapting their business models to local legislation relating to the protection of IP for domestic and international content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death for adolescents in the United States. Widespread implementation of evidence‐based practices for this population remains challenging due to resource shortages and system barriers. Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents (DBT‐A) has robust research support, with positive clinical outcomes when implemented with fidelity. At the same time, implementation requires individual therapy with trained clinicians, a resource which may not be available at the level required in some communities. The current study uses theoretical frameworks from adult implementations of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) where treatment was provided in a DBT Skills Training format without weekly individual therapy to examine skills training for adolescent clients with suicidal behaviors and is the first published study regarding feasibility of skills training for this population. Methods: Adolescents and their families were offered DBT Skills Training while on the waitlist for DBT‐A. Of the 125 families referred, 48 chose DBT Skills Training and 77 opted to wait for DBT‐A, creating a natural quasi‐experimental design useful in exploring differences between DBT‐Skills Training and DBT‐A. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups at baseline. Rates of treatment completion were similar between the two groups. Conclusions: Results from the current study demonstrate similar rates of treatment drop‐out and treatment completion between DBT Skills Training and DBT‐A, suggesting DBT Skills Training without individual therapy for adolescents is feasible and warrants additional research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative cross-over study designs were explored in non-human primate (NHP) studies to determine the value of this approach for the evaluation of drug efficacy against tuberculosis (TB). Firstly, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of each of the drugs Isoniazid (H), Rifampicin (R), Pyrazinamide (Z) and Ethambutol (E), that are standardly used for the treatment of tuberculosis, was established in the blood of macaques after oral dosing as a monotherapy or in combination. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different drug combinations using cross-over designs. The first employed a balanced, three-period Pigeon design with an extra period; this ensured that treatment by period interactions and carry-over could be detected comparing the treatments HR, HZ and HRZ using H37Rv as the challenge strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Although the design accounted for considerable variability between animals, the three regimens evaluated could not be distinguished using any of the alternative endpoints assessed. However, the degree of pathology achieved using H37Rv in the model during this study was less than expected. Based on these findings, a second experiment using a classical AB/BA design comparing HE with HRZ was conducted using the M. tb Erdman strain. More extensive pathology was observed, and differences in computerized tomography (CT) scores and bacteriology counts in the lungs were detected, although due to the small group sizes, clearer differences were not distinguished. Type 1 T helper (Th1) cell response profiles were characterized using the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay and revealed differences between drug treatments that corresponded to decreases in disease burden. Therefore, the studies performed support the utility of the NHP model for the determination of PK/PD of TB drugs, although further work is required to optimize the use of cross-over study designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of an Fe–Al complex with an array of substituted pyridines is reported. Depending on the substitution pattern of the substrate site-selective sp2 or sp3 C–H bond activation is observed. A series of reaction products are observed based on (i) C–Al bond formation, (ii) C–C bond formation by nucleophilic addition or (iii) deprotonation of the β-diketiminate ligand. A divergent set of mechanisms involving a common intermediate is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is why Phillips and Milner's account of Internet culture in the first decade of the twenty-first century US is so important. Howard's own testimony to the US Senate divulged that between 2013 and 2018 tens of millions of American Facebook, Instagram and Twitter users were exposed to posts from the IRA's campaign (Howard, [9], pp. 38-51). US$38 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-262-53836-7; Lie machines, by Philip N. Howard, New Haven and Oxford, Yale University Press, 2020, xviii + 221 pp., £20 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-300-25020-6; You are here: a field guide for navigating polarized speech, conspiracy theories, and our polluted media landscape, by Whitney Phillips and Ryan M. Milner, Cambridge, Mass. & London, The MIT Press, 2021, xii + 266 pp., US$22.95, ISBN 978-0-262-53991-3 The attempted over-turning of the result of the 2020 US presidential election involved the proliferation of multiple online conspiracy theories and fake stories, and culminated in the assault on the US Congress while it was in the process of validating the electoral college count on 6 January 2021. [Extracted from the article]

