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BACKGROUND Fresh shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) deteriorates easily and the drying process is an important processing method for prolonging the shelf life of shrimp. The traditional drying method is hot‐air‐drying (HD), which can cause some problems such as nutrient loss, discoloration and lipid oxidation. In recent years, freeze‐drying (FD) has been popular for removing moisture from food at lower temperatures, maintaining the structure of raw materials, and improving storage stability of products. In the present study, the effects of HD and FD on lipid and color of P. vannamei and the mechanisms involved were investigated. RESULTS: FD caused less lipid oxidation compared to HD; consequently, FD‐processed shrimps had lower levels of primary and secondary oxidation products, as well as acid value, and higher contents of triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid compared to HD‐processed samples. Lipase and lipoxygenase played a role in the oxidation and hydrolysis of lipids during drying process. FD‐processed shrimps had lower yellowness value and chromatic aberrations but a higher whiteness value compared to HD‐processed samples. Correlation analysis showed that lipid oxidation, astaxanthin degradation and the Maillard reaction contributed to the changes of color. Principal component analysis indicated that FD caused less deterioration in quality compared to HD. CONCLUSION: In the present study, FD is recommended for preserving shrimp color and lipid nutrition in terms of lipid oxidation control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matrix metalloprotease (MMP) is the key endogenous protease that boosts the autolysis of sea cucumber, while its action and mechanism in vivo are still unclear. MMP inhibitor (1,10‐phenanthroline) was injected into coelomic cavity of sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) and its effects on autolysis and mechanism of action were investigated for the first time by using scanning electron microscopy, multi‐functional in vivo imaging system, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In response to external stimuli, the level of Ca2+ in live sea cucumber dermis increased, which may activate MMP activity. MMP inhibitor could diffuse from coelomic cavity into body wall and significantly prevented the activation of MMP by chelating Ca2+, and thus, retarded the autolysis of fresh sea cucumber by preventing degradation of interfibrillar proteoglycan bridges between adjacent collagen fibrils. This work provides information toward understanding the mechanism behind the sea cucumber autolysis and demonstrate a potential approach to prevent the autolysis. Practical applications: Autolysis occurs in sea cucumber in response to external stimulation. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) has been found to be the key endogenous protease that boosts the autolysis of sea cucumber body wall (SCBW). However, the role of MMP in the autolysis of SCBW in vivo and the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, MMP inhibitor (1,10‐phenanthroline) was injected into the body cavity of live sea cucumber, and its effects on in situ changes in SCBW were studied. Our results indicated that the activity of endogenous MMP in live SCBW was activated in response to external stimulation, which may be responsible for the autolysis. After injection into coelomic cavity, MMP inhibitor could diffuse into SCBW and significantly reduced the progress of typical morphological and microstructural changes of autolytic sea cucumber. Through chelating Ca2+, the MMP inhibitor could prevent the activation of MMP, and thus reduced the autolysis of fresh sea cucumber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Shelf lives of dried scallop were predicted by Arrhenius model. • Natural phenolics extended over 1.7-fold shelf life of dried scallop. • Natural phenolics extended >2.1-fold oxidative induction period of dried scallop. • Antioxidants broke propagation and/or inhibited formation of free radicals. • Loss of PUFA reduced from 27.37% (control) to <12% (with natural phenolics). Effects of natural phenolics on the shelf life of dried scallop adductor muscle predicted by accelerated shelf life testing (ALST) combined with Arrhenius model were investigated. This allows the food industries to reliably and rapidly determine the shelf life of dried shellfish species treated with antioxidants. The shelf life of dried scallop adductor muscle treated with antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB) and tea polyphenols (TP) was more than 1.70-fold that of dried control scallop adductor muscle. Thus, the highly nutritional value of dried scallop adductor muscle, based on its lipid constituents, is maintained during storage. OXITEST method further confirmed the improvement of lipid stability of antioxidant treated dried scallop adductor muscle by protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, against autoxidation. Moreover, the natural phenolics employed effectively limited lipid oxidation by breaking the autoxidative chain reaction and/or inhibiting free radical formation in dried scallop adductor muscle during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Distribution of antioxidants were proved by an in vivo imaging system. • Antioxidants retarded the lipid oxidation but no effect on the lipid hydrolysis. • The