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Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) poses a significant threat to tomato production. Effective and accurate detection is critical for limiting the introduction and spread of ToBRFV. In this study, the impact of tomato planting patterns, growth stages, and cultivar variability on ToBRFV levels in tomatoes from distinct greenhouses and open fields were comprehensively analyzed. The results indicated that ToBRFV is detectable in asymptomatic tissues, regardless of artificial agroinoculation or natural infection. Additionally, higher viral levels were observed in newly emerging leaves and in fruits and sepals compared to old leaves. For tomato fruits infected with ToBRFV, the viral level in the mesocarp is higher than in the other interior parts, and no correlation was found between viral levels and the color of fruit lesions. Based on these results, it is recommended that new leaves and sepals should be given priority for testing of ToBRFV from tomato seedlings to the color turning stage, and that fruits and sepals are suggested to be collected at the full ripeness stage of tomato plants. This study underscores the importance of regular detection and optimal sampling beyond symptom observation in the surveillance of ToBRFV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic flow prediction based on vehicle trajectories is a crucial aspect of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Deep learning approaches have recently been widely adopted to capture spatio-temporal correlations in traffic conditions, and have achieved superior performance compared to traditional methods. However, most existing studies focus on traffic prediction at a single spatial scale, usually corresponding to the road-segment level. According to the Hierarchy Theory, processes at different scales form a hierarchy of organization, and meaningful patterns may emerge at multiple levels of details. Presetting traffic data at an inappropriate scale can cause misunderstanding in features learning. In this paper, we propose a graph learning model called MST-GNN, which captures the comprehensive behaviors and dynamics of traffic patterns by fusing multi-scale features from both space and time perspectives. In ITS applications, users usually consider traffic conditions at the larger-scale regional level, and a prediction model must attend to multi-scale application requirements. Moreover, the structure of multiple granularities in time series can fully unleash the potential of different temporal scales in learning dynamic traffic pattern features. We inject the multi-scale spatio-temporal structure into a graph neural architecture with a tailored fusion module. Our model achieves state-of-the-art accuracy prediction results on two traffic benchmark datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aleutian mink disease, mink viral enteritis and canine distemper are known as the three most serious diseases that cause great economic loss in the mink industry. In clinical practice, aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV), mink enteritis virus (MEV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) are common mixed infections, and they have similar clinical clinical signs, such as diarrhoea. Therefore, a rapid and accurate differential diagnosis method for use on mink ranches is essential for the control of these three pathogens. Here, we developed multiplex one-step real-time quantitative PCR (RT‒qPCR) assays for the simultaneous detection and quantification of AMDV, MEV and CDV by using three primers and probes based on the conserved NS1, VP2 and N genes, respectively. Results: The results showed that the established method can not cross-react with other mink pathogens, with a detection sensitivity of 25 copies/µL and a coefficient of variation less than 3.51%. Moreover, the interference experiment showed that the presence of AMDV, MEV and CDV templates at different concentrations would not interfere with the detection results. Furthermore, two hundred clinical samples of mink with diarrhoea were simultaneously analysed using multiplex RT‒qPCR and single RT‒qPCR, the Kappa values were all greater than 0.921, indicating that there was a high degree of coincidence between the two detection methods. Conclusions: In conclusion, multiplex RT‒qPCR exhibited high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility, indicating that this method can be used as a reliable and specific tool for the differential detection and quantification of AMDV, MEV and CDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLarge Language Models (LLMs) excel in natural language-relevant tasks like text generation and question answering Q&A. To further expand their application, efforts focus on enabling LLMs to utilize real-world tools. However, their tool-use ability in professional GIS remains under explored due to two main challenges. Firstly, LLMs are usually trained on general-domain corpora, lacking sufficient and comprehensive GIS-specific data to align with professional knowledge, including understanding the functions of GIS tools. Secondly, researchers often need to combine multiple GIS tools to solve geospatial tasks. To address these challenges, we propose a trainable method to enable LLMs to master GIS tools. We curated a comprehensive set of resources: instruction-response data (GeoTool, 1950 instructions) to enhance the understanding of LLMs for GIS tools, instruction-solution data (GeoSolution, 3645 instructions) to improve their ability to generate tool-use solutions for geospatial tasks, and annotated instruction-solution evaluation data (GeoTask, 300 instructions) for evaluating