We evaluate neural network (NN) coarse-grained (CG) force fields compared to traditional CG molecular mechanics force fields. We conclude that NN force fields are able to extrapolate and sample from unseen regions of the free energy surface when trained with limited data. Our results come from 88 NN force fields trained on different combinations of clustered free energy surfaces from four protein mapped trajectories. We used a statistical measure named total variation similarity to assess the agreement between reference free energy surfaces from mapped atomistic simulations and CG simulations from trained NN force fields. Our conclusions support the hypothesis that NN CG force fields trained with samples from one region of the proteins' free energy surface can, indeed, extrapolate to unseen regions. Additionally, the force matching error was found to only be weakly correlated with a force field's ability to reconstruct the correct free energy surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions on media and fakery are usually premised on the general public being manipulated by mainstream media bias or fabrications emanating from the Internet. It is less common in the discipline of media and communication to speculate about users' reasons for accepting what appear to be basic untruths: I will suggest here that discussions about users' complicity must become more central to our attempts to understand media and fakery. Rather than a simple rebuttal of the 'facts' or the promotion of big data methodologies, this paper will suggest that deploying convincing counter-narratives are a better means of convincing those we suspect of being susceptible to confirmation bias and conspiratorial types of thinking that there are better ways of understanding contemporary politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accounting for electrons and nuclei simultaneously is a powerful capability of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD). However, AIMD is often unable to accurately reproduce properties of systems such as water due to inaccuracies in the underlying electronic density functionals. This shortcoming is often addressed by added empirical corrections and/or increasing the simulation temperature. We present here a maximum-entropy approach to directly incorporate limited experimental data via a minimal bias. Biased AIMD simulations of water and an excess proton in water are shown to give significantly improved properties both for observables which were biased to match experimental data and for unbiased observables. This approach also yields new physical insight into inaccuracies in the underlying density functional theory as utilized in the unbiased AIMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early works that used thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) to measure absorbed dose from alpha particles reported relatively high variation (10%) between TLDs, which is undesirable for modern dosimetry applications. This work outlines a method to increase precision for absorbed dose measured using TLDs with alpha-emitting radionuclides by applying an alpha-specific chip factor (CF) that individually characterizes the TLD sensitivity to alpha particles. Variation between TLDs was reduced from 21.8% to 6.7% for the standard TLD chips and 7.9% to 3.3% for the thin TLD chips. It has been demonstrated by this work that TLD-100 can be calibrated to precisely measure the absorbed dose to water from alpha-emitting radionuclides. • TLDs used to measure absorbed dose from alpha particles have shown high variation. • 5.304 MeV alpha particles have a range of only 21 μm in TLDs. • Alpha Particles interact with a small percentage of the total TLD sensitive volume. • Alpha-Specific chip factors characterize TLD sensitivity to alpha particles. • TLD precision was increased when alpha-specific chip factors were applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Excellent communication is essential for health professionals working with children. Teddy Bear Hospital (TBH) is an innovative method of developing paediatric communication skills in health‐care students. By exploring the child's perspective of medical students' communication at the TBH, we sought to better understand the role TBH plays in the development of the communication skills in medical students. Methods: Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 31 children, aged 3–8 years old, who were attending a TBH run by third year medical students at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne. These interviews were recorded and transcribed after which themes were generated by inductive content analysis using the programme NVivo 12. Results: Children used mostly positive language when describing interactions with teddy doctors. However, almost half of the children could not recall the medical students explaining why their teddy was sick or how their teddy would get better. Furthermore, many teddies returned from TBH with medical issues different to their initial presentation. Conclusions: The communication described at TBH was overwhelmingly positive with children describing little difference between medical students and actual doctors. However, the mismatch in teddy medical issues before and after a visit to TBH along with the lack of understanding on teddy health management plans, suggests the need for further evidence‐based training in communication skills for medical students to improve their ability to communicate with very young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that explores the peptide framework for screening the effects of amino acids on assembly. It mentions that discovery of peptide domains with unique intermolecular interactions is essential for engineering peptide-based materials. It discusses the study of intermolecular interactions.

