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The terms microbiome/microbiota have frequently been used lately. Microbiota includes all special species while microbiome includes genes of microorganisms which live commensally with human. Likewise genomic superiority, quantity of microorganisms in human body is 10 times more than human cell quantity. Human microbiota consists of mainly bacteria and viruses, fungi and many eukaryotic microorganisms. Most of human microbiota is colonized particularly in gastrointestinal system but also in skin, genitourinary and respiratory system. Gastrointestinal system provides the most convenient environment with a large surface area and rich nutritional elements for colonization of microorganisms. Thus gut shelters more than 70% of all microorganisms in our body. In humans, intestinal microbiota starts to form right after birth and it continues to form according to many factors like type of birth, nutrition and environmental factors. Not all of bacteria in intestinal microbiota could be cultured by current culturing methods. Because majority of intestinal microbiota members are anaerobic bacteria which are very difficult to culture, primarily "16S rRNA genes" are targeted as analysis method. Differences in intestinal microbiota composition are detected in many cases like diabetes, allergy, autism, obesity, gastric cancer, hypertension and autoimmune diseases. Thus, regulation of healthy intestinal microbiota is a current treatment alternative in disease control. In immediate future, microbiota will frequently be used as a marker in diagnosis or as an approved treatment method by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this review formation and development of intestinal microbiota, its relationship with pathogenesis of diseases and current situation of fecal transplantation will he discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary arteriography performed in a 42-year-old male patient showed communications from the left anterior descending artery to the right ventricle one month after a myocardial infarction. The area of communication did not correspond to the site of the infarction as established by electrocardiogram and previous angiography. Exactly how the fistula developed in our case remains unknown. Angiogenesis also suggests that myocardial infarction can lead to spontaneous formation of these coronary anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary arteriography performed in a 42-year-old male patient showed communications from the left anterior descending artery to the right ventricle one month after a myocardial infarction. The area of communication did not correspond to the site of the infarction as established by electrocardiogram and previous angiography. Exactly how the fistula developed in our case remains unknown. Angiogenesis also suggests that myocardial infarction can lead to spontaneous formation of these coronary anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: MELD-XI (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Excluding INR) score predicts mortality in patients with heart failure. Herein, we assessed the role of MELD-XI score in predicting in-hospital mortality among heart failure patients having intracardiac cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator backup (CRT-D) who presented with appropriate device shock or acute decompensated heart failure. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator backup admitted to coronary care unit with acute decompensated heart failure or appropriate implantable device shocks between 01 January 2013 and 01 November 2018. MELD-XI score was compared between the deceased and surviving patients. The correlation of MELD-XI score with in-hospital mortality was sought. Results: There were 106 coronary care unit admissions of 67 patients (52 (77.6%) males and 15 (22.4%) females), who had a mean age of 64.8 (range 19-93) years. Eighty-eight (83.0%) admissions were for acute decompensated heart failure and 18 (17.0%) for appropriate device shock and/or electrical storm. A total of 16 (15.1%) patients died at hospital. The median MELD-XI score of the patients who died at hospital was significantly greater than that of the survivors (11.80 (0.59-28.98) vs 15.24 (9.11-24.64); p<0.05). A binary logistic regression analysis showed that MELD-XI score was a significant independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (X2=1.229 (%95 CI 1.06-1.43); p<0.05). Conclusion: MELD-XI score successfully predicts in-hospital mortality among patients with ICD or CRT-D admitted with acute decompensated heart failure or appropriate implantable electronic device shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic urticaria is a disorder characterized by itchy erythematous plaques with edema lasting 6 weeks or more. The prevalence is 1%, and two thirds of these cases are "chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU)." Drugs, food, infections, and systemic diseases may be etiologic factors for CSU, although it may be idiopathic. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the diversity and distribution of the intestinal microbiome in CSU patients with that of healthy individuals. The hypothesis was to determine the probable association of intestinal microbiome with CSU. Methods: This study was conducted in Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, Department of Dermatology. In this study, 20 CSU patients and 10 healthy volunteers were included. Stool samples were collected from all participants. 16S RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were performed after isolation of DNA isolation from all samples. Results: Diversity in microorganisms, stool pH averages, Bristol scores, and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes were the significant changes between the two groups. Limitations: Due to high cost involved in microbiota studies, only a limited number of patients and volunteers participated. Conclusion: The alteration in the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) may be an essential factor for CSU development and may explain idiopathic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Although the development of microsurgical techniques and instruments since the first finger replantation, satisfactory results have not been achieved. Every study will bring us closer to the ideal result. In line with this goal, we aimed to present our experience. Patients and Methods: Replantations of 277 fingers of 244 cases were enrolled in this single center study between 2010-2019. Demographic information, surgical and clinical data were collected from patient files, operation notes, photograps and follow-up forms. Results: Mean age was 28.4 years. Total succes rate was found as 64.9%. Most frequent etiology of amputation was avultion and the least one was guillotine amputation. The most successive results rate was found as 88.7% in guillotine amputations. Mean hospital stay was 11.8 days (1-77days). Conclusion: New studies on replantation will increase the success and functional recovery in the future. Most importantly, prevention of the factors that cause finger amputation and smoking will be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The strongest muscle of human body, the heart, is susceptible to a range of diseases. These diseases involve deterioration of the blood vessels, muscles of heart, malformation of cardiovascular structures, tumour formations, formation of clots, rupturing of vessels and others. Therefore, taking into consideration the direct and indirect burdens of cardiovascular diseases around the globe, the present study was designed to perform a direct cost analysis of managing comorbidities of cardiovascular diseases with reimbursement authority perspective. Methods: The cost analysis study conducted in the present article was conducted in three phases. The first phase involved filling of survey questionnaire by five experts practicing in the field of cardiology in Turkey. The second phase comprised of expert panel wherein three out of five experts reviewed the forms filled by all the experts. This was followed by third phase wherein the three experts attending the panel re‐filled the questionnaire as per the daily clinical practice. Key Findings: The findings showed total annual costs for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) exhibiting myocardial infarction comorbidities for both acute and maintenance treatment as 5622.95 and 1245.04 TL respectively. The total costs for major bleeding events were found to be 1211.95 TL, whereas for minor bleeding events the costs were 496.26 TL. The total cost for intracranial bleeding was 1761.53, and 3595.62 TL for stroke, which followed myocardial infarction. Conclusion: The study findings helped gain an insight into the most prominent comorbidities associated with CVDs in the perspective of reimbursement institution including direct costs. Further studies are needed to understand the real cost for reimbursement institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]