in situ antioxidant mechanisms of antioxidants were revealed for the first time. • Polyunsaturated fatty acids just decreased by <8% (with antioxidants) after drying. Abstract Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation occurred in Argopecten irradians adductor muscle during hot air drying. Using an in vivo imaging system, we found that antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB) could diffuse into the adductor muscle upon marinating. Both tea polyphenols (TP) and AOB efficiently retarded lipid oxidation but had a slight effect on lipid hydrolysis during drying process. The in situ antioxidant mechanisms of AOB as well as TP were revealed, including quenching of free radicals detected by electron spin resonance, chelating metal ions determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy and inhibiting lipoxygenase. Less than 8% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in AOB and TP marinated adductor muscle were decreased compared to more than 28% decrease in control adductor muscle during the drying process. Overall, these natural antioxidants, TP and AOB, efficiently maintained high nutritive value of adductor muscle, especially, their lipid quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Mussels are rich in phospholipids and n-3 LC-PUFA. • Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation occur during cold storage. • Significant reduction in PL and PL containing EPA and DHA occur. • Lipolytic enzymes and lipoxygenase contribute to changes in lipids. Abstract Change in quality of mussels (Mytilus edulis) meat when stored at 4 °C was evaluated by determining volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), total oxidation (TOTOX), lipid class, fatty acid (FA), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylcholine (PE) content, and glycerophospholipid (GP) molecular species. After 4 days of storage, the percentages of triacylglycerol and polar lipid as well as the contents of PC, PE and major GP molecular species significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the percentages of free FA and monoacylglycerol significantly increased (P < 0.05), indicating the hydrolysis of lipids. The increase in activities of phospholipase and lipase during storage suggests that they may contribute to the hydrolysis of lipids. The cold storage also resulted in significantly increased POV, TBARS and TOTOX as well as lipoxygenase activity (P < 0.05) but slightly decreased percentage of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), indicating the occurrence of lipid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clam Ruditapes philippinarum was processed by hot‐air drying and the changes of its lipids were evaluated by analyzing lipid classes, phospholipid classes, fatty acids, as well as oxidation parameters including peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) value, total oxidation value (TOTOX), and oxidation test (OXITEST). The hot‐air drying process reduced the contents of triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, indicating the hydrolysis of lipids. Meanwhile, the hot‐air drying process significantly decreased the proportion of n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and consequently increased the PUFA ratio of n‐3/n‐6. Interestingly, the POV, TBARS and TOTOX decreased after the hot‐air drying process. However, significant decline of the induction period for the dried clam tissue at elevated temperatures indicated their higher oxidation level, poor oxidative stability and reduction of shelf‐life. Therefore, OXITEST method turned out to be an effective tool for estimating the level of lipid oxidation for hot‐air dried clam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whelk has been exploited commercially as a delicacy for a long time. Although previous studies have suggested that whelk might serve as a potential rich source of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) enriched phospholipid (PL), the molecular species profile of the PL have not been reported yet. In this study, more than 220 molecular species of glycerophospholipid (GP) belonging to eight classes including glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, glycerophosphoserine, glycerophosphoinositol, lysoglycerophosphocholine, lysoglycerophosphoethanolamine, lysoglycerophosphoserine and lysoglycerophosphoinositol in three species of edible whelks ( Buccinium yokomaruae , Neptunea arthritica cumingi Cosse and Volutharpa ampullaceal ) were identified for the first time by using direct infusion tandem mass spectrometric method. Most of the predominant GP molecular species contained n-3 LC-PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Meanwhile, the whelk lipids contained a high proportion of PL (32.92–55.55% of total lipids) and PUFA (30.45–41.42% of total FA). Among PL, phosphatidylcholine (44.18–65.49 mol%) was dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krill oils (KOs) were extracted from Antarctic krill using ethanol, hexane, or their mixture (1:2, v/v) with yields of 21.32%, 8.50%, and 18.75%, respectively. The total nitrogen content of the aforementioned oils was 2.76%, 1.06%, and 1.87%, respectively, indicating the presence of lipoprotein. All KOs contained a high proportion of phospholipid (PL) (30.20-64.82% of total lipids) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (30.00-34.94% of total FAs). Among PL, phosphatidylcholine