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The urgent need to address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly in relation to climate change, is driving the demand for new sustainable renewable fuels. This demand is promoting the expansion of de-carbonization efforts, which hold tremendous potential as a renewable energy source. One area of focus is the production of hydrogen (H 2), which has long been a popular subject of discussion. Currently, large quantities of H 2 are generated using conventional fossil fuels. However, the finite nature of these resources has compelled the global community to explore alternative, more environmentally friendly options like biomass. Generating H 2 on a large scale from various biomasses presents a complex challenge. Researchers have identified thermochemical (TC) and biological (BL) processes as the primary methods for converting biomass into H 2 , although other techniques exist as well. Commercializing H 2 as a fuel presents significant technological, financial, and environmental hurdles. Nevertheless, nanomaterials (NMs) have shown promise in overcoming some of the obstacles associated with H 2 production. This review focuses on the use of NMs in TC and BL processes for H 2 generation. Additionally, the paper provides a brief overview of the methods and financial considerations involved in enhancing biomass-based H 2 production. Studies indicate that the production of bio-H 2 is relatively expensive. Direct bio-photolysis costs range from $2.13 kg−1 to $7.24 kg-1, indirect bio-photolysis costs range from $1.42 kg−1 to $7.54 kg−1, fermentation costs range from $7.54 kg−1 to $7.61 kg−1, biomass pyrolysis costs range from $1.77 kg−1 to $2.05 kg−1, and gasification costs $1.42 kg−1. The paper also explores various challenges related to biomass conversion and utilization for H 2 production, aiming to better understand the feasibility of a biomass-based H 2 economy. [Display omitted] • The biological and thermochemical routes for renewable H 2 are elucidated and compared. • Biological routes basically have low H 2 production rate than thermochemical ones. • Ni and Fe are the most promising nanomaterials for H 2 production. • Economic analysis and challenges associated with both routes are explained. • Future research directions are presented based on identified literature gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reported herein a green and efficient catalyst-free synthesis of 4'-(substituted phenyl)spiro[indoline-3,3'-[1,2,4]triazolidine]-2,5'-diones (3a–g) in excellent yields. A one-pot multi-component synthesis was achieved using a glycerol-water (4:1) green solvent system. The current synthetic procedure has the advantage of being environmentally friendly, catalyst free, and having a simple workup with high yields. The structure of the title compounds (3a–g) was confirmed by infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectral data, followed by their biological evaluation. Using the standard protocol, all of the compounds were tested for antibacterial, antifungal, and antitubercular activities. 4'-(4-Chlorophenyl)spiro[indoline-3,3'-[1,2,4]triazolidine]-2,5'-dione (3b) was found to be the most potent compound in the series, with MIC values ranging from 12.71 to 50.84 M, but it was found to be inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and M. bovis. 4'-(4-Methoxyphenyl)spiro[indoline-3,3'-[1,2,4]triazolidine]-2,5'-dione (3e) displayed significant antifungal activity with MIC values of 12.89 and 25.78 µM. The SwissADME prediction studies of revealed that the compounds (3a–g) followed the Lipinski rule of 5 and have good absorption from gastrointestinal tract. The title compounds were also investigated using molecular docking against bacterial DNA gyrase (PDB ID: 1KZN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction kinetics of DRM over high-performance Ni–W/Al 2 O 3 –MgO bimetallic catalyst is investigated in a fixed bed reactor. The variation of reaction rate is examined within the CH 4 and CO 2 partial pressure from 0.2 to 0.6 atm and the temperature range of 600oC–800 °C. It is found that the rate of reaction for DRM is more sensitive to CH 4 partial pressure compared to CO 2 partial pressures. At a constant partial pressure of CO 2 and increasing the CH 4 partial pressure, the increase in the reaction rate is more than reverse conditions. The activation energies of consumption of CH 4 and CO 2 were found to be 45.9 and 31.9 kJ/mol, respectively, showing a higher energy barrier for CH 4 activation than CO2. Four typical kinetic models then fitted the experimental results obtained, i.e., Power Law, Langmuir- Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal model I and II. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model showed the best fitting between experimental and estimated reaction rates. [Display omitted] • Ni–W catalyst was studied for DRM reaction and tested for various kinetic models. • Reaction rate is found more sensitive to partial pressure of CH 4 compared to CO 2. • Activation energies of CH 4 and CO 2 consumption were 45.94 kJ/mol and 31.92 kJ/mol. • The LH-model showed best fitting curve for results with R2 value equal to 0.983. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen-based energy solutions are among the alternative energy choices due to their clean emissions and high efficiency. H 2 is a highly convenient energy source, particularly if derived from sustainable feedstock. With the renewed emphasis on biodiesel production globally, large quantities of glycerol are expected to be produced as a major by-product. Reforming of this glycerol can provide a sustainable and H 2 -rich feedstock. The study reveals that 7H 2 molecules were produced/molecule of glycerol in GSR, which is much higher than the commercially available SRM process. This also endorses the concept of circular economy and the 3Rs (Reuse, Reduce, and Recycle) by utilization of a by-product. This review highlights the recent advancements in different types of glycerol reforming technologies for H 2 production. The highly endothermic reaction and the coking of Ni-based catalysts are still the main limitations in its commercialization. It has been found that among different glycerol reforming techniques, the GSR is the finest with the least drawbacks. Hence, corresponding solutions to overcome these obstacles are deliberated. [Display omitted] • H 2 energy is current necessity to control global warming caused by fossil fuels. • H 2 production via glycerol reforming support circular economy and sustainable approach. • The H 2 molecules produced via GSR is much higher than commercial SRM technique. • Ni-based catalysts are promising, but quest for a commercial catalyst for GSR remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) emerged as a green alternative to utilize major greenhouse gases (GHG's) and produce syngas. However, the main limitations of DRM are sintering and coking of catalyst. In recent decade the Ni-based catalysts has been meticulously studied for DRM reaction since noble metal-based catalysts can't be commercialized due to economic constraints. The catalyst support, synthesis techniques, effect of promoters can significantly affect the catalyst performance. Mesoporous silica (MS) supported catalysts emerged as a promising material due to their enhanced applications in catalysts with significantly high surface areas, thermal stability, and easy availability. Till date no separate study has been carried out focusing the MS as catalyst support for DRM. This comprehensive review highlights the recent advances in MS supported catalysts for DRM. Further, it focuses on reaction mechanism, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, effect of catalyst support, synthesis route and effect of promoters on DRM performance. [Display omitted] • The performance of mesoporous silicas (MS) as Ni support in DRM was reviewed. • Unique features of MS types and how they affect support property was discussed. • Thorough appraisal of promoter and preparation route effects on Ni-MS catalysts. • Comprehensive overview of DRM thermodynamics, kinetics, and reaction mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process parameters for dry reforming of methane (DRM) over Ni–W/Al 2 O 3 –MgO catalyst are optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The Ni–W bimetallic catalyst is synthesized by co-precipitation method followed by impregnation. The catalysts are characterized by BET, XRD, FESEM, EDX and TEM; to study physicochemical properties, morphology, composition, crystallite size and deposited carbon. The effect of process parameters, i.e., reaction temperature (600oC–800 °C) and feed gas ratio (0.5–1.5) on the CH 4 , CO 2 conversions and syngas ratio are studied. A temperature of 777.29 °C with CH 4 : CO 2 of 1.11 at GHSV of 36,000 cm3gm.cat−1h−1, delivered the CH 4 and CO 2 conversions of 87.6% and 93.3%, respectively along with H 2 :CO of 1. The predicted process parameters were verified through actual experimental analysis at the optimized conditions, and results agreed with CCD of the RSM model with insignificant error. The MWCNT formed during DRM avoided catalyst deactivation and delivered stable performance over 12 h of reaction test at the optimized conditions. [Display omitted] • Ni–W bimetallic catalyst has been synthesized and studied for DRM. • Reaction temperature is more dominant on conversion of reactants than feed ratio. • Optimal conditions for Ni–W catalyst for DRM: T = 777.29 °C and CH 4 :CO 2 = 1.11. • Optimal conversion obtained for CH 4 = 85.5% and CO 2 = 90.1% with H 2 :CO = 0.96. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The popularity of beverages such as cold coffee, iced tea, and energy drinks has risen tremendously among athletes and youths. Energy drinks are used to enhance performance due to the presence of a high amount of caffeine (CFN) and sugars, as well as other constituents such as vitamins, amino acids, taurine, extracts of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, guarana, and other herbal products. Commercial drinks are promoted as being beneficial to health; thus it is an important concern regarding adverse effects linked with these drinks or products. Objective: The aim of the study is to develop and validate the ultra performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA) method for the estimation of CFN in eight marketed non-alcoholic drinks including two soft drinks and six energy drinks. Method: The chromatographic separation of CFN was achieved on Acquity UPLCVR CSHTM C18 1.7 mm, 2.1-100mm column, using isocraticmode, mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and water (30:70, v/v) at a flow rate 0.3mL/min using injection volume 1 mL. Results: The elution of CFN occurred at 1.06 min, and the calibration curve of the CFN was computed from the peak area ratio detected at 273 nm. All the validation parameters were found within the assay variability limits as per ICH guidelines. The obtained results revealed that the soft drinks SD1 and SD2 have 87.2161.28 and 101.8161.52% (w/w), whereas CFN concentration in energy drink brands ED1, ED2, ED3, ED4, ED5, and ED6 was 95.9061.62, 64.061.07, 76.6861.95, 74.9762.33, 82.0962.43, and 88.0462.94% (w/w) of labeled claims, respectively. Conclusions: The developed UPLC method was found suitable for the quality control of commercial soft and energy drinks containing CFN. Highlights: The developed chromatographic method is very simple, cost effective and could be utilized for the routine analysis of caffeine in the soft and energy drinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Harnessing NGH's potential energy while mitigating global warming challenges. • Tackling pipeline blockages caused by gas hydrate formation in permafrost regions. • Employing inhibitors to prevent flow blockage and contribute to global warming mitigation. • Exploring environmentally friendly ionic liquids as effective hydrate inhibitors. Natural gas hydrates (NGH) have garnered significant attention in the petroleum industry due to their propensity to cause pipeline blockages, posing challenges to flow assurance. Changes in temperature and pressure conditions can prompt hydrates to solidify, consequently obstructing the flow of hydrocarbons. This study offers a thorough examination of gas hydrates as a flow assurance challenge, encompassing an in-depth review of their dissociation mechanics and kinetics. A hydrate inhibitor serves as a solution in flow assurance by effectively dissolving hydrates and preventing blockages in the system. The article primarily delves into the fundamental aspects of hydrate formation, the application of preventive measures, and the mechanisms governing hydrate dissociation. It includes an in-depth analysis to assess the inhibition mechanism of NGH and the associated advantages of employing inhibition strategies. The main goal of exploring inhibitors is to perform a comparative analysis of their effectiveness in inhibiting hydrate formation. Further, this review proposes exploring additional advancements to enhance hydrate dissociation, specifically by investigating the use of ionic liquids and nanomaterials as inhibitors. The purpose of the study is to attract the attention of researchers toward the development and experimentation of innovative ionic liquids (ILs) & nanomaterials-based hydrate inhibitors that possess the qualities of being biodegradable, non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and economically viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Bi‐reforming of methane (BRM) is gaining an increase interest due to the critical requirements to mitigate global warming and provide alternative energy resources. However, there has been a serious challenge to the scale‐up of the process to commercial production due to the catalyst deactivation. In the present study, the influence of ZrO2 modifications on the activity and stability of MgO‐supported Ni catalyst in the BRM reaction was investigated. The ZrO2‐MgO mixed oxide support was prepared by co‐precipitation method with variation in the ZrO2 composition and subsequently impregnated with Ni. The characterization of the freshly prepared Ni/MgO and Ni/MgO‐ZrO2 catalysts using N2 physisorption analysis, X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), FESEM, XPS, H2‐TPR, and CO2‐TPD techniques revealed suitable physicochemical properties for the BRM reaction. The Ni/MgO‐ZrO2 catalysts showed an improved performance in the BRM reaction in terms of activity and stability compared to the Ni/MgO at 800°C and CH4, H2O, CO2 ratio of 3:2:1, respectively. The best performance was obtained using the Ni/15%ZrO2‐MgO for the BRM with CO2 and CH4 conversion of 81.5% and 82.5%, respectively. The characterization of the spent Ni/MgO catalyst using Raman spectroscopy, FESEM, and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) analysis revealed the formation of amorphous carbon that could be responsible for its fast deactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a single-objective modulated model predictive control for a bidirectional dc–dc flying-capacitor (FC) converter in a microgrid. The presence of an FC facilitates the converter to integrate a low-voltage battery to a high-voltage dc bus at reduced voltage stress on its power switches. The converter in such a configuration demands a multiobjective controller to accomplish dc bus and FC voltage regulations and bidirectional power flow. The proposed controller realizes these multiple control objectives by determining the optimum duty ratio for the power switches using a single-objective cost function based on the battery current. In doing so, the converter realizes its multiple control objectives without weighting factors in the cost function and operates its power switches at a fixed switching frequency. The proposed controller also eliminates an additional control loop by utilizing an improved dynamic reference model to generate an appropriate battery current reference for the dc bus voltage regulation and bidirectional power flow. Finally, the proposed system is validated experimentally under step response of the dc bus voltage, load, PV power, and system parameter variations, and compared with a finite control set model predictive control to prove its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Selenium act as a stress alleviator for plants grown under various extreme environmental conditions. • Effect of a-tocopherol on selenium-induced changes in plants grown under salt stress is not investigated yet. • Selenium and/or a-tocopherol treated plants amplified growth and development of plants under salt stress. • Duo of selenium and a-tocopherol treatment successfully ameliorates the salt induced damage in maize plants. Individually selenium and α-tocopherol showed a pivotal role in combating abiotic stresses in plants. However, there is no report on how selenium behaves in the presence or absence of α-tocopherol under salt stress in crop plants. With this view, the present study was undertaken to dissect the interaction between selenium and α-tocopherol on growth performance, carbon metabolism, and uptake of different ions in maize plants grown under salt stress. This study was conducted with surface-sterilized seeds of maize that were soaked in deionized water (control), selenium (0.5 µM), and/or α-tocopherol (200 ppm) for 12 h before sowing and different salt levels (0, 100, 150 , and 200 mM) in the form of NaCl was created in soil. A sample of maize plants from each treatment was collected 40 days after sowing. The results revealed that salinity lowered the growth performance, chlorophyll content, insoluble sugar, carbohydrate, phenolic, flavonoid content , and different ions uptake in concentration dependent manner whereas, soluble sugar, α-amylase activity , and sodium ion increased in comparison to control plants. Moreover, selenium and/or α-tocopherol treated plants without stress significantly