LLMs’ GIS tool-use proficiency. Using the collected training data (GeoTool and GeoSolution), we fine-tuned a professional-domain LLM called GeoTool-GPT based on an open-source general-domain LLM, the LLaMA-2-7b model. The experiment based on evaluation data validates our method’s effectiveness in enhancing the tool-use ability of general-domain LLMs in the professional GIS domain, with the performance of our model closely approaching that of GPT-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging tobamovirus that has become a great concern to tomato production industry. Due to the lack of resistant cultivars, precise detection of ToBRFV is essential to prevent the spread of ToBRFV. In this study, we produced highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibodies against ToBRFV and established dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) and colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip (CGICS)-based methods for ToBRFV detection. These two methods could specifically detect ToBRFV without cross-reaction with seven tested tobamoviruses and three frequently occurring tomato-infecting viruses. Sensitivity analysis showed that the limit of detection of the established dot-ELISA and CGICS methods reached up to 1:6400 and 1:10,000 (w/v, g/mL) dilution of ToBRFV-infected tomato tissue, respectively. Further analyses using field-collected tomato foliar and fruit samples showed that the results obtained by dot-ELISA and CGICS were consistent with those obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The established methods here allow for specific, sensitive, and robust detection of ToBRFV, and will be helpful for precise monitoring and early warning of ToBRFV. • Highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibodies against ToBRFV were produced. • Monoclonal antibody-based dot-ELISA and immunostrip have been developed for rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of ToBRFV. • The developed methods do not cross react with the tested seven tobamoviruses and other three tomato-infecting viruses. • The methods are feasible in detecting both foliar and fruit tomato samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inverter dead time effect is non-negligible for the control performance of sensorless synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) drives at low speeds. In this paper, a reduced-order observer-based sensorless control method for SynRM drives combined with the adaptive linear neurons (ADALINE)-based dead-time compensation is proposed. The reduced-order observer-based sensorless control method is presented, for which is parameter tuning is easy. On this basis, the dead-time compensation strategy using ADALINE filters is proposed to reduce the voltage harmonics effect on the estimation performance of the reduced-order observer. With ADALINE filters, the sixth current harmonic can be successfully filtered out by compensating the voltage directly or fitting the current to compensate the voltage. In this way, the low-speed estimation performance of the reduced-order observer is improved. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on a 3 kW SynRM experimental platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion battery cathode material LiFePO4particles were synthesized by sol-gel method. The impact of pH value on morphology and electrochemical performance of LiFePO4particles have been investigated. Results show that as pH value increased, the particle sizes of LiFePO4are reduced, and its particle sizes distribution are narrowed. The LiFePO4particles synthesized with a high pH value contains hierarchically organized pores, yielding a high discharge capacity of 129.02 mAh/g at 0.2 C and a stable capacity retention of 91.71% until 20 electrochemical cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Lithium-ion batteries are now considered to be the technology of choice for future hybrid electric and full electric vehicles to address global warming. One of the challenges for improving the performance of lithium ion batteries to meet increasingly demanding requirements for energy storage is the development of suitable cathode materials. The recent advancement of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxides are investigated as advanced positive cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. This review aims at providing the reader with an understanding of the critical scientific challenges facing the development of LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 materials, the latest developments in crystal structure, synthesis methods, and structure designs to unravel the mechanisms of charge and mass transport processes associated with battery performance, and the outlook for future-generation batteries that exploit gradient structures materials for significantly improved performance to meet the ever-increasing demands of emerging technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, large, thick, and complex tissue vascularization is one of the research focuses of tissue engineering. Numerous studies have proven that microvascular systems can be developed by cultivating endothelial cells in a hydrogel/scaffold structure. As the sources of adult endothelial cells are very limited and very easily degraded, it is better to induce stem cells into endothelial cells. In this article, a grid poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) structure with defined internal channels was fabricated using a low-temperature deposition manufacturing technique under computer direction. In a fibrinogen mixture, an aqueous adipose-derived stem cell fibrinogen mixture was incorporated into the internal walls of the poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold and stabilized with thrombin solution. After several days of in vitro culture, the adipose-derived stem cells immobilized in the fibrin hydrogel were induced into endothelial-like cells with endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Morphological and biological properties of the composite cell/fibrin–poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) construct were characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most pronounced neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc), which depletes striatal DA. Hypothalamic oxytocin is found to be reduced in PD patients and closely interacts with the DA system, but the role of oxytocin in PD remains unclear. Here, the disturbances of endogenous oxytocin level and the substantia nigra (SN) oxytocin receptor expression in the 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced PD mouse model is observed, correlated with the striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression reduction. Killing/silencing hypothalamic oxytocin neurons aggravates the vulnerability of nigrostriatal DA signal to MPTP, whereas elevating oxytocin level by intranasal delivery or microinjecting into the SN promotes the resistance. In addition, knocking out SN oxytocin receptors induces the time‐dependent reductions of SNc DA neurons, striatal TH expression, and striatal DA level by increasing neuronal excitotoxicity. These results further uncover that oxytocin dampens the excitatory synaptic inputs onto DA neurons via activating oxytocin receptor‐expressed SN GABA neurons, which target GABA(B) receptors expressed in SNc DA neuron‐projecting glutamatergic axons, to reduce excitotoxicity. Thus, besides the well‐known prosocial effect, oxytocin acts as a key endogenous factor in protecting the nigrostriatal DA system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Li3V2 (PO4)3 nanobelts, which was confirmed by the peaks of X-ray diffraction, were prepared by a facile and environmentally friendly electrospinning method. A distinct nanobelt structure, with an average width of 2.5 µm and a thickness of 200 nm, is observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the specific surface area of 140.8 m2/g is estimated by a specific surface area analyzer. Moreover, the unique Li3V2(PO4)3 nanobelts exhibited a specific discharge capacity of 155.6 mAh/g at 0.2 C rate when they were used as cathode material in lithium-ion batteries, on testing from 3.0 to 4.8 V. Remarkably, the batteries containing Li3V2(PO4)3 nanobelts displayed excellent cycling performance, with only a 0.02% fading rate per cycle after 50 cycles in the range 30-4.3 V. These outstanding electrochemical performances could be ascribed to the particular morphology, large surface area, homogeneous particle size distribution, and the one-dimensional microstructure of Li3V2(PO4)3 nanobelts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) is a widely-used MEMS device which can be used as a filter, or as a gravimetric sensor for biochemical or physical sensing. Current device architectures require the use of an acoustic mirror or a freestanding membrane and are fabricated as discrete components. A new architecture is demonstrated which permits fabrication and integration of FBARs on arbitrary substrates. Wave confinement is achieved by fabricating the resonator on a polyimide support layer. Results show when the polymer thickness is greater than a critical value, d, the FBARs have similar performance to devices using alternative architectures. For ZnO FBARs operating at 1.3-2.2 GHz, d is ~9 μm, and the devices have a Q-factor of 470, comparable to 493 for the membrane architecture devices. The polymer support makes the resonators insensitive to the underlying substrate. Yields over 95% have been achieved on roughened silicon, copper and glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review: 76 refs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemically defined media (CDM) can eliminate or lessen the interference that occurs in complex culture media (CCM) caused by the undefined substrate pools, and various CDM have been designed and employed for investigating microbial physiology and multiomics. Herein, using the measured amount of total amino acids in CCM and combined with the in vivo and in vitro amino acid content of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis YF11, new enriched CDM were designed and then optimized using a statistical design-of-experiment method coupling with fed-batch fermentation to eliminate or lessen the influence of hyperosmotic pressure. Cell volume was introduced as a target index to assess the performance of CDM, and average osmotic pressure (AOP) was employed to describe the osmotic pressure of CDM. The AOP was significantly decreased from 610 mOsm/kg·H2O in the initial CDM (I-CDM) to 360 mOsm/kg·H2O in fed-batch CDM (F-CDM), and the cell volume was increased from 0.142 ± 0.004 μm3 in I-CDM to 0.198 ± 0.008 μm3 in F-CDM, which was close to 0.206 ± 0.005 μm3 found in CCM, indicating that the strategy of designing and improving CDM followed by a statistical design-of-experiment coupling with fed-batch cultivation presented a promising pathway for extensive utilization of CDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High salt is a major environmental factor that threatens plant growth and development. Increasing evidence indicates that histone acetylation is involved in plant responses to various abiotic stress; however, the underlying epigenetic regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we revealed that the histone deacetylase OsHDA706 epigenetically regulates the expression of salt