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• Economic structure is endogenized in a coupled climate and economic dynamics model. • Climate change causes heterogeneous damage across sectors. • Economic structure evolves to adapt climate change. • Trade-off between high carbon capital goods and low carbon consumer goods was found. • Investment rate is sensitive to climate policy, mitigation can become more effective. This paper endogenizes economic structure in Nordhaus's standard DICE model, and builds a dynamic intertemporal optimization model to determine long-term CO 2 mitigation policy. Two basic macroeconomic sectors that vary in carbon intensity and suffer different damage from climate change are incorporated: one producing consumer goods, and another producing capital goods. The model finds a bidirectional interaction between climate change and economic structure. Climate change is able to reverse structure transition by decreasing investment rate. Meanwhile, economic structure evolution affects the choice of policies for managing climate change. Compared to the standard DICE model, our results show that we are likely to face a more severe climate situation; therefore, deeper mitigation efforts are called for, which requires investing an average of 3.2% of GDP per year for 2 °C warming goal. Mitigation efforts can become more effective for the economy as economic structure evolves and evokes future investment response, which will be determined not only by the normal intertemporal trade-off between present-day and future consumption, but also by another trade-off between high and low carbon-intensive goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence has been shown that abnormal DNA methylation plays a vital role in the progression of breast cancer via silencing of gene expression. The results of bisulfite sequencing showed that the methylation status of HOPX in breast cancer tissues was higher than that in normal breast cancer tissues, but little known about the biological functions of HOPX in breast cancer. Methods: A total of 13 paired breast cancer and adjacent noncancerous tissues were subjected to bisulfite sequencing. Meanwhile, the methylation levels of cg218995965 and cg24862548 in breast cancer cells were detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Flow cytometry, wound healing and transwell invasion assays were used to detect the apoptosis, migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. In addition, the expressions of HOPX, p21, cyclin D1 and CDK4 in cells were detected with Western blot assay. Results: Bisulfite sequencing indicated that the CpG sites (cg218995965 and cg24862548) in the HOPX promoter region showed significantly higher methylation in breast cancer tissues. In addition, methylation-specific PCR revealed that HOPX was significantly hypermethylated in breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7. Furthermore, overexpression of HOPX significantly inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 cells via inducing the apoptosis. Moreover, upregulation of HOPX markedly inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of MDA-MB-468 cells. Meanwhile, overexpression of HOPX obviously induced cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-468 cells via upregulation of p21, and downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4. Additionally, overexpression of HOPX suppressed tumor growth of breast cancer in vivo. Conclusion: Our data showed that HOPX, a tumor suppressor, is epigenetically silenced in breast cancer. Overexpression of HOPX could suppress the progression of breast cancer, and thus indicating that it might serve as a potential target for the treatment of patients with breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The accuracy of indoor visible light positioning based on received signal strength indicator (RSSI) method has been obviously enhanced in recent years. In the method, inhomogeneous distributed positioning error leads to the partial magnification of the location uncertainty. The uncertainty area is called positioning fade zone. Aiming at the problem, a type of linearly attenuated lighting model is proposed to solve this. The performance of the proposed model is tested by simulation. The result of simulation shows that: The positioning error can be reduced by half using the new lighting model compared with the general model; The positioning fade zone can be effectively eliminated by the new model. By using free-form surface lens design method, an optical lens is formed. With the help of the lens, a lighting source with this new linearly attenuated model is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess N deposition has aroused concerns about its negative impacts on forest ecosystems. A two-year study was conducted to assess the responses of stomatal conductance (Gc) and carbon assimilation (Anet) of dominant tree species (Liquidambar formosana, Quercus acutissima and Quercus variabilis) to increased N deposition at a canopy and understory N additions experimental platform in a temperate deciduous broadleaved forest. Five treatments included N addition of 25 and 50 kg ha−1 y−1 onto either the canopy (C25 and C50) or the understory (U25 and U50), and a control treatment (CK, without N addition). Our results showed that neither canopy nor understory N addition had an impact on carboxylation capacity (Vcmax), the light saturated rate of electron transport (Jmax) and leaf-level net assimilation (AnL) of the studied tree species. Higher concentrations of N addition (U50 and C50 treatments) exerted negative impacts on Gc and Anet of L. formosana and Quercus acutissima under lower precipitation conditions, while lower concentrations of N addition (U25 and C25 treatments) had minimal impacts on overall ecophysiological function. The U50 treatment increased tree water use efficiency (WUE) of L. formosana in the second experimental year. Canopy and understory N addition generated differential effects on forest vegetation. The traditional approach with understory addition could not fully reflect the effects of increased N deposition on the canopy-associated assimilation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual-credit policy for passenger vehicles was implemented in China in 2018 to continue to nurture the growth of new energy vehicles and effectively alleviate the government's financial subsidy pressure. The policy innovatively introduced the cap-and-trade system into the transport sector and has achieved an initial success in a short term. However, from a long-term viewpoint, there is still a need to formulate the annual percentage targets for new energy vehicle credits to ensure its ongoing sustainable development. To investigate this issue, a multi-period credit market dynamic equilibrium model was developed. Four scenarios, including a decelerated growth scenario, an accelerated growth scenario, a constant growth scenario and a benchmark scenario with a constant percentage, were proposed, in order to comprehensively reflect the changes in new energy vehicle production, credit performance and profits of automakers under different growth scenarios. Compared from the perspectives of automakers and the government, the obtained results showed that: (1) increasingly stricter new energy vehicle credit targets can slow down the growth of internal combustion engine vehicle production and promote substantial growth of new energy vehicles; (2) without the adjustment of the rules of credit calculation, increasingly more stringent new energy vehicle credit targets will be harmful to energy saving goals of corporate average fuel consumption credit management; (3) with the realization of scale advantages and the maturity of battery technology, new energy vehicles could achieve cost-effective breakeven points; (4) from the perspective of new energy vehicle promotion cost, the lowest cost can be achieved in the accelerated growth scenario. • Dynamic optimization management of the dual-credit policy for passenger vehicles was analyzed. • A multi-period credit market dynamic equilibrium model was proposed and developed. • The impact of the dual-credit policy on energy saving goals of CAFC credit management was discussed. • NEVs could achieve cost-effective breakeven points. • Lowest NEV promotion cost can be obtained in accelerated growth scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]