Search

The article focuses on the creation of a comprehensive atlas of regulatory elements in the chicken genome by integrating various sequencing datasets from 23 adult tissues. The topics include the annotation of 1.57 million regulatory elements, prediction of enhancer-gene pairs and super-enhancers, and the exploration of regulatory elements involved in domestication, selection, and complex trait regulation. more...

Early mortality is a formidable challenge in the poultry industry, leading to substantial losses in profitability, health and welfare, efficiency, and sustainability. A large proportion of this mortality is caused by heart conditions, such as ascites syndrome, sudden death syndrome, pulmonary hypertension syndrome, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The prevalence of these issues has been consistently increasing and has been hypothesized to be associated with strong selection pressure to increase meat yield, in particular breast meat. However, the relationship between meat yield and cardiovascular health is unclear across the published literature. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted which identified 22 publications that met the inclusion criteria. Body weight (BW), portion yields (i.e., whole breast, fillet, tender, leg, drumstick, thigh, wing), organ weights (i.e., heart, lungs, liver), and incidence of ascites were extracted from the chosen studies to describe the relationship between portion and organ weights. A generalized linear mixed model treating study as a random effect was implemented in SAS 9.4 to examine the relation between breast meat and heart weight across studies. The model included heart weight (% BW) as the dependent variable as well as species (chicken vs. turkey), species purpose (egg vs. meat), ascites presence (yes vs. no), and the interaction between breast meat yield (% BW) and species. Species (P < 0.0001) and species purpose (P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with heart weight. On average, turkey and chicken heart weights were 1.16 ± 0.19 % and 1.01 ± 0.1 % BW, respectively. Birds selected for egg production (1.41 ± 0.177 % BW) had heavier hearts than birds selected meat production (0.76 ± 0.110 % BW). There was also a significant interaction between species and breast meat yield (P < 0.0001). In turkeys, heart weight decreased by 0.02 ± 0.0006 % BW for every 1% increase in breast meat yield, whereas in chickens heart weight increased by 0.04 ± 0.007% BW for every 1% increase in breast meat yield. The presence of ascites was not associated with heart weight (P = 0.1202). These findings demonstrate that birds selected for meat production have smaller hearts (% of BW) compared with those selected for egg production which provides support for the hypothesis that intense selection for meat yield is affecting the cardiovascular system in poultry. Interestingly, the relationship between breast meat yield and heart weight is not the same for chickens and turkeys. Further work is ongoing to consider other carcass portion variables in the meta-analysis as well as investigate if differences in heart size are related to the aforementioned heart conditions. Overall, this study illuminates areas of further research as the poultry industry works to improve health and welfare, while maintaining production to meet global demand for poultry products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Selecting on increased breast meat yield and body weight (BW) is thought to be associated with the increasing prevalence of leg disorders. A disorder of particular importance is tibial dyschondroplasia (TD), which is characterized as uncalcified cartilage in the proximal area of the tibiotarsal bone, leading to increased lameness, reduced feed and water intake, and subsequently poorer production efficiency and increased pre-slaughter mortality. Although it is hypothesized that TD is more prevalent in fast-growing poultry, this relationship can vary across studies making it challenging to distill the relationship between BW and TD, especially as studies of TD span several decades. Therefore, a systematic literature search and meta-analysis was conducted to identify factors influencing TD incidence. To date, the systematic literature search has resulted in 21 eligible papers, although data are still being extracted from the literature. Data extracted from each study included TD incidence (%), BW (kg), species (turkeys vs. broilers), sex (male vs. female), and age (weeks) of the animals. Preliminary univariable models have been developed based on the current database. Univariable generalized linear mixed models were developed in SAS (PROC GLIMMIX) including study as a random effect to evaluate the relationship between TD incidence and BW, species, sex, and age. Turkeys (27.3 ± 0.08%) had a greater TD incidence than broilers (19.3 ± 0.03%); however, this difference was not significant (P = 0.3481). There was a tendency for age to influence TD incidence (P = 0.0553) and a significant effect of BW (P < 0.0001). TD incidence also tended to differ between the sexes, with greater incidence in males (22.9 ± 0.07%) than females (11.3 ± 0.05%; P = 0.0657). After extracting all available data from the literature, further analysis will be conducted to consider multivariable models to predict TD. As such, caution should be used when generalizing these results due to the preliminary nature of the database. With the currently available data, the results of this study support the relationship between BW/size and TD. Furthermore, this study illustrates that TD is a prevalent challenge in both major poultry species. Reducing TD incidence could significantly improve animal welfare and mitigate economic losses associated with pre-slaughter mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...