stress response genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.). OsHDA706 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm and OsHDA706 expression is significantly induced under salt stress. Moreover, oshda706 mutants showed a higher sensitivity to salt stress than the wild‐type. In vivo and in vitro enzymatic activity assays demonstrated that OsHDA706 specifically regulates the deacetylation of lysines 5 and 8 on histone H4 (H4K5 and H4K8). By combining chromatin immunoprecipitation and mRNA sequencing, we identified the clade A protein phosphatase 2 C gene, OsPP2C49, which is involved in the salt response as a direct target of H4K5 and H4K8 acetylation. We found that the expression of OsPP2C49 is induced in the oshda706 mutant under salt stress. Furthermore, the knockout of OsPP2C49 enhances plant tolerance to salt stress, while its overexpression has the opposite effect. Taken together, our results indicate that OsHDA706, a histone H4 deacetylase, participates in the salt stress response by regulating the expression of OsPP2C49 via H4K5 and H4K8 deacetylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing highly active and cost-effective catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is crucial to accelerate the scale-up of hydrogen production. However, their potentials in widespread use have been locked owing to the sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, we present a unique three-dimensional heterostructure, in which the self-supported Ni 3 S 2 nanorods are wrapped by ultrathin nickel-iron layered double hydroxide nanosheets on nickel foam (Ni 3 S 2 @NiFe-LDH/NF). Benefiting from the uniform core-shell architecture and the modulated electronic structure, Ni 3 S 2 @NiFe-LDH/NF demonstrates superior activities for both OER and UOR. The electrode manifests an ultralow overpotential of 300 mV is required for OER to attain 100 mA cm−2 and operates stably for 200 h at 100 mA cm−2. Impressively, the UOR and overall water-urea electrolysis solely require 1.38 V vs. RHE and 1.43 V to supply 100 mA cm−2, greatly reducing the overall energy consumption in 1.0 M KOH with a 0.33 M urea. The in-situ Raman characterization results show that Ni 3 S 2 @NiFe-LDH undergoes surface reconstruction into crystalline γ-Ni(Fe)OOH during OER, while it transforms into amorphous a -Ni(Fe)OOH during UOR. This work demonstrates an effective interfacial engineering strategy to develop Ni-based catalysts, enabling energy-saving H 2 production by efficient OER and UOR. [Display omitted] • Facile synthesis of three-dimensional Ni 3 S 2 @NiFe-LDH core-shell heterojunction. • Ultralow overpotentials and excellent stability for OER and UOR in alkaline condition. • Low cell voltages of HER||UOR and HER||OER to achieve energy-saving hydrogen production. • Dynamic surface reconstruction responsible for distinct OER and UOR mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aneuploid refers to the gene dosage imbalance due to copy number alterations. Aneuploidy is generally harmful to the growth, development and reproduction of organisms according to the numerous research. However, it has rarely been reported on whether aneuploid have a relevant pattern of genome expression between the parental and its offspring generations. In this study, mRNA sequencing analysis was performed on rice (Oryza sativa L.) primary trisomes 11 and 12, same primary trisomes and normal individuals in their filial generation. We systematically summarized the changes in gene expression patterns that occur on cis genes and on trans genes between parental and filial generations. In T11 and T12, the ratio of cis-gene expression showed intermediate type in parents and dosage compensation in filial generations, which maybe due to more genes being downregulated. The trans genes were also affected by aneuploidy and manifested as cis-related. The strains with normal chromosomes in filial generations, there are still aneuploid-sensitive genes differentially expressed in their genomes, indicating that the effect of aneuploidy is far-reaching and could not be easily eliminated. Meanwhile, among these differentially expressed genes, genes with low-expression level were more likely to be upregulated, while genes with medium- and high-expression level were easy to be downregulated. For the different types of rice aneuploid, upregulated genes were mainly associated with genomic imbalance while downregulated genes were mainly influenced by the specific added chromosome. In conclusion, our results provide new insights into the genetic characterization and evolution of biological aneuploidy genomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydropower-wind-photovoltaic-storage complementary system can effectively facilitate the consumption of new energy, which serves as a viable approach to achieving the dual-carbon goal. Therefore, this study proposes a three-stage decision-making framework for the hydropower-wind-photovoltaic-storage complementary system capacity configuration: the first stage involves generating 8760-h scenarios of hydropower-wind-photovoltaic joint power output using Latin hypercube sampling and fuzzy C-means clustering; the second stage entails the generation of multi-objective capacity configuration Pareto schemes using the improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III and Gurobi; and the third stage involves decision-making on the schemes based on the dynamic social network-subjective and objective weight-multi-attribute decision-making method. Finally, the validity of the framework is verified and discussed based on the completed #23 hydropower plant. The results demonstrate that hydropower-wind-photovoltaic joint power output