was dominant (89.81-90.60 mol %). In contrast, KO extracted with the mixed solvent had the highest amount of glycerophosphocholine species containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea urchin gonad has been regarded as a “healthy” food. Although previous studies have suggested that sea urchin gonad might serve as a potential rich source of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) enriched phospholipid (PL), the molecular species profile of its PL has rarely been reported. In this study, about 200 molecular species of glycerophospholipid (GP), including glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, glycerophosphoserine, glycerophosphoinositol, lysoglycerophosphocholine and lysoglycerophosphoethanolamine, in gonads from three species of sea urchin ( Glyptocidaris crenularis , Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Strongylocentrotus nudus ) were characterized using tandem mass spectrometry. Most of the predominant GP molecular species contained PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Meanwhile, the sea urchin lipids contained a high proportion of PL (39.45–50.30% of total lipids) and PUFA (34.47–46.56% of total FA). Among PL, phosphatidylcholine (67.88–72.58 mol%) was dominant. Considering the high level of PUFA enriched GP, sea urchin gonads provide great potential as health-promoting food for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autolysis of sea cucumber body wall is caused by endogenous proteolysis of its structural elements. However, changes in collagen fibrils, collagen fibres and microfibrils, the major structural elements in sea cucumber body wall during autolysis are less clear. Autolysis of sea cucumber ( S. japonicus ) was induced by cutting the body wall, and the structural and biochemical changes in its dermis were investigated using electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, electrophoresis, and chemical analysis. During autolysis, both collagen fibres and microfibrils gradually degraded. In contrast, damage to microfibrils was more pronounced. Upon massive autolysis, collagen fibres disaggregated into collagen fibril bundles and individual fibrils due to the fracture of interfibrillar bridges. Meanwhile, excessive unfolding of collagen fibrils occurred. However, there was only slight damage to collagen monomers. Therefore, structural damage in collagen fibres, collagen fibrils and microfibrils rather than monomeric collagen accounts for autolysis of S. japonicus dermis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phospholipid (PL)-enriched oils were recovered from six species of edible clams, namely Cyclina sinensis , Mactra chinensis Philippi , Mactra veneriformis Reeve , Meretrix meretrix , Ruditapes phliippinarum and Saxidomus purpurata, using a mixture of ethanol and hexane (1:1, v/v). The oils contained a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (26.78–45.36% of total FAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (8.17–10.48% of total FAs) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (7.83–21.34% of total FAs). The oils also contained a high percentage of PL (39.86–74.05% of total lipids). Among PL, phosphatidylcholine (37.40–52.19 mol%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (34.74–43.10 mol%) were dominant. At least 435, 442, 513, 438, 433 and 437 glycerophospholipid (GP) molecular species were characterized, respectively, in lipids from Cyclina sinensis , Mactra chinensis Philippi , Mactra veneriformis Reeve , Meretrix meretrix , Ruditapes phliippinarum and Saxidomus purpurata . Most of the predominant GP molecular species contained PUFA, mainly EPA and DHA, indicating that clam is a potential resource of PUFA enriched GP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krill oils (KOs) were prepared using different extraction methods (hexane and supercritical carbon dioxide), different materials (heat-dried krill powder, freeze-dried krill powder, and freeze-dried krill tail meat powder), and different standing times during hexane extraction. The fluoride concentrations in the KOs were positively correlated with the protein concentrations. Absorbents were employed to remove fluoride from KO. Activated clay achieved the highest fluoride removal rate (70.66%), followed by calcium oxide (14.49%), activated carbon (11.97%), calcium chloride (9.32%), activated alumina (0.94%), and chitosan (0.52%). Meanwhile, the protein removal rates of the above absorbents were positively correlated with the fluoride removal rates. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Autolysis of sea cucumber, caused by endogenous enzymes, leads to postharvest quality deterioration of sea cucumber. However, the effects of endogenous proteinases on structures of collagen fibres, the major biologically relevant substrates in the body wall of sea cucumber, are less clear. Collagen fibres were prepared from the dermis of sea cucumber ( Stichopus japonicus ), and the structural consequences of degradation of the collagen fibres caused by endogenous cysteine proteinases (ECP) from Stichopus japonicus were examined. Scanning electron microscopic images showed that ECP caused partial disaggregation of collagen fibres into collagen fibrils by disrupting interfibrillar proteoglycan bridges. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed increased structural disorder of fibrillar collagen caused by ECP. SDS-PAGE and chemical analysis indicated that ECP can liberate glycosaminoglycan, hydroxyproline and collagen fragments from collagen fibres. Thus ECP can cause disintegration of collagen fibres by degrading interfibrillar proteoglycan bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba) protein hydrolysates were produced by simulated gastrointestinal digestion (KPHSD) and alkaline proteinase hydrolysis (KPHAP), respectively. The effects of the hydrolysates on cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation were tested in murine enteroendocrine cell line STC-1. Meanwhile, the signaling mechanism by which the hydrolysates induce CCK secretion was investigated by using inhibitors of signaling proteins. Results indicated that KPHSD and KPHAP both could significantly stimulate CCK secretion and CREB activation. The stimulating effects on CCK release showed a positive correlation with the relative content of peptides with molecular weight ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 Da, indicating this component may mainly account for the ability. The inhibitors on calcium-sensing receptor, PKA, Ca2+/CaMKII, P38-MAPK, and an intracellular calcium chelator all inhibited krill protein hydrolysates-induced CCK secretion and CREB activation, indicating the involvement of the Ca2+/CaM/CaMK, cAMP/PKA and MAPK pathways in the stimulation of CCK secretion. Practical Applications Although Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba) has a large biomass and high-quality protein, its consumption by mankind, especially for its protein, is limited. In recent years, krill protein hydrolysates (KPHs) have attracted increasing attention due to their various health benefits. KPH is usually produced by using a proteolysis and centrifugation process, and the protein from muscle and internal tissue is reserved, but the cuticle is removed. The process can produce low-fluoride krill proteins (peptides) because the fluoride in krill is mainly located in the cuticle. The present study showed that KPHs produced by simulated gastrointestinal digestion and by alkaline proteinase hydrolysis were able to highly stimulate CCK secretion in intestinal endocrine STC-1 cells, indicating KPHs have potential application prospect as functional food ingredients for food intake-inhibitory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular species of glycerophosphocholine (GPCho), glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPEtn), glycerophosphoserine (GPSer), lysoglycerophosphocholine (LGPCho) and lysoglycerophosphoethanolamine (LGPEtn) from six species of edible clams were characterized by using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. At least 435, 453, 468, 443, 427 and 444 glycerophospholipid (GP) molecular species were characterized, respectively, from Cyclina sinensis , Mactra chinensis Philippi , Mactra veneriformis Reeve , Meretrix meretrix , Ruditapes philippinarum and Saxidomus purpurata . Most of the predominant GP molecular species in clam contained polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), indicating that clam is a potential resource of GP enriched PUFA. According to the amount of the major molecular species containing EPA and DHA, Cyclina sinensis was the best fit species for GPCho, Mactra veneriformis Reeve was the best fit species for GPEtn, Mactra chinensis Philippi was the best fit species for GPSer and LGPEtn, and Saxidomus purpurata was the best fit species for LGPCho. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in research on krill oil ( KO) for its health benefits. However, the action of KO in lowering blood pressure ( BP) has not been studied yet. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess the ability of long-term KO supplementation to lower systolic BP ( SBP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats ( SHRs) and Sprague Dawley ( SD) rats. RESULTS Compared with the blank control ( BC) SHRs administered edible soybean oil, the high-dose (500 mg kg−1 body weight ( BW)) KO-supplemented SHRs in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks following oral administration, the mid-dose (100 mg kg−1 BW) KO-supplemented SHRs in the 4th and 5th weeks following oral administration and the low-dose (20 mg kg−1 BW) KO-supplemented SHRs in the 5th week following oral administration showed significantly lower SBP ( P < 0.05). However, supplementation of KO had no significant effect on the SBP of healthy SD rats. Meanwhile, 5 weeks of KO administration significantly increased the serum levels of nitric oxide ( NO) and total NO synthase of SHRs ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION KO has an antihypertensive effect in SHRs that is associated with an NO-related mechanism. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to identify the glycerophosphocholine (GPCho), glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPEtn) and glycerophosphoserine (GPSer) compositions in lipids extracted from mussels using Folch, Bligh-Dyer and methyl- tert -butyl ether (MTBE) methods by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The molecular species of GPCho, GPEtn and GPSer were characterized according to the MS and MS/MS information. A semi-quantitative method using internal standard was established to compare the difference in glycerophospholipids (GP) between samples recovered with different methods. At least 212, 230 and 206 GP species were identified, respectively, from lipids recovered by Folch, Bligh-Dyer and MTBE methods. Most of the abundant GP species in mussels contained EPA and DHA. Some GP species with low content were not present in lipids recovered by the Folch and MTBE methods when compared with that recovered by the Bligh-Dyer method. However, for most GP species in lipids recovered by different methods, no quantitative differences existed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autolysis of sea cucumber ( Stichopus japonicus ) was induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and the changes of microstructures of collagenous tissues and distributions of cathepsin L were investigated using histological and histochemical techniques. Intact collagen fibers in fresh S. japonicus dermis were disaggregated into collagen fibrils after UV stimuli. Cathepsin L was identified inside the surface of vacuoles in the fresh S. japonicus dermis cells. After the UV stimuli, the membranes of vacuoles and cells were fused together, and cathepsin L was released from cells and diffused into tissues. The density of cathepsin L was positively correlated with the speed and degree of autolysis in different layers of body wall. Our results revealed that lysosomal cathepsin L was released from cells in response to UV stimuli, which contacts and degrades the extracellular substrates such as collagen fibers, and thus participates in the autolysis of S. japonicus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abalone gonad polysaccharide (AGP) −31, −32 and −33 prepared in this study had the molecular weight (MW) of 37.8, 32.2 and 27.5 kDa, respectively. They all contained mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fucose, with very similar monosaccharide profile. All the three polysaccharides could significantly increase the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) in STC-1 cells. Among them, AGP-32 showed the strongest effect. However, the low-MW fragments of AGP-32 showed significantly lower activity than AGP-32 itself. It was also found that the inhibitors on calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), protein kinase A (PKA), Ca 2+ ⁄calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) II, p38- mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and an intracellular calcium chelator all inhibited AGP-induced CCK secretion. To conclude, Ca 2+ /calmodulin (CaM)/CaMK, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/PKA and MAPK pathways are all involved in AGP-induced CCK secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abalone gonad, the major processing by-product, contains many useful components beneficial to health such as polysaccharides, proteins (peptides) and lipids. In the present study, the distribution of dry matter, protein, polysaccharide and lipid between the three centrifuged phases (sludge, aqueous and lipid phases) of the hydrolysates from abalone ( H aliotis discus hannai Ino) gonad was investigated to reveal the possibility for the simultaneous recovery of the valuable components. Before hydrolysis, the dry matter, protein and sugar distributing in insoluble sludge phase were 82.05, 89.12 and 60.65% of their total amounts. After 4 h of hydrolysis, the corresponding values were reduced to 56.28, 55.47 and 31.64% for neutral protease-hydrolyzed abalone gonad, and were reduced to 57.60, 50.82 and 36.25% for alkaline protease-hydrolyzed abalone gonad. The results indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis caused the solubilization of proteins and polysaccharides from the substrate, and the two valuable components could be recovered from the soluble matters simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A 30.9kDa proteinase was isolated from sea cucumber gut. [•] Enzyme properties suggested the proteinase was cathepsin L-like proteinase. [•] The distribution of the proteinase showed correlation with autolysis rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In order to better preserve phospholipids (PLs)‐type polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and astaxanthin (ASTA), Antarctic krill oil (AKO) undergoes only limited refining steps, which results in the presence of metal ions. This study aims to establish a metal ion removal method for AKO by using adsorbents and investigate the effects of the metal ion removal process on nutritional composition, oxidation state and colour of AKO, as well as the effects of metal oil removal of AKO on its nutrition composition, oxidation stability and colour stability upon accelerated storage. Among the three types of adsorbents including silica gel, diatomaceous earth, and attapulgite soil, the last one showed the best comprehensive removal effects. After optimising the removal conditions, attapulgite soil achieved the removal rates of 92.5%, 90.0%, and 86.4%, respectively, for iron ions, magnesium ions and calcium ions. Compared to the fresh AKO, the processed AKO had no significant differences in peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total oxidation value (TOTOX), as well as PUFA content and lipid class composition, indicating that the metal ion removal process would not cause significant lipid oxidation. Moreover, the processed AKO looks brighter and more transparent, and had higher detection values in L*, a*, and b* but lower UV‐vis absorption at 295 nm (A295) and 420 nm (A420). This indicated that the metal ion removal process improved the colour quality. After accelerated storage at 60 °C