amplified the growth performance, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, carbohydrate, phenolic, and flavonoid content, and improved the uptake of different concentrations ions (K+, Ca+2, K+/Na+, Ca+2/Na+, and Mg+2) over the control plants. Interestingly, treatment of combined selenium and α-tocopherol to the salt-stressed plants successfully recover the loss caused by increasing salt levels in maize plants through altered carbon metabolism and ions uptake reflected in improved growth performance and bigger growth leaf area of maize plants under salt stress. Selenium and α-tocopherol in combination also enhance the antioxidative defensive mechanism through the production of phenolics and flavonoids content in maize plants under salt stress. This approach could be an effective measure to lower salt stress and enhance the crop productivity of maize plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last few decades, the global energy requirement is soaring significantly due to the rise of global population and economic development. This resulted in colossal release of CO 2 and CH 4, emissions into the atmosphere referred as greenhouse gases (GHGs), which poses a detrimental effects for the environment. One of the sustainable solutions to curb emissions of GHGs into the atmosphere is efficient utilization of syngas in order to produce useful chemicals and fuels. A comprehensive review is presented to highlight the capability of Ni-based catalysts in methane reforming through the application of both steam and dry routes referred to as bi-reforming of methane (BRM). Ni-based catalysts were found to support favorable reaction activity as they are cheaper than many exorbitant catalysts. The metal used for catalyst support exhibits higher stability and thermal resistance with improved resistance to coke formation. This review entails recent progresses in the development of Ni-based catalysts along with physical and kinetic aspects of the BRM process. • Recent trend in bi reforming of methane (BRM) using Ni-based catalysts. • Comprehensive review on role and performance of Ni-based catalyst for BRM. • Modification of Ni-based catalyst to enhance activity, conversion and yield of syngas. • Future outlook of Ni-based catalyst for BRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DMR is a promising technique to utilize the rising greenhouse gases and produce an alternative energy source. The main hurdle in the commercialization of DMR is the catalyst deactivation. Presently, the effect of Tungsten (W) addition on Ni-based catalysts supported on mixed oxide (Al 2 O 3 –MgO) support is tested for DMR. The Ni–W bimetallic catalysts are synthesized via co-precipitation followed by the impregnation technique. An equimolar stream of feed (CH 4 :CO 2) is used for DMR at 800 °C. The Ni–W catalyst with 4 wt% of W showed steady performance with elevated conversions of CH 4 and CO 2 , even after 24 h of DMR. The freshly and spent catalysts are characterized by BET, XRD, FESEM, EDX, elemental mapping, TPR-H 2 , TPD-CO 2 , and XPS to confirm the elemental composition and the type of carbon formed on the catalysts. The activity of Ni catalyst declined due to formation of amorphous carbon-nanosheets, whereas Ni–W catalyst remained active due to formation of MWCNT. [Display omitted] • Ni–W/Al 2 O 3 –MgO proved out to be superior then Ni/Al 2 O 3 –MgO catalyst. • Diminished carbon formation and optimum performance is seen with 4 wt% W loading. • Ni/Al 2 O 3 –MgO catalyst deactivates due to formation of amorphous carbon nanosheets. • Ni–W/Al 2 O 3 –MgO catalyst remained activated due to formation of MWCNT. • Ni–W bimetallic catalyst delivered above 90% conversion even after 12 h of DMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic covering (PC) is used to speed up the ripening and harvesting of grapes while also shielding grapevines from unfavourable climatic conditions. This study aimed to determine how PC induced abiotic stress on covered vines and assess the role of brassinosteroids (Brs) in alleviating these impacts. The results showed that PC caused a substantial rise in soluble sugar, MDA, proline, total phenol, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) and decreased insoluble sugars and carbohydrates in ‘Superior' seedless grape leaves. Applying Brs at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/l twice during the berry development stages (pea and veraison) enhanced the plants’ ability to withstand PC-induced stress. The concentration of 3 mg/l Brs elevated some metabolic activities, including insoluble sugar, total carbohydrates, proline, and total phenol. Additionally, it increased the antioxidant enzyme activity. Meanwhile, 2 mg/l appeared to be the most effective concentration in achieving the highest cluster and berry weight, enhanced total soluble solids (TSS) and firmness, and reduced weight loss over shelf life. In conclusion, applying Brs could be a promising strategy to alleviate the adverse effect of abiotic stress on table grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global agricultural by‐products usually go to waste, especially in developing countries where agricultural products are usually exported as raw products. Such waste streams, once converted to "value‐added" products could be an additional source of revenue while simultaneously having positive impacts on the socio‐economic well‐being of local people. We highlight the utilization of thermochemical techniques to activate and convert agricultural waste streams such as rice and straw husk, coconut fiber, coffee wastes, and okara power wastes commonly found in the world into porous activated carbons and biofuels. Such activated carbons are suitable for various applications in environmental remediation, climate mitigation, energy storage, and conversions such as batteries and supercapacitors, in improving crop productivity and producing useful biofuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • NPs enhance hydrocarbon recovery by altering oil–water traits, promisingly boosting rates when combined with EOR methods. • NPs combined with methods like waterflooding, CO 2 injection, and magnetic fields significantly enhance oil recovery. • Wettability alteration, IFT reduction, and enhanced mobility are different mechanisms that favor EOR. • Image-based NP modeling revolutionizes EOR offering precise porous medium representation for accurate fluid flow prediction. In recent decades, nanotechnology has emerged as a rapidly growing field with diverse applications in industries such as pharmaceuticals, energy, and engineering. One of the key areas of interest is the use of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofluids (NFs) in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to improve oil recovery efficiency. NPs offer several benefits in the hydrocarbon industry and have been shown to enhance oil and gas production. In EOR, NPs play a crucial role by interacting with the rock/oil system, optimizing conditions for oil retrieval. They offer a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative compared to conventional methods. This comprehensive study delves into the diverse range of NPs and nanomaterials utilized in the petroleum industry, detailing their classification, characterization, and inherent properties. It explores multiple applications of NPs in chemical, thermal, and microbial flooding, elucidating the involved mechanisms like wettability modification and mobility control. Moreover, the research examines the utilization of NPs in EOR through image-based modeling, a groundbreaking approach in enhancing EOR techniques. It highlights the considerable progress achieved in EOR through the application of NPs and nanofluids (NFs). Additionally, the study assesses the potential of NPs in image-based modeling and their implications for future EOR applications, indicating a promising trajectory for integrating NPs into the petroleum industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The treatment of EBL and ML alone or in combination significantly increased plant growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and altered various biochemical attributes under combined stress of drought and salt as well as stress-free conditions. • Enhanced levels of antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of proline indicate mitigation of excess ROS elicited by joint application of EBL and ML, which provide tolerance against the combined stress of drought and salt in pea plants. • This study also revealed that co-application of EBL and ML may have great potential for improving crop production under dual stresses of drought and salt and could act as a potent inhibitor of oxidative stress in pea plants. Plant hormones and several small signalling molecules are known to provide tolerance against various abiotic stresses. The individual contributions of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) and Melatonin (ML) in enhancing plant tolerance to different