effectively mitigates long-term power fluctuations. Twenty typical scenarios are generated through scenario reduction. The improved solution algorithm achieves rapid convergence, with all 50 schemes residing on the Pareto front after three generations. The optimal capacity configuration ratio of hydropower-wind-photovoltaic-storage is 1080:470:578:207, and a more conservative capacity configuration investment strategy is more appropriate. If the #23 hydropower plant lacks a regulating reservoir, the net income from constructing an additional 210MW/2100 MW·h of pumped storage is maximized. • Latin hypercube and fuzzy C-means clustering generate joint output scenarios. • Modeling multi-objective capacity configuration for multi-energy complementary. • Improved solution method for obtaining capacity configuration Pareto schemes. • Integrated subjective and objective evaluation methods for scheme decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) SERS substrate with the denser "hotspots" is synthesized by the constriction of PDMS film decorated with sandwiched graphene@AgNPs@graphene (G@AgNPs@G) nanostructure. Graphene layers above and below the AgNPs are used to absorb molecules onto the "hotspots", and prevent the oxidation of AgNPs in our design. PDMS films can be easily shrunk for 3D structures, causing advantages in enhancement ability and light-matter interaction. Benefiting from the above advantages, a detection limit of 10−14 M (CV) and enhancement factor (EF) of 3.9 × 109 were obtained in our experiment. Theoretical analyses (FDTD) were also used to study the enhancement mechanism. For practical purposes, in-situ detection of MG molecules on the fish surface and the label-free detection of DNA base of adenine (A) and cytosine (C) were also studied. The high enhancement factor, great sensitivity, reliability, and stability of substrate reasonably proved that it can be used as an excellent SERS substrate for biomolecular detection. Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the fabrication process of corrugated G@AgNPs@G/PDMS film. (b) The SEM image of AgNPs@G/PDMS film generated by spin-coating AgNPs on PDMS film. (c) The SEM image of the corrugated G@AgNPs@G/PDMS film. (d) The close-up views of the corrugated G@AgNPs@G/PDMS film. [Display omitted] • The formation of 3D structure with high density of hot spots as shrinkage of PDMS film decorated with AgNPs. • The higher SERS enhancement effect obtained by controlling shrinkage of substrate to obtain enrichment of molecules. • Such a substrate has a high enhancement factor (EF = 3.9*109), great sensitivity, reliability, and stability. • The single-molecule SERS detection of DNA base of A and C. • The method has simple steps and can achieve reproducible large-scale fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global warming, the focus of research in grape ecology has shifted towards the role of vineyards as carbon sinks and their capacity for soil carbon sequestration. Given their economic and ecological significance, plantation vineyards play a crucial role in assessing carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. Vineyards characterized by concentrated and continuous cultivation exhibit notable CO 2 sequestration capacity, along with vital ecosystem service functions. The vineyard ecosystem effectively captured and stored substantial amounts of carbon within grapevines and soil, with soil microorganisms being pivotal for the formation, alteration, and fixation of soil organic carbon. To explore the carbon sequestration value of vineyards, this study systematically reviewed carbon flux and storage in vineyards, as well as both plant- and microbial-derived inputs of soil organic carbon. The sequestration mechanism of soil organic carbon, regulated by the soil microbial carbon pump was comprehensively examined. This included a focused exploration of the processes governing the formation and accumulation of soil microbial organic carbon, and the contribution of soil microbial necromass carbon to soil organic carbon. Additionally, the protective mechanisms of the mineral, aggregate, and biological sequestration of soil organic carbon were elucidated. This study provides a theoretical reference for advancing our understanding of soil organic carbon sequestration in vineyard ecosystems. Furthermore, this study offers insights into potential avenues for future research and practical applications in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Layered silver nanoflowers/graphene nanohybrids is fabricated by a rapid electrodeposition and transfer method. • The abundant "hotspots" area in layered structures leads to high sensitivity and stability in Raman detection. • The flexible substrate based on layered silver/graphene can be used for in-situ and biology molecules detection. Three-dimensional layered silver nanoflowers/graphene (AgNFs/Graphene) nanohybrids were firstly proposed and fabricated for the sensitive flexible biosensors. Flexible bio-friendly graphene films, which are beneficial for the Ag adatom absorption, can be used not only as the growth platform to form the AgNFs nanostructures, but also as the nano-spacer to form the layered AgNFs/Graphene nanohybrids. The growth mechanism and the horizon-vertical (H-V) coupling effects of the porous AgNFs/Graphene layers were studied by using VASP and COMSOL simulation. Electromagnetic intensity can be easily enhanced by the horizontal coupling on the AgNFs nanostructures surfaces and the vertical coupling on the layered AgNFs/Graphene nanohybrids. Rhodamine 6 G (R6 G), CV, lysozyme, and DNA molecules can be easily detected by our proposed flexible biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]