α‐Oxoketenes and cyclohexadiene α‐oxoketenes are reactive intermediates, particularly the latter due to their high re‐aromatization potential. In this communication, we report photolytic studies on the generation of such species from 4‐OMe and 4‐OMOM protected resorcylate dioxinones and their trapping to give resorcylate esters and amides as well as the formation of adducts with enol‐ethers as trapping reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physics Today, a magazine that debuted in 1948, aimed to inform physicists and other professionals about the field of physics. However, the magazine has evolved beyond print and now includes a website, email newsletters, social media, and webinars. The current editor-in-chief, Richard Fitzgerald, acknowledges that the magazine has expanded its reach. However, the article criticizes Fitzgerald for not addressing the gendered language used in the magazine's first issue and suggests that the 75th anniversary should be an opportunity to reflect on the contributions of women in physics. The article points out that the only mentions of women in the magazine are in small print in two figures. [Extracted from the article]

A mathematical model is developed and analysed to examine the impacts of African swine fever (ASF) introduction into a wild boar population that supports endemic animal tuberculosis (TB). TB is a widespread infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) that can persist in reservoir wildlife hosts. Wild boar (sus scrofa) are a key reservoir for MTC, and an increasing trend in wild boar density is expected to lead to an increase in TB prevalence with spill‐over to livestock. MTC infection is presently controlled through a variety of strategies, including culling. African swine fever (ASF) is a virulent, viral infection which affects wild boar and is spreading across Eurasia and Oceania. ASF infection leads to near 100% mortality at the individual level, can cause a dramatic decrease in population density and may therefore lead to TB control. We extend an established model that captures the key demographic and infection processes for TB in wild boar to consider the impact of ASF introduction on wild boar populations that support different levels of endemic TB. Our model results indicate that an ASF infection will reduce wild boar population density and lead to a decrease in the prevalence of TB. If ASF persists in the local host population the model predicts the long‐term decline of TB prevalence in wild boar. If ASF is eradicated, or fades‐out in the local host population, the model predicts a slower recovery of TB prevalence in comparison to wild boar density after an ASF epidemic. This may open a window of opportunity to apply TB management to maintain low TB prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Camden and Islington Personality Disorder Service (PDS) increasingly provides clinical consultation to external services. There is a dearth of research on the experience of clinicians delivering such consultation. Interviews were conducted with clinicians from the PDS, and a semantic Thematic Analysis was conducted on transcripts to answer the question, 'What is the experience of Personality Disorder Service staff providing input to staff in external services?' 13 sub-themes under four overarching themes were identified (these latter were: Anxiety, Fragmented Co-working, Task Difficulty, and Positive Outcome). These themes provide an overview of the experience of consulting clinicians. Themes are explored through Kleinian psychoanalytic theory, with reference to Bion's work on containment and groups. Findings suggest that staff need to retain thinking space to work effectively, to feel safe and recover a sense of competence when it is attacked, highlighting the need for access to structures such as supervision. The responsibility for trying to reduce distress, risk (to self, to and from others) and functional disability of people with a diagnosis of personality disorder cannot belong to one person or service but services need to be able to think together to gain a better understanding and have an agreed cross-service response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is currently unknown whether primary CDs performed in compliance with the 2014 ACOG/SMFM Obstetric Care Consensus Statement guidelines ("guideline-compliant") are associated with a modified risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity, when compared to primary CDs performed outside the guidelines ("guideline-noncompliant"). Our primary objective was to determine if a guideline-compliant primary CD is associated with a modified risk for maternal or neonatal morbidity, when compared to guideline-noncompliant primary CD.Methods: A retrospective cohort study of all primary CDs at one tertiary referral center in the calendar year following publication of the Consensus Statement. Logistic regression was performed to calculate the risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes for guideline-compliant primary CDs, when compared to guideline-noncompliant and guideline-not addressed, and when adjusted for maternal age, BMI, hypertension, gestational age at delivery, insurance carrier, and provider practice.Results: Eight hundred twenty-seven primary CDs were included during the study period, of which 34.8, 26.0, and 39.2% were guideline compliant, guideline-noncompliant, and guideline-not addressed. No statistically significant differences in the frequency of adverse maternal outcomes across these three groups were observed with the exception of maternal ICU admission, which was significantly associated with a guideline-not addressed primary CD (p = 0.0002). No statistical difference in rates of NICU admissions, 5 min APGAR < 5, or umbilical artery cord pH < 7 were observed between guideline-compliant and guideline-noncompliant primary CDs.Conclusion: Women undergoing guideline-compliant primary CDs were not significantly more likely to experience a maternal or neonatal morbidity when compared to guideline-noncompliant primary CDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor communication within healthcare teams occurs commonly, contributing to inefficiency, medical errors, conflict, and other adverse outcomes. Interprofessional bedside rounds (IBR) are a promising model that brings two or more health professions together with patients and families as part of a consistent, team-based routine to share information and collaboratively arrive at a daily plan of care. The purpose of this systematic scoping review was to investigate the breadth and quality of IBR literature to identify and describe gaps and opportunities for future research. We followed an adapted Arksey and O'Malley Framework and PRISMA scoping review guidelines. PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Embase were systematically searched for key IBR words and concepts through June 2020. Seventy-nine articles met inclusion criteria and underwent data abstraction. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool. Publications in this field have increased since 2014, and the majority of studies reported positive impacts of IBR implementation across an array of team, patient, and care quality/delivery outcomes. Despite the preponderance of positive findings, great heterogeneity, and a reliance on quantitative non-randomized study designs remain in the extant research. A growing number of interventions to improve safety, quality, and care experiences in hospital settings focus on redesigning daily inpatient rounds. Limited information on IBR characteristics and implementation strategies coupled with widespread variation in terminology, study quality, and design create challenges in assessing the effectiveness of models of rounds and optimal implementation strategies. This scoping review highlights the need for additional studies of rounding models, implementation strategies, and outcomes that facilitate comparative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the use of cynomolgus macaques of Chinese origin (CCM) to evaluate the efficacy and immunogenicity of the BCG vaccine against high dose aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Progressive disease developed in three of the unvaccinated animals within 10 weeks of challenge, whereas all six vaccinated animals controlled disease for 26 weeks. Three unvaccinated animals limited disease progression, highlighting the intrinsic ability of this macaque species to control disease in comparison to macaques of other species and genotypes. Low levels of IFNγ were induced by BCG vaccination in CCM suggesting that IFNγ alone does not provide a sufficiently sensitive biomarker of vaccination in this model. An early response after challenge, together with the natural bias towards terminal effector memory T-cell populations and the contribution of monocytes appears to enhance the ability of CCM to naturally control infection. The high dose aerosol challenge model of CCM has value for examination of the host immune system to characterise control of infection which would influence future vaccine design. Although it may not be the preferred platform for the assessment of prophylactic vaccine candidates, the model could be well suited for testing post-exposure vaccination strategies and drug evaluation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature‐derived cyclic peptides have proven to be a vast source of inspiration for advancing modern pharmaceutical design and synthetic chemistry. The focus of this Review is sunflower trypsin inhibitor‐1 (SFTI‐1), one of the smallest disulfide‐bridged cyclic peptides found in nature. SFTI‐1 has an unusual biosynthetic pathway that begins with a dual‐purpose albumin precursor and ends with the production of a high‐affinity serine protease inhibitor that rivals other inhibitors much larger in size. Investigations on the molecular basis for SFTI‐1′s rigid structure and adaptable function have planted seeds for thought that have now blossomed in several different fields. Here we survey these applications to highlight the growing potential of SFTI‐1 as a versatile template for engineering inhibitors, a prototypic peptide for studying inhibitory mechanisms, a stable scaffold for grafting bioactive peptides, and a model peptide for evaluating peptidomimetic motifs and platform technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natürlich vorkommende zyklische Peptide haben sich als wichtige Inspirationsquelle für die Weiterentwicklung des modernen pharmazeutischen Designs und der Synthesechemie erwiesen. Der Schwerpunkt dieses Aufsatzes liegt auf dem Sonnenblumen‐Trypsin‐Inhibitor 1 (SFTI‐1), einem der kleinsten in der Natur vorkommenden disulfidverbrückten zyklischen Peptide. SFTI‐1 hat einen ungewöhnlichen Biosyntheseweg, der mit einem Albuminvorläufer mit doppeltem Verwendungszweck beginnt und mit der Produktion eines Serinproteaseinhibitors mit hoher Affinität endet, der mit anderen viel größeren Inhibitoren konkurriert. Die Untersuchung der molekularen Grundlagen für die starre Struktur und anpassungsfähige Funktion von SFTI‐1 hat zu Denkanstößen geführt, die nun in verschiedenen Bereichen erste Resultate zeitigen. Hier untersuchen wir diese Anwendungen, um das wachsende Potenzial von SFTI‐1 als vielseitiges Templat für das Inhibitoren‐Engineering, als prototypisches Peptid zur Untersuchung von Inhibitormechanismen, als stabiles Gerüst für die Aufpfropfung bioaktiver Peptide und als Modellpeptid zur Bewertung peptidmimetischer Motive und Plattformtechnologien hervorzuheben. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-Adamantanemethanol, 1,3-adamantanedimethanol and 1,3,5,7-adamantanetetramethanol were converted into adamantanes functionalized with one or four (2R,1S)-2-formyl-1-cyclopropyl residues using Charette enantioselective cyclopropanation reactions and with one, two or four 4-ethoxy- (or 4-t-butoxy)-3-diazo-2,4-dioxobutyl residues from aldehyde and diazo-acetate ester condensation reactions by 1-directional, 2-directional or 4-directional syntheses. The synthesis of adamantane fused to cyclopentadiene is also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• AERD patients have baseline sinopulmonary disease worsened upon COX-1 inhibition. • Immune dysregulation in AERD involves a highly Type 2 process, impaired PGE 2 regulatory processes and elevated CysLTs. • Eosinophils, mast cells, ILC2s, and platelet adherent leukocytes contribute to AERD pathogenesis. • Aspirin therapy improves clinical and inflammatory markers through several unique mechanisms. Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) classically presents with severe asthma, nasal polyposis, and respiratory exacerbations in response to cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 inhibition. Recent advances in our understanding of AERD have revealed multiple facets of immune dysregulation, including diminished prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2) function and elevated levels of both cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and innate cytokines such as interleukin 33 (IL-33). Inflammatory mediators in AERD heighten the recruitment and activation of innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2), mast cells, eosinophils, and platelet-adherent leukocytes. This contributes to a cyclical pattern of type 2 inflammation. Here, we highlight current understanding of the immunopathogenesis of AERD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]