abiotic stresses have been well-documented, but their combined effect in alleviating the impact of combined stress remains unexplored. In this study, joint effect of EBL and ML has been tested on growth, photosynthesis, biochemical traits and oxidative stress markers in Pisum sativum (pea) plants exposed to combination of drought and salt stress. The individual application of EBL and ML exhibited nearly similar responses to both stresses. However, when EBL and ML were applied together, significant changes in growth, photosynthetic traits, proline accumulation, and activities of various antioxidant enzymes were observed in pea plants exposed to the combined stress of drought and salt. Enhanced level of antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of proline indicates mitigation of excess ROS elicited by joint application of EBL and ML that provides tolerance against combined stress of drought and salt in pea plants. This study indicates that joint application EBL and ML is an operational approach for mitigation of combined stress of drought and salt in plants and could be exploited for sustainable agricultural practices on the stressed soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Allelopathic effects of the aqueous extract of the Alhagi maurorum was investigated. • Aqueous extract of the Alhagi maurorum mediated inhibition was concentration- and species- dependent. • The phytochemical analyses revealed that the presence of several phenolic compounds. • These natural products could be used as "eco-friendly" bio-herbicides for weed control. The present work was conducted to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Alhagi maurorum at different rates (1, 5, 10, 15%, w/v) on the growth as well as some physiological parameters of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The pot experiment revealed that Alhagi maurorum aqueous extract reduced all growth parameters of pea plant along with photosynthesis pigments, insoluble sugars, total carbohydrate, total protein and total phenolics. On the other hand, soluble sugars, soluble protein, proline, flavonoids and antioxidant enzymes increased upon treatment with aqueous solution of Alhagi maurorum. The adverse effect of the extract on the growth of treated pea plants especially hydroquinone and sinapyl alcohol that were found in relatively high concentration in the extract were identified and quantified by the GC–MS of the methanolic extract of Alhagi maurorum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment conducted during Rabi season of 2017-18 at wheat research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India to study the effect of sowing dates and varieties on yield and quality performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications containing four sowing dates viz. 5th November, 25th November, 15th December and 5th January as main plot treatments and seven wheat varieties i.e. HS 562, HD 2967, HD 3086, HI 1544, MACS 6222, WR 544 and WH 1105 as sub plot treatments. On the basis of one year study it was concluded that among sowing dates, 5th November sowing is the most economical and suitable than rest of the sowing dates. 5th November sown crop recorded significantly longer spike (11.7 cm), higher number of effective tillers (98.3 per mrl), grains per spike (48.6), test weight (39.9 g), grain appearance score (8.3), hectoliter weight (82.9 kg/hl), grain yield (5432 kg ha-1) and harvest index (39.0%) compared to rest of the sowing dates, while highest protein content (12.9%) was observed with 5th January sown crop. Maximum net return (Rs.54, 262 ha-1) and B: C (1.73) were recorded with 5th November sowing. Among the varieties, HI 1544 recorded significantly higher number of effective tillers (94.6 per mrl), grains per spike (48.4), test weight (38.6 g), grain yield (4920 kg ha-1) harvest index (39.2), grain appearance score (8.1) and hectoliter weight (82.0 kg/hl), while variety WH 1105 resulted in longer spike (11.5 cm) and WR 544 in higher protein content (12.6%) as compared to rest of the varieties. While comparing the interaction of varieties with date of sowing, HI 1544 produced significantly higher grain higher yield (6007 kg ha-1) of wheat sown at 5th November which was statistically at par with WH 1105 (5833 kg ha-1) and HD 3086 (5616 kg ha-1) at same date of sowing. Delayed sowing of HI 1544 from 5th November to 25th November reduced the grain yield by 9.1 per cent; to 15th of December by 21.0 per cent and to 5th January by 42.3 per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Low temperature declined plant growth, and metabolism parameters in tomato. • The combination of EBL and H 2 O 2 enhanced antioxidants and proline. • Low-temperature diminished expression of 20 proteins in EBL + H 2 O 2 treated plants. • Overall, O80577, Q9FJQ8, and Q9SKL2 took part in the citrate cycle pathway. Abstract The aim of current investigation was to perform proteomics and physio-chemical studies to dissect the changes in contrasting varieties (S-22 and PKM-1) of Lycopersicon esculentum under low-temperature stress. Plant grown under variable low-temperature stress were analysed for their growth biomarkers, antioxidant enzyme activities, and other physiological parameters, which headed toward the determination of protein species responding to low-temperature and 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) concentrations. The plants grown under temperatures, 20/14, 12/7, and 10/3 °C recorded significantly lower growth biomarkers, SPAD chlorophyll, net photosynthetic rate and carbonic anhydrase activity in S-22 and PKM-1. Moreover, the combined effect of EBL and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) significantly improved the parameters mentioned above and consecutively upgraded the different antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD) with higher accumulation of proline under stress and stress-free environments. Furthermore, proteomics study revealed that the maximum number of differentially expressed proteins were detected in S-22 (EBL + H 2 O 2); while treatment with EBL + H 2 O 2 + low temperature lost expression of 20 proteins. Overall, three proteins (O80577, Q9FJQ8, and Q9SKL2) took a substantial part in the biosynthesis of citrate cycle pathway and enhanced the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of tomato plants under low-temperature stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based derivatives have been found to be promising heterogeneous catalysts for organic transformations. Herein, hollow‐structure Cu‐MOFs derived by reduction of Cu3(BTC)2 (BTC=1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate; denoted as RCB) were prepared by using hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent under various conditions. The influence of hydrazine hydrate induced the structure of Cu3(BTC)2 and led to dynamic variation in the interior and exterior as well as oxidation states of the Cu ion. The synthesized materials were characterized by SEM, TEM, N2 sorption isotherms, XRD, and XPS. The product of the catalytic reaction was observed by GC‐MS. In addition, the prepared RCBs were found to have excellent catalytic activity and selectivity for benzyl alcohol oxidation when assisted by 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen (H 2) is a possible energy transporter and feedstock for energy decarbonization, transportation, and chemical sectors while reducing global warming's consequences. The predominant commercial method for producing H 2 today is steam methane reforming (SMR). However, there is still room for development in process intensification, energy optimization, and environmental concerns related to CO 2 emissions. Reactors using metallic membranes (MRs) can handle both problems. Compared to traditional reactors, MRs operates at substantially lower pressures and temperatures. As a result, capital and operational costs may be significantly cheaper than traditional reactors. Furthermore, metallic membranes (MMs), particularly Pd and its alloys, naturally permit only H 2 permeability, enabling the production of a stream with a purity of up to 99.999%. This review describes several methods for H 2 production based on the energy sources utilized. SRM with CO 2 capture and storage (CCUS), pyrolysis of methane, and water electrolysis are all investigated as process technologies. A debate based on a color code was also created to classify the purity of H 2 generation. Although producing H 2 using fossil fuels is presently the least expensive method, green H 2 generation has the potential to become an affordable alternative in the future. From 2030 onward, green H 2 is anticipated to be less costly than blue hydrogen. Green H 2 is more expensive than fossil-based H 2 since it uses more energy. Blue H 2 has several tempting qualities, but the CCUS technology is pricey, and blue H 2 contains carbon. At this time, almost 80–95% of CO 2 can be stored and captured by the CCUS technology. Nanomaterials are becoming