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[Display omitted] • Two undescribed stilbenes were isolated from Cajanus cajan. • PPAR γ was identified as the key target for blocking differentiation of adipocytes by CAB and CAC. • Molecular docking was performed to find the possible binding mode of compounds to PPAR γ. • A potential mechanism on anti-adipogenic effects of CAB and CAC in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes was proposed. Two new stilbenes, denominated Cajanotone B (CAB) and Cajanotone C (CAC), were isolated from the leaves of Cajanus cajan. In this study, the structures of CAB and CAC were unambiguously elucidated by a combination of various spectral methods. Both compounds significantly inhibited the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by reducing the lipid accumulation, triglyceride content and FFA secretion. CAB and CAC also substantially inhibit the mRNA expression of HSL, ATGL, C/EBPα and PPARγ as deciphered based by RT-PCR assay. Down-regulation of PPAR is believed to be the primary mechanism underlying which CAB and CAC inhibited adipogenic differentiation because the lipid-promoting activity of PPAR agonists can be counteracted by these compounds. The molecular interaction between CAB/CAC and PPAR γ was revealed with the help of molecular docking. Taken together, CAB and CAC could serve as new lead compounds with the potential to speed up the development of novel lipid-lowering and weight-control therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nocardiosis is an uncommon infectious disease that bears certain similarities to tuberculosis, with a continuous increase in its incidence and a poor prognosis. In traditional Chinese medicine, the leaves of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. are employed to treat wounds, malaria, coughs, and abdominal pain. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of longistylin A (LGA), a natural stilbene isolated from C. cajan , as a potential antibiotic against nocardiosis. LGA was isolated from the leaves of C. cajan and assessed using a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination against Nocardia seriolae. Multi-omics analysis encompassing genes, proteins, and metabolites was conducted to investigate the impact of LGA treatment on N. seriolae. Additionally, quantitative analysis of 40 cytokinins in N. seriolae mycelium was performed to assess the specific effects of LGA treatment on cytokinin levels. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy was utilized to examine morphological changes induced by LGA treatment, particularly in the presence of exogenous trans-zeatin-O-glucoside (tZOG). The therapeutic effect of LGA was investigated by feeding N. seriolae -infected largemouth bass. LGA exhibited significant efficacy against N. seriolae, with MBC value of 2.56 μg/mL. Multi-omics analysis revealed that LGA disrupted glycerophospholipid metabolism and hormone biosynthesis by notably reducing the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and calmodulin-like protein. Treatment with LGA markedly disrupted 12 distinct cytokinins in N. seriolae mycelium. Additionally, the addition of exogenous tZOG counteracted the inhibitory effects of LGA on filamentous growth, resulting in mycelial elongation and branching. Furthermore, LGA treatment improved the survival rate of largemouth bass infected with N. seriolae. We found for the first time that LGA from C. cajan exhibited significant efficacy against N. seriolae by interfering with glycerophospholipid metabolism and cytokinin biosynthesis. [Display omitted] • CJE and LGA displayed a noteworthy anti- N. seriolae efficacy. • LGA interfered glycerophospholipid metabolism and hormone biosynthesis. • LGA notably reduced the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and calmodulin-like protein. • LGA disrupted 12 cytokinins in N. seriolae ， tZOG counteracted LGA-elicited inhibition on the filamentous growth. • LGA enhanced the survival rate of largemouth bass infected with N. seriolae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been confirmed to have antibacterial activities. However, very few substances have been found to be active against Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to identify antimicrobial activity substances against Gram-negative bacteria from fourteen TCMs. Fourteen TCMs with antibacterial potential were chosen for quantitative extraction and antibacterial activity assay, and the plant with the highest activity against Escherichia coli was selected to construct the component-target network. The following virtual screening and enzyme inhibition experiments were performed to analyse the antibacterial mechanisms of the compounds from Galla chinensis. The chemical constituents of Galla chinensis were identified by chemical fingerprinting. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG) from Galla chinensis exhibited significant inhibition activity against adenylyl transferase (ATase) of E. coli and antibacterial activity against E. coli. Meanwhile, PGG was identified in the Galla chinensis ethanol extract as the abundant ingredient with a high content of 1.95% (w/w). PGG enriched in Galla chinensis is a promising natural antibiotic with the mode of action inhibiting ATase activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study attributing the antibacterial activity of PGG to its affinity with ATase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronaviruses, as enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses, manipulate host lipid compositions to enable robust viral replication. Temporal modulation of the host lipid metabolism is a potential novel strategy against coronaviruses. Here, the dihydroxyflavone pinostrobin (PSB) was identified through bioassay that inhibited the increment of human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) in human ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Lipid metabolomic studies showed that PSB interfered with linoleic acid and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. PSB significantly decreased the level of 12, 13- epoxyoctadecenoic (12, 13-EpOME) and increased the level of prostaglandin E2. Interestingly, exogenous supplement of 12, 13-EpOME in HCoV-OC43-infected cells significantly stimulated HCoV-OC43 virus replication. Transcriptomic analyses showed that PSB is a negative modulator of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)/cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1signaling pathway and its antiviral effects can be counteracted by supplement of FICZ, a well-known AHR agonist. Integrative analyses of metabolomic and transcriptomic indicated that PSB could affect linoleic acid and arachidonic acid metabolism axis through AHR/CYP1A1 pathway. These results highlight the importance of the AHR/CYP1A1 pathway and lipid metabolism in the anti-coronavirus activity of the bioflavonoid PSB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginseng polysaccharides (GPS) have been well known as an immune modulator. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental GPS on the immune responses involved in sow's milk‐derived exosomal shuttle RNAs (esRNAs) using RNA‐Seq and miRNA‐Seq. Of the 213 identified miRNA types, a total of 26 conserved miRNAs were differently expressed in response to GPS supplementation, including 10 up‐regulated and 16 down‐regulated miRNAs in GPS feeding group. In addition, exosomal transcriptome analysis identified 14,696 protein‐coding genes in sow's milk exosomes, and 283 genes with 204 and 79 candidates showing up and down‐regulation were significantly responded to GPS supplementation. Integrated analysis of each differently expressed miRNA with significantly expressed genes further revealed the presence of 51 highly conserved miRNA–gene interactions that were annotated to be related to immunoregulatory functions. This work provided an important advance in the functional identification of dietary GPS supplementation and more fundamental information about how GPS promoted the immune response and healthy growth of the infant from mothers at molecular levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous In2O3 nanocrystals (INS) were successfully prepared using SBA-16 as the template. The sample INS-3, synthesized from a 0.3 M In(NO3)3 solution, had a 7.27 nm mean pore size and 82.32 m2 g−1 specific surface area. The mesoporous In2O3 nanocrystals were interconnected In2O3 small grains (∼5 nm) with a pore wall thickness of about 5–10 nm, and the natural pores provided effective gas adsorption–desorption and fast transportation of carriers, resulting in better diffusivity of the analyte gases. Therefore, the INS-3 sensor exhibited sensing properties with a high response of 158.7 and a low detection limit of 970 ppb to 97 ppm NOx at room temperature (RT), which can be attributed to the synergistic effect between its unique mesoporous and well-crystalline structure. The INS-3 sensor has significant applications for gas sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of Eurya chinensis （Chinese Dagang Tea）have been consumed as herbal tea for centuries in Guangdong, China, and have also been used to prevent influenza and treat colds and fevers in traditional Chinese medicine. However, there are no reports on the chemical profile and efficacy of its leaves for the treatment of fever and viral infections. The chemical constituents of Eurya chinensis leaves were isolated and identified by phytochemical study and spectroscopic data, E. chinensis extracts and compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction and antibody-based EC 50 assay. The antiviral effect of the main component was confirmed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Virtual screening and docking enzyme inhibition experiments were performed to analyze the anti-coronavirus mechanisms of the compounds from E. chinensis leaves. In this study, we found for the first time that E. chinensis leaf extract exhibited inhibitory effects against coronaviruses HCoV-OC43 in vitro. Among 23 monomer compounds isolated from E. chinensis leaf extract, the triterpenoids (betulinic acid, α-amyrin) and the flavonoids (naringenin, eriodictyol and quercetin) showed marked antiviral activity. Microscopic optical analyses further demonstrated that betulinic acid can remove virus particles from HCoV-OC43 infected cells. Virtual screening and docking analysis towards the coronavirus in vogue revealed that betulinic acid was able to bind well to PLpro and Nsp14N7-MTase, and that the flavonoids prefer to bind with PLpro, Nsp3MES, NspP14N7-MTase, Nsp16GTA, and Nsp16SAM. The enzyme inhibition experiments demonstrated that betulinic acid (1) exhibited significant inhibition of PLpro and N7-MTase activity of SARS-CoV-2. This study proposes E. chinensis and its triterpenoids and flavonoids as promising potential treatments for coronaviruses. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Metallic MoS 2 and amorphous CoNi(OH) 2 show a synergistic effect for HER in 0.1 M KOH. • MoS 2 -CoNi(OH) 2 composite has higher current response for HER than Pt/C at η greater than 0.19 V. • MoS 2 -CoNi(OH) 2 composite also shows highly efficient OER performance in 0.1 M KOH. We report the preparation of nanocomposite consisting of metallic MoS 2 and electrodeposited amorphous CoNi(OH) 2 nanosheets on carbon paper for efficient electrochemical water splitting in the alkaline solutions. The synergistic effect between metallic MoS 2 and amorphous CoNi(OH) 2 nanosheets enables the excellent catalytic activity of nanocompsite towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 0.1 M KOH with a low overpotential of 178 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 and Tafel slope of 60.9 mV/decade. The current density of MoS 2 -CoNi(OH) 2 nanocomposite for HER at the overpotential of more than 0.190 V is even higher than that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst. Moreover, the MoS 2 -CoNi(OH) 2 nanocomposite is also active towards electrochemical oxygen evolution and can act as a bifunctional catalyst for water splitting in 0.1 M KOH. Our work povides a simple and effective way to engineer phases and prepare two-dimensional nanocomposites for effecient water splitting in alkaline aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]