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Considering inter- or intra-individual variation in the normal levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), real-time measurement of AChE via the reactivation from a postexposure sample was used, and thus a baseline-free and reliable approach was proposed for detecting/screening low-dose organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) poisons. The principle of this technology is on the basis of parallel measurements of AChE activity before and after reactivation from a postexposure to simultaneously provide the content of dual biomarkers of both enzyme inhibition and enzyme adducts. It is more accurate and reliable compared with only one biomarker (inhibition or adduct). Reactivation from a postexposure sample is a better individual enzyme baseline compared to pre-exposure from the population average level in currently available approaches. AChE activity was measured with an electrochemical method. Greatly enhanced sensitivity was achieved by using Fe3O4/Au nanocomposites to enrich thiocholine, the hydrolysis product of active AChE, followed by electrochemical oxidative desorption of the adsorbed thiocholine. The validation of this method for measurement of OP exposures was further explored with in vitro paraoxon inhibited human red blood cells (RBCs) samples and demonstrated its practicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: aspartate aminotransferase; IgM; immunoglobulin; macro-aspartate aminotransferase; macro-enzymes Macro-aspartate aminotransferase (macro-AST) was first reported over 40 years ago, characterized by persistent elevation of AST levels due to association with an immunoglobulin [2]. Graph: Figure 1: Changes of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in the patient's serum over a 6-year period(During 11/14/2015-1/9/2016, only AST was measured.) Aspartate aminotransferase, IgM, immunoglobulin, macro-aspartate aminotransferase, macro-enzymes. [Extracted from the article]

Background To evaluate the insulin receptor isoform mRNA expression status in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods RNA-seq data from 614 NSCLC [355 adenocarcinomas (LUAD) and 259 squamous cell carcinomas (LUSC) ] and 92 normal lung specimens were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to evaluate the mRNA expression of insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A) and insulin receptor isoform B (IR-B). The differential expression status of the insulin receptor isoforms in NSCLC patients was confirmed using qRT-PCR assays with lung cancer cDNA arrays and primary tumor samples. Results The mRNA expression levels of IR-B were significantly lower in some NSCLC samples compared to normal lung specimens, including both LUAD and LUSC. Notably, no IR-B transcripts were detected - only the IR-A isoform was expressed in 11% of NSCLC patients. This decrease in IR-B expression contributed to an elevated IR-A/IR-B ratio, which was also associated with lower epithelial-mesenchymal transition gene signatures in NSCLC and longer patient survival under standard of care in LUSC. In addition to NSCLC, RNA-seq data from TCGA revealed a similar increase in IR-A/IR-B ratio in many other cancer types, with high prevalence in acute myeloid leukemia, glioblastoma multiforme, and brain lower grade glioma. Conclusions Our results indicate a common reduction of the mRNA expression level of IR-B and an increased IR-A/IR-B mRNA ratio in NSCLC and other tumor types. The relationship of altered IR-A/IR-B ratios with cancer progression and patient survival should be prospectively explored in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]