more significant in solving problems with H 2 generation and storage. Sustainable nanoparticles, such as photocatalysts and bio-derived particles, have been emphasized for H 2 synthesis. New directions in H 2 synthesis and nanomaterials for H 2 storage have also been discussed. Further, an overview of the H 2 value chain is provided at the end, emphasizing the financial implications and outlook for 2050, i.e., carbon-free H 2 and zero-emission H 2. [Display omitted] • Thorough description of sustainable and clean H 2 production methods is done. • Currently grey H 2 production is dominant in the world market, i.e., via SMR. • Metallic membranes remove impurities from H 2 , improving purity and fuel cell efficiency. • Global H 2 production, storage, and supply capacity is insufficient for future demand. • Green H 2 could support flexibility and decarbonization of the whole energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurological diseases like Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, parkinsonism, depression, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis prevailing globally are considered to be deeply influenced by oxidative stressbased changes in the biochemical settings of the organs. The excess oxygen concentration triggers the production of reactive oxygen species, and even the intrinsic antioxidant enzyme system, i.e. SOD, CAT and GSHPx, fails to manage their levels and keep them under desirable limits. This consequently leads to oxidation of protein, lipids and nucleic acids in the brain resulting in apoptosis, proteopathy, proteasomes and mitochondrion dysfunction, glial cell activation as well as neuroinflammation. The present exploration deals with the evidence-based mechanism of oxidative stress towards development of key neurological diseases along with the involved biomechanistics and biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fossil fuels need a clean alternative to check elevated global temperatures. • H 2 is a promising alternative with high energy density and clean fuel characteristics. • Current H 2 production is grey and green techniques need to economize. • H 2 transport and delivery is the most critical problem, storage as metal hydrides is promising. • H 2 has enormous potential for usage in the transportation sector once techno-economic barriers are settled. The transportation sector is one of the major consumers of fuel i.e., mostly relying on fossil-based fuels. With the rising energy demand and consumption of fossil fuels, the concentration of pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) are increasing in the atmosphere. Hydrogen (H 2) is a well-known source of clean energy options and a better alternative to fossil fuels. It has the potential to become a promising fuel for renewable transportation by providing safe, efficient, stable, accessible, and customer-friendly energy. This is due to its many characteristics, such as energy density, high calorific value, affordability, and a wide variety of production methods. H 2 has the potential to completely replace the use of fossil fuel in internal combustion engines. The review highlights the recent advances in H 2 production, storage, and transportation. Apart from the conventional steam reforming technique i.e., producing around 85% of the world's grey H 2 , several clean techniques such as partial oxidation, plasma reforming, water electrolysis, pyrolysis, and photoelectrolysis are comprehensively discussed. Despite its many advantages, H 2 storage is a significant issue. Hence, the recent advances and challenges in H 2 storage i.e., physical, and material-based techniques have been deliberated. Further, the risks involved during the production, handling, and transportation of H 2 fuel is highlighted, and the latest trends in its safety recommendations have been suggested. Finally, the techno-economic feasibility challenges and its outlook has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ru particles on titanium carbide (Ru/TiC) are prepared through reduction method. • Ru/TiC catalyst showed high electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction. • Ru/TiC in the hydrogen evolution reaction showed long-term stability. The indiscreet use of fossil fuels has led to environmental pollution. To mitigate this, it is expected that the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) can be performed at the cathode of electrolytic cells in energy conversion devices and eco-friendly renewable energy sources. Owing to the sluggish kinetics of the HER, the design and development of cost-effective, long term, highly stable, and efficient alternative electrocatalysts are crucial for their practical application. Herein, ruthenium (Ru) particles loaded titanium carbide (Ru/TiC) are successfully prepared through a simple reduction method. We employ experimental approaches to investigate the stability and electrocatalytic activity of Ru as a transition metal atom on a TiC support. The as-synthesized catalyst is characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ru/TiC electrocatalyst exhibits HER activity with low overpotentials, fast reaction kinetics and high stability in alkaline and acidic medium. The remarkable electrocatalytic activity of Ru/TiC will promote interest in the futuristic development of cost-effective nanomaterials for energy and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugars are the most important regulators that facilitate many physiological processes, such as photosynthesis, seed germination, flowering, senescence, and many more under various abiotic stresses. Exogenous application of sugars in low concentration promote seed germination, up regulates photosynthesis, promotes flowering, delayed senescence under various unfavorable environmental conditions. However, high concentration of sugars reverses all these physiological process in a concentration dependent manner. Thus, this review focuses the correlation between sugars and their protective functions in several physiological processes against various abiotic stresses. Keeping in mind the multifaceted role of sugars, an attempt has been made to cover the role of sugar-regulated genes associated with photosynthesis, seed germination and senescence. The concentration of sugars determines the expression of these sugar-regulated genes. This review also enlightens the interaction of sugars with several phytohormones, such as abscisic acid, ethylene, cytokinins and gibberellins and its effect on their biosynthesis under abiotic stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a modern world epidemic. Its main causative factor is oxidative stress, as reported in study subjects. Natural products are yet to show significant therapeutic effects in comparison with synthetic drugs. Current study deals with the preparation of brain-targeted polysorbate-80-coated curcumin PLGA nanoparticles (PS-80-CUR-NP), and their characterisation via Spectral and optical methods. PS-80-CUR-NP were evaluated against the oxidative stress-mediated depressant (OSMD) activity via Force despair, Tail suspension tests and stress biomarker assay (SOD and catalase activity). A significant reduction in immobility (p < 0.01) in force despair and tail suspension test and a significant increase (p < 0.001 andp < 0.01) in SOD and catalase activity was found and compared with stress control, which confirmed the OSMD activity of PS-80-CUR-NP at 5 mg equivalent dose. Further, AUC(0.5–15 h) curve of brain homogenates estimated the curcumin concentration of 1.73 ng/gC maxatT max 3 h via HPLC technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells has been considered as an environmental-friendly and efficient technology in energy conversion systems and the field of energy storage. Herein, we propose a facile and cost-effective method for synthesizing Pd–Ni(OH) 2 nanocatalysts on Ketjen black carbon as an alternative to commercial Pt/C catalysts. First, the Pd–Ni(OH) 2 /C nanocatalyst prepare using a sonochemical and solvothermal method. Then, the Pd–Ni(OH) 2 /C nanocatalyst analysis using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Pd–Ni(OH) 2 nanoparticles with sizes of approximately 5 nm well disperse on the Ketjen black carbon. XRD use to clarify face-centered cubic Pd and amorphous Ni(OH) 2. The valence states of Pd and Ni(OH) 2 confirm using XPS. The amounts of Pd and Ni in the nanocatalyst are 12.14 and 2.21 wt%, respectively, from ICP. Pd–Ni(OH) 2 /C exhibits high performance in linear sweep voltammetry for the ORR. In addition, long-term stability and methanol tolerance confirm via chronoamperometry experiments in an alkaline solution. Pd–Ni(OH) 2 /C exhibits better durability than that of commercial Pt/C. The high current density, durability, and methanol resistance of Pd–Ni(OH) 2 /C present a potential alternative to Pt/C in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and direct methanol fuel cells through a facile and cost-effective synthesis method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide economic development, population expansion, and technological advancements contribute to a rise in global primary energy consumption. Since fossil fuels now provide around 85% of the energy requirement, a significant quantity of greenhouse gases is released, leading to climate change. To meet the pledges of the Paris agreement, a promising and potential alternative to fossil fuels needs to be commercialised. Therefore, numerous industries recognise hydrogen (H 2) as a clean and stable energy source for decarbonisation or de-fossilisation. Around 90% of the world's H 2 produced is grey in nature and produced from reforming fossil-based fuels. However, the future of H 2 energy lies in its green, blue, and turquoise spectra due to the carbon capture scheme and corresponding clean and sustainable H 2 production methodology. The fundamental goal of this research is to learn more about various low-carbon H 2 generating systems. In comparison to fossil-based H 2 , green H 2 is a costly option. Blue H 2 offers several appealing characteristics; however, the carbon capture utilisation and storage (CCUS) technology are expensive and blue H 2 is not carbon-free. The current CCUS technology can only store and catch between 80 and 95% of CO 2. Further, it examines worldwide actions related to the H 2 development policy. In addition, a debate based on the colour spectrum of H 2 was established to classify the purity of H 2 generation. Further, the existing obstacles, advancements, and future directions of low-carbon H 2 production technologies, including fossil fuel-based and renewable-based H 2 , are explored to foster the growth of the low-carbon H 2 economy. • H 2 is a promising alternative to fossil fuels that can aid to achieve pledges of Paris agreement. • H 2 production from steam reforming i.e., grey H 2 is still the major production route. • Future of H 2 lies in blue, green, and turquoise spectrum, others will fade with time. • Techno-economic feasibility needs further research for H 2 production via electrolysis of H 2 O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the silicon (Si) mediated responses in different cultivars of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and to evaluate if Si could be used as an essential, beneficial, or quasi-essential element for growth and development of these cultivars. Surface sterilized seeds were sown in pots and allowed to germinate under natural environmental conditions. At 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 days after germination, a range of Si concentrations (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mM) was administered to the soil and at 30 days post germination the plants were sampled to assess growth and development, leaf gas exchange traits and plant biochemical parameters, including activities of carbonic anhydrase, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and protein and proline content. The results demonstrate a dual response to Si concentration: 0.8 mM of Si significantly increased plant growth and development (length of root and shoot, fresh and dry biomass, and leaf area) and photosynthetic efficiency, and enhanced the antioxidant response in T-59 over all the other cultivars tested, whereas, 1.6 mM of Si significantly reduced the above parameters. It is therefore concluded that low levels of Si could be used as a quasi-essential element for enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant response ofBrassica junceaplants; however, the response is cultivar specific and concentration dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study was conducted to provide an insight into the effect of Se (through soil) induced changes in Brassica juncea plants in the presence and absence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL; foliar). The Se treatments showed dual response, 10 μM of Se significantly increased growth, water relations, photosynthetic attributes along with carbonic anhydrase activity whereas its higher concentrations proved inhibitory in concentration dependent manner. The follow-up application of EBL to the Se stressed plants improved growth, water relations, photosynthesis and simultaneously enhanced the various antioxidant enzymes viz. catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase with the excess accumulation of proline. In addition to this, 10 μM Se increases the efficacy of 10 −8 M of EBL and both in combination showed maximum increase for the growth and photosynthetic traits of plants. On the other hand, the elevated level of antioxidant enzymes as well as proline could have conferred tolerance to the Se-stressed plants resulting in improved growth, water relations and photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in minute concentrations serves as a signaling molecule for processes involved in the growth and development of plants. The present study aimed to explore the role of seed treatment with H2O2on growth biomarkers, photosynthetic traits, activities of carbonic anhydrase, and various antioxidant enzymes in 45-day-old plants of mung bean (Vigna radiataL. Wilczek) cv. SML-668 under non-stress conditions. The seeds were soaked in 0, 0.01, 0.1, or 0.5 mM H2O2for 2, 4, or 8 h, and then inoculated withRhizobium, sown in sandy loam soil, and allowed to grow for 45 days. The plants that developed from the H2O2-treated seeds demonstrated improved growth and photosynthetic attributes, enhanced activity of various antioxidant enzymes (e.g., catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), and higher accumulation of proline than plants from non-treated seeds. The H2O2-triggered upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and proline (osmolyte) could have resulted in the observed improvement of growth and development. Out of the three concentrations of H2O2tested, seed soaking with 0.1 mM for 4 h proved to be the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The technical complexity of pancreatic resection has made it a specialized procedure performed in high-volume centers. It has been shown that patients operated on in high-volume pancreatobiliary centers have fewer complications and better survival. The purpose of this study was to share our experience with and report long-term outcomes of pancreaticoduodenal resections performed in a low-volume center in Pakistan. Methods: Data of patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenal resection for adenocarcinoma at our institute from 1999 to 2012 were reviewed. A total of 39 patients were included in the study. Variables included patients' clinical and histopathological characteristics. Outcome was determined based on complication rate, 30- and 90-day mortality, disease-free survival, and overall survival. For survival analysis, Kaplan-Meier curves were used and significance was determined using a log rank test. Univariate Cox analysis was performed to determine significant factors for multivariate analysis. Results: The majority of tumors [20 (51 %)] were moderate grade, T1/T2 [20 (51 %)], ampullary adenocarcinomas [18 (46 %)]. Mean hospital stay was 14 ± 8 days. The mean number of nodes removed was 13.9 ± 6.9, while mean number of positive nodes was 1 ± 1.7. Expected 5-year overall survival and relapse-free survival were 38 and 48 %, respectively. Overall 5-year survival was significantly different with respect to nodal involvement, i.e., 47 vs. 28 % ( P = 0.018). On univariate analysis, nodal involvement was the only factor associated with an increased risk of death ( P = 0.02, hazard ratio [HR] 2.9, confidence interval [CI] 1.1-7.8). Conclusion: Low-volume centers are an acceptable alternate to high-volume centers for performing pancreaticoduodenal resection in carefully selected patients. Efforts should be directed at developing specialized hepatobiliary centers in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of environmental pollution has been worsened by the emergence of new contaminants whose morphology is yet to be fully understood. Several techniques have been adopted to mitigate the pollution effects of these emerging contaminants, and bioremediation involving plants, microbes, or enzymes has stood out as a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. Enzyme-mediated bioremediation is a very promising technology as it exhibits better pollutant degradation activity and generates less waste. However, this technology is subject to challenges like temperature, pH, and storage stability, in addition to recycling difficulty as it is arduous to isolate them from the reaction media. To address these challenges, the immobilization of enzymes has been successfully applied to ameliorate the activity, stability, and reusability of enzymes. Although this has significantly increased the uses of enzymes over a wide range of environmental conditions and facilitated the use of smaller bioreactors thereby saving cost, it still comes with additional costs for carriers and immobilization. Additionally, the existing immobilization methods have their individual limitations. This review provides state-of-the-art information to readers focusing on bioremediation using enzymes. Different parameters such as: the sustainability of biocatalysts, the ecotoxicological evaluation of transformation contaminants, and enzyme groups used were reviewed. The efficacy of free and immobilized enzymes, materials and methods for immobilization, bioreactors used, challenges to large-scale implementation, and future research needs were thoroughly discussed. • Enzyme-based bioremediation is efficacious and cost-effective. • Immobilized enzymes though with its drawbacks are potentially better in bioremediation. • Materials and methods for enzyme immobilization play a crucial role in bioremediation. • Challenges of bioreactors regarding sustainability and scaling-up are discussed. • Future research for enzyme-mediated bioremediation was suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on aspects of quality assurance (QA) in reporting radiology operations to promote patient safety and enhance patient care. Topics discussed include developing criteria and mechanisms to rate clinical reports during QA review, records of both pertinent positive and negative finding to evaluate patient and mitigation of discrepancies through QA programs.

