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Delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions are major causes of morbidity and mortality. The origin, phenotype, and function of pathogenic T cells across the spectrum of severity require investigation. We leveraged recent technical advancements to study skin-resident memory T cells (TRMs) versus recruited T cell subsets in the pathogenesis of severe systemic forms of disease, Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), and skin-limited disease, morbilliform drug eruption (MDE). Microscopy, bulk transcriptional profiling, and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) plus cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITESeq) plus T cell receptor sequencing (TCR-Seq) supported clonal expansion and recruitment of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells from circulation into skin along with expanded and nonexpanded cytotoxic CD8+ skin TRM in SJS/TEN. Comparatively, MDE displayed a cytotoxic T cell profile in skin without appreciable expansion and recruitment of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells from circulation, implicating TRMs as potential protagonists in skin-limited disease. Mechanistic interrogation in patients unable to recruit T cells from circulation into skin and in a parallel mouse model supported that skin TRMs were sufficient to mediate MDE. Concomitantly, SJS/TEN displayed a reduced Treg signature compared with MDE. DRESS demonstrated recruitment of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells into skin as in SJS/TEN, yet a pro-Treg signature as in MDE. These findings have important implications for fundamental skin immunology and clinical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The double flower developmental process is regulated via a complex transcriptional regulatory network. To understand this highly dynamic and complex developmental process of Dianthus spp., we performed a comparative analysis of floral morphology and transcriptome dynamics in simple flowers and double flowers. We found that the primordium of double flowers of 'X' was larger in size compared to that of simple flowers of 'L' in Dianthus chinensis. RNA-seq and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) during flower development, identified stage-specific gene network modules. Expression analysis by RNA-seq indicated that a group of genes related to floral meristem identity, primordia position and polarity were highly expressed in double flowers genotypes compared to simple flowers genotypes, suggesting their roles in double-petal formation. A total of 21 DEGs related to petal number were identified between simple and double flowers. The experiments of in situ hybridization revealed that DcaAP2L, DcaLFY and DcaUFO genes were expressed in the intra-sepal boundary and petal boundary. We proposed a potential transcriptional regulatory network for simple and double flower development. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying double flower formation in Dianthus spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbidium goeringii Rchb.f. is an important ornamental plant with a striking well‐differentiated lip. Its complex floral architecture presents an exciting opportunity to examine perianth development. In flowering plants, class A, B and E floral homeotic genes play key roles in the specification of perianth identity. In this study, we used a cDNA library of wild‐type C. goeringii flower buds for transcriptome sequencing. Eighteen candidate class A, B and E genes (including AP1/FUL‐, AP2‐, DEF‐, GLO‐, SEP‐ and AGL6‐like genes) were identified. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) results showed that CgDEF1, CgSEP2 and CgAGL6‐1 were strongly detected only in the sepals and petals and were significantly downregulated in the lips. CgDEF3, CgDEF4 and CgAGL6‐3 were highly expressed in the lips and lip‐like petals but were only minimally detected in the sepals. Yeast two‐hybrid analysis indicated that CgDEF1 and CgGLO formed a heterodimer. CgAGL6‐1/CgSEP2 and CgDEF1 formed higher‐order protein complexes with the assistance of the CgGLO protein, and both CgAGL6‐1 and CgSEP2 formed a heterodimer. CgDEF3/CgDEF4 could interact independently with CgGLO and CgAGL6‐3, respectively, while CgDEF3 and CgDEF4 also formed heterodimers with the assistance of the CgGLO. Based on a comprehensive analysis relating these gene expression patterns to protein interaction profiles, the mechanism of sepal/petal/lip determination was studied in C. goeringii. Furthermore, a hypothesis explaining the sepal/petal/lip determination of C. goeringii is proposed. The lip‐quartet (CgDEF3/CgDEF4/CgAGL6‐3/CgGLO) promoted lip formation, whereas the sepal/petal‐quartet (CgDEF1/CgAGL6‐1/CgSEP2/CgGLO) promoted sepal/petal formation. These results enrich the current knowledge regarding the mechanism and pathways of perianth formation in orchids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various aspects of distributed energy generation and microgrid technology in China as of December 2014, and it mentions technological innovations which are designed to alleviate an energy crisis. It states that Tianjin University in China led the national "973 Program" entitled "Basic Research on the Key Technologies of Distributed Generation." An increase in energy demand is mentioned, along with pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.