The aim was to explore the responses of varied doses of manganese in mustard plants and also to test the proposition that salicylic acid induced up-regulation of antioxidant system which protect photosynthetic apparatus. Seeds were sown in pots and allowed to germinate under natural environmental conditions. At 10 days stage, soils in the pots were enriched with different levels (0, 3, 6, or 9 mM) of Mn for three days and allowed to grow till 30 day stage. At 31st day, foliage of plants was sprayed with 10 μM of salicylic acid (SA) and then allowed to grow till 45 days. Then plants were harvested to assess various growth, leaf gas exchange traits and biochemical parameters. Mn-treated plants had diminished growth, water relations and photosynthetic attributes along with carbonic anhydrase activity whereas; the level of lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, accumulation of H 2 O 2 along with proline accumulation and antioxidant enzymes increased in a concentration dependent manner. Follow-up application of SA to the Mn-stressed plants improved growth, water relations and photosynthetic traits, accelerated the activity of antioxidant enzymes and also the accumulation of proline. SA mediated tolerance to Mn-stressed plants could have due to up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes and proline accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New imines, derived from aromatic aldehyde, chalcones and 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol exhibited promising anti-convulsant activity which is explained through chemo-biological interactions at receptor site producing the inhibition of human Carbonic Anhydrase- II enzyme (h CA-II) through the proposed pharmacophore model at molecular levels as basis for pharmacological activity. The compounds 5-{1-(4- Chlorophenyl)-3-[4-(methoxy-phenyl)-prop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino}-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol ( 2b), 5-{[1-(4-chloro-phenyl)]-3-[4-(dimethyl-amino-phenyl)-prop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino}-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol ( 2c) and 5-{[1-(4-chloro-phenyl)]-3-[(4-amino-phenyl)-prop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino}-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol ( 2f) showed 100% activity in comparison with standard Acetazolamide, a known anti-convulsant drug. The compounds 2c, 2f also passed the Rotarod and Ethanol Potentiation tests which further confirmed them to be safe in motor coordination activity and safe from generating neurological toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alzheimer is a fast growing disease with imprecise chemical treatments. Increased oxidative stress, decrease in acetylcholine concentration, and appearance of amyloidal proteins are reported in pathology of Alzheimer. Chemical drugs are effective but on the cost of detrimental side effects. Purpose: Present research is based on Preparation, characterization, behavioral and biochemical evaluation of brain targeted Piperine solid lipid nanoparticles in an experimentally induced Alzheimer's model at a low dose of 2 mg/kg. Methods: Piperine solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by Emulsification-Solvent Diffusion technique with polysorbate-80 coating to impart Brain specific targeting. Experimental Ibotenic acid induced Alzheimer's, Force swimming test, superoxide dismutase, acetylcholenesterase enzymatic assays and also Histopathology of brain cortex was conducted to evaluate the Piperine therapeutic effects in Alzheimer's Disease. Results: Piperine in solid lipid nanoformulation (2 mg/kg equivalent) reduced the SOD values by 504 ± 44.24 m units, p < 0.05, increased the acetylcholenesterase values by 29.24 ± 4.29 µg/mg, p < 0.01 and reduced immobility to 41.36 ± 3.53 s, p < 0.001 and has shown superior results than Donepezil (5 mg/kg). Histopathology studies revealed the reduced plaques and tangles. Conclusions: P-80-PIP-SLN has shown therapeutic effects in Alzheimer via reducing the oxidative stress and reducing the cholinergic degradation at 2 mg/kg dose equivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to establish relationship between boron induced oxidative stress and antioxidant system in Vigna radiata plants and also to investigate whether brassinosteroids will enhance the level of antioxidant system that could confer tolerance to the plants from the boron induced oxidative stress. The mung bean (V. radiata cv. T-44) plants were administered with 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0mM boron at 6d stage for 7d along with nutrient solution. At 13d stage, the seedlings were sprayed with deionized water (control) or 10−8 M of 28-homobrassinolide and plants were harvested at 21d stage to assess growth, leaf gas-exchange traits and biochemical parameters. The boron treatments diminished growth, water relations and photosynthetic attributes along with nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activity in the concentration dependent manner whereas, it enhanced lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, accumulation of H2O2 as well as proline, and various antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of mung bean which were more pronounced at higher concentrations of boron. However, the follow-up application of 28-homobrassinolide to the boron stressed plants improved growth, water relations and photosynthesis and further enhanced the various antioxidant enzymes viz. catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and content of proline. The elevated level of antioxidant enzymes as well as proline could have conferred tolerance to the B-stressed plants resulting in improved growth, water relations and photosynthetic attributes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A number of new imine derivatives of 5-amino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-2-thiol have been synthesized, and their anti-depressant activity was tested using imipramine as reference drug. Two compounds namely 5-{[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)prop-2-en-1-ylidene]-amino}-5-benzylthio-1, 3,4 -thiadiazole 4i(b) and 5-{[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-dimethyl-aminophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino}-5-benzylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole 4i(c) have shown significant anti-depressant activity, which decreased immobility time by 77.99% and 76.26% compared to the standard imipramine (82%). All the compounds in the series have passed neurotoxicity tests. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Seeds of Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss.) were exposed to 0, 50, 100 and 150 mmol/L NaCl for 8 h and seeds were sown in an earthen pot. These stressed seedlings were subsequently sprayed with 10 μmol/L salicylic acid (SA) at 30 d and were sampled at 60 d to assess the changes in growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes. The seedlings raised from the seeds treated with NaCl had significantly reduced growth and the activities of carbonic anhydrase, nitrate reductase and photosynthesis, and the decrease was proportional to the increase in NaCl concentration. However, the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and proline content was enhanced in response to NaCl and/or SA treatment, where their interaction had an additive effect. Moreover, the toxic effects generated by the lower concentration of NaCl (50 mmol/L) were completely overcome by the application of SA. It was, therefore, concluded that SA ameliorated the stress generated by NaCl through the alleviated antioxidant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strict environmental concerns, depleting natural recourses, and rising demand for building construction materials have promoted scientific research toward alternative building materials. This research supports the idea of sustainability and a circular economy via the utilization of waste to produce value-added products. The research explored the potential of waste plastics and silica sand for developing thermoplastic composite as floor tiles. The samples were characterized by water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, and sliding wear. The morphological analysis of the sand-plastic interfaces was covered under the umbrella of this study. The maximum compressive and flexural strength were found to be 46.20 N/mm2 and 6.24 N/mm2, respectively, with the minimum water absorption and sliding wear rate of 0.039% and 0.143 × 10–8 kg/m, respectively. The study suggests the workability of the developed floor tiles in non-traffic areas of public places. Thus, the study provides a green building material through recycling waste plastics for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Didymocarpous pedicellata is an endangered important medicinal plant and it is one the major ingredient of several lithotriptic formulation of Indian system of medicine • Didymocarpous pedicellata leaves (DPL) 300 mg/kg effetctive in reducing renal injury and removal of calcium oxalate crystals from kidney against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis. • Serum and urine markers within the range after DPL 300 mg/kg treatment in this study Didymocarpous pedicellata R.Br. (Gesneriaceae), also known as stone flower, is a valuable medicinal plant growing in the subtropical Himalayas (India). It is traditionally used for treating kidney and bladder stones and is the main ingredient of herbal formulations used to treat kidney stones, such as Cystone and Safoof-e-Pathr Phori (SPP). The present study explored the antiurolithiatic effect of Didymocarpous pedicellata leaves (DPL) in urolithiasis caused by ethylene glycol in Wistar male rats. The EG-induced urolithiasis group exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.001) serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, tissue lipid peroxidation, and urinary calcium levels, and significantly lower (P < 0.001) urinary potassium and sodium levels than the standard control group. DPL treatment (200 and 300 mg/kg) exhibited significantly (P < 0.001) lower urine and serum markers than toxicant rats. The histological investigation demonstrated refractile crystals and extensive damage to proximal tubules causing dilation in EG-induced urolithiasis rats. However, Didymocarpous pedicellata treatment of 300 mg/kg exhibited the absence of crystals and reduced kidney tissue damage, thus protecting against urolithiasis and nephrotoxicity. Therefore, DPL (300 mg/kg) is useful in the management of urolithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to traditional physical and chemical approaches, nanobiotechnology and plant-based green synthesis procedures offer significant advantages, as well as having a greater range of medical and biotechnological applications. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) have recently been recognized as a promising option for many industries, including optics, electrics, packaged foods, and medicine, due to their biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and cost-effectiveness. Several studies have shown that zinc ions are important in triggering cell apoptosis by promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and releasing zinc ions (Zn2+), which are toxic to cells. The toxic nature of the chemicals used in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles limits their clinical utility. An overview of recent developments in green ZnO NP synthesis is presented in this review, emphasizing plant parts as reducing agents and their medical applications, including their antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as key mechanisms of action for these applications to facilitate further research on the biomedical fields in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schematic illustration of step-by-step synthetic procedure for photocatalyst Pd@Cu/MoS 2 nanostructures and its application for synthesis of disulfides by S S Coupling. • A multifunctional core-shell Pd@Cu/MoS 2 nanostructure was fabricated. • The synergistic effect of Pd@Cu and MoS 2 enhanced the photocatalytic activity. • A high photocatalytic activity, good recyclability, and stability were achieved. Visible light harvesting materials are considered promising cost-effective heterogenous catalysts for organic synthesis. A novel and efficient synthesis of multifunctional core-shell Pd@Cu/MoS 2 nanostructures is utilized for synthesis of disulfides by S S Coupling. The Pd@Cu core-shell was obtained by one-pot hydrothermal synthesis, and a simple method was used to load it onto the MoS 2. The as-prepared materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The Pd@Cu/MoS 2 nanostructures revealed excellent photocatalytic activity, reusability, and stability towards the oxidative coupling of mercaptans to disulfanes. The outstanding photocatalytic activity of Pd@Cu/MoS 2 will enhance interest in the field of multifunctional core-shell nanomaterials as photocatalysts for a wide variety of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose is recognized as signaling molecule that regulates growth and development of plants under various environmental cues, but their effect in regulation of copper induced toxicity in plants is not yet investigated. This study revealed the effect of exogenously sourced glucose on Cucumber plants exposed to increasing concentration of copper. Glucose mediated response on growth performance, photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers, ion uptake were analyzed in the presence and absence of copper. Glucose alone and in combination with lower concentration of copper improved the growth, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidant capacity of cucumber plants. However, higher concentrations of copper alone showed oxidative damage through increased electrolyte leakage, H 2 O 2 accumulation, lipid peroxidation and reduced uptake of macronutrients. Application of glucose to copper-stressed plants enhanced activities of Rubisco, antioxidant enzymes, proline accumulation and maintained copper level in aerial parts of plants. These enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes, proline accumulation, uptake of NPK and maintained equilibrium of copper in plants, leading to detoxification of copper stress in cucumber plants. This study provides an understanding that exogenous application of glucose can be employed as vital biochemical approach in alleviating copper-induced toxicity and could be utilized as phytoremediation technique for removal of excess transition metal from polluted soil. [Display omitted] • Lower concentration of Cu improved growth and photosynthetic efficiency whereas, higher concentration induced toxicity. • Cu toxicity imbalances the ROS and antioxidant system with increased lipid peroxidation, and H 2 O 2 content. • Glucose act as signaling molecule that improved growth, water relation and photosynthetic efficiency. • Glucose treatment to the Cu-stressed plants recovered the damage through enhanced antioxidant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recent trends in dry reforming of methane (DRM) using Ni-based catalysts. • Morphology of support plays a key role in the performance and stability of the catalyst. • Complex (bi-and tri-metallic) Ni-based catalysts showed enhanced performance for DRM. • Dendritic fibrous nanocatalysts (DFN) can be a potential substitute for conventional catalysts. • DFT modeling of complex catalysts before the synthesis can be considered in future work. The emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), e.g. CO 2 and CH 4 into the atmosphere leads to an undesirable effect on climate change. One viable solution is to convert these two GHGs into valuable syngas via catalytic dry reforming of methane (DRM). Due to low-cost, feasibility, good catalytic activity, Ni-based catalysts have been used and tested extensively for DRM. However, the main limitation is the catalyst deactivation which occurs due to carbon formation and sintering of catalyst at high temperatures. This review aimed to provide up-to-date summary on the DRM process, including aspects of composite (bimetallic and trimetallic) catalysts and also the influence of doping metal on the catalysts. Furthermore, the metal support studies with the reaction mechanisms and kinetic studies, the latest catalyst configuration and their preparation methods have been highlighted. Therefore, the impending research focuses on composite catalysts and its density functional theory modelling for DRM to design an ideal catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]