for 8 days, the processed AKO sample had significantly lower values in POV, TBARS, and TOTOX, but significant higher PUFA content than the fresh AKO group. Moreover, the processed AKO sample had the higher values of L*, a*, and b*, as well as A470 and A495, but the lower values of A295 and A420. The above results indicate that the removal of metal ions significantly improved the stabilities of oxidation and colour of AKO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the effects of operational parameters on adsorption and desorption capacity of polyhydroxylated 1,4-naphthoquinone (PHNQ) pigments on macroporous resin in static mode were evaluated. On this basis, a suitable operating condition was selected which recovered 83.96 ± 0.71 and 80.58 ± 1.48 % of PHNQ pigments from Glyptocidaris crenularis and Strongylocentrotus intermedius spines, respectively. Based on accurate molecular mass and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectral data acquired by ultra-performance liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC Q-TOFMS), spinochrome E, spinochrome D and spinochrome B were tentatively identified in the pigment extract prepared from G. crenularis. In contrast, only spinochrome B was identified in the pigment extract from S. intermedius. Between the two extracts, the one from G. crenularis showed stronger DPPH radical scavenging ability and ferrous ion chelating capacity. In our opinion, the different PHNQ compounds existing in the two extracts resulted in the difference in antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In this study, whole krill oil ( WKO) and phospholipid-type krill oil ( PKO) with different lipid composition were prepared. The effects of KO intake on plasma cholesterol and glucose levels in Wistar rats fed a high-cholesterol diet ( HCD) were investigated. Results WKO contained 37.63% triglycerides, 48.37% phospholipids, 13.54% free fatty acids and 0.66% cholesterol, whereas the corresponding values for PKO were 0.59, 69.80, 28.53 and 1.09% respectively. Meanwhile, PKO contained much more polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA, 37.76%) than WKO (28.36%). After 4 weeks of HCD consumption, plasma levels of total cholesterol ( TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C) and glucose increased significantly, but that of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C) decreased significantly. The intake of PKO and WKO for 4 weeks caused a significant reduction in body weight gain and plasma levels of TC and LDL-C in HCD-fed rats. Compared with WKO, PKO was more effective in decreasing plasma TC and LDL-C levels. Conclusion PKO showed better overall cholesterol-lowering effects than WKO, which may be due to its higher n-3 PUFA levels. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of polyhydroxylated 1,4-naphthoquinone pigment recovered from sea urchin ( Strongylocentrotus nudus) spines was observed by spectrophotometer. When pH values changed from 2.0 to 10.0, the pigment showed colour variations. Meanwhile, pH values affected the stability of the pigment. After 24 h of storage, the pigment remained 95.64%, 79.68% and 46.15% of the initial absorbance at pH 3.0, 7.0 and 10.0, respectively. The pigment was prone to degrade on exposure to light. It remained 40.11% of the initial absorbance under natural light after 14 days of storage. Whereas the corresponding value in the dark was 65.14%. Degradation rate of the pigment increased with increasing temperature. The pigment remained 90.49% of the initial absorbance at 20 °C after 24 h of storage. However, the corresponding value decreased to 66.61% at 80 °C. Additives, including antioxidant, oxidising and reducing agents, and some metal ions all affected the stability of the pigment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) muscle were hydrolysed with commercially available food-grade proteases. The resulting hydrolysates showed DPPH and hydroxyl radicals scavenging abilities, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating capacity. The antioxidant activities of hydrolysate of abalone foot muscle (HAFM) increased with increasing incubation time during the whole hydrolysis process in 180min. Whereas, the antioxidant activities of hydrolysate of scallop adductor muscle (HSAM) increased at initial stage and peaked after 25–30min of hydrolysis, and then gradually decreased thereafter. Compared with HAFM, HSAM with comparable hydrolysis time contained more free amino acids (FAA) and small-sized peptides (below 500Da), which may account for the differences in antioxidant activities versus hydrolysis time curves of the two hydrolysates. The above results indicate that limited hydrolysis of proteins can increase their antioxidant activity, whereas extensive hydrolysis can decrease it. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to establish methods to extract lipids from abalone ( Haliotis discus hannai Ino) gonad. Results showed that enzyme-assisted organic solvent extraction allowed recovering 60.00 ± 2.16% of abalone gonad lipid from the samples digested with neutral protease. In addition, a lipid yield of 82.56 ± 2.77% was achieved by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction. Thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization detection analysis indicated that lipid extracted by soxhlet method from H. discus hannai Ino gonad contained 89.05 ± 0.97% of triglycerides, 7.34 ± 0.80% of phospholipids, 1.46 ± 0.08% of cholesterol and 2.15 ± 0.09% of free fatty acids. The lipid extracted was divided into the unsaponifiable fraction (sterol) and the saponifiable fraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Results demonstrated that the compositions of sterol and fatty acid were different for samples extracted by different methods, indicating that the extraction method could influence the composition of the lipids. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Shellfish by-products, such as viscera, contain high levels of nutrient material, such as protein, fat and polysaccharides, and have certain utility value. So far, there is a lack of utilization methods for the recovery of those substances. In our lab, an enzymatic hydrolysis process has been established to recover polysaccharides and protein (peptide) simultaneously from shellfish by-product (viscera). However, the enzymatic hydrolysis process did not involve the recovery of another important nutrient content, lipid. In the present study, the lipid was extracted from H. discus hannai Ino gonad by enzyme-assisted organic solvent method and SC-CO2 method. The two methods could be combined into the established enzymatic hydrolysis process to accomplish the comprehensive utilization of shellfish viscera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus nudus) spines were dissolved in HCl–ethanol-aqueous solution. The polyhydroxylated 1,4-naphthoquinone (PHNQ) pigments were condensed and purified by using macroporous resin in static adsorption mode. PHNQ in the extract were characterised rapidly by using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to hybrid quadrupole orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOFMS). Six known compounds including spinochrome E, 2,7-dihydroxynaphthazarin, spinochrome B, spinochrome C, spinochrome A and echinochrome A, and two new compounds with molecular formula of aminopentahydroxynaphthoquinone and acetylaminotrihydroxynaphthoquinone were identified tentatively. The pigment extract was evaluated for antioxidant activity by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity assay, Fe2+ chelating assay, reducing power assay, lipid peroxidation inhibition assay and tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH)-induced macrophages protection assay. In all testing methods, the extract showed excellent activity, indicating the PHNQ from S. nudus spines are potential sources of natural antioxidants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Crude polysaccharides (CPs) were prepared from Haliotis Discus Hannai Ino gonad by protease-hydrolysis combining boiling-methanol extraction. They were purified to homogeneity by gel-filtration chromatography on Sephacryl-S 100 and Sephacryl-S 200, and semi-preparation high performance liquid chromatography (semi-RP-HPLC) equipped with a SOURCE 30Q anion exchange column. The sulphated polysaccharide obtained, named as PAGP, has an average molecular weight (MW) of 12.5kDa determined by HPLC coupled to a TSK-gel G4000PWXL column. Chemical composition analysis indicated it was composed of carbohydrate (50.7%), sulphated group (31.1%), aminohexose (7.1%), aronic acid (6.2%) and protein (2.0%). The carbohydrate part of PAGP was composed of rhamnose (Rha), fucose (Fuc), and galactose (Gal) in molar ratio of 1.0:1.6:2.3. The protein part of PAGP contained 13 kinds of amino acids. Antioxidant assays demonstrated that PAGP possessed stronger 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities than positive controls vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstracts: Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), as potential cancer chemopreventive agents, are widely distributed in Citrus genus. In this study, a selected ion monitoring–tandem mass (SIM–MS/MS) method for the rapid identification of PMFs in Fructus aurantii (F. aurantii) with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to quadrupole, hybrid orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (Q-TOFMS/MS) was proposed. The MS data for candidates, containing accurate mass and isotopic patterns for both precursors and their fragment ions, were acquired selectively. Based on the MS data, the mass spectrometric fingerprint (MSFP) for candidates, consisting of chemical formula and dissociation pattern, was determined. Comparing the MSFPs of the observed compounds with the diagnostic MSFP of the species, 44 PMFs were tentatively identified. The method was validated by tangeretin and sinensetin, two representative compounds of PMFs, and was considered to be suitable for the rapid screening of PMFs in crude and partially purified samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Off-line two-dimensional reversed-phase liquid chromatography (2D-RPLC) coupled to electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMS) was operated in positive mode (PI) to characterize polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs) in botanical sample. The fragments of [M+H−n×15]+ produced by loss of one or more methyl group from the protonated molecules, as well as [M+H−14]+, [M+H−29]+, [M+H−33]+, [M+H−43]+, [M+H−46]+ and [M+H−61]+ fragments formed the multiple MS (MS n ) “fingerprint” of PMFs. 42 target compounds were tentatively identified from the extract of Fructus aurantii (F. aurantii) based on this “fingerprint”. Experimental outcomes indicated that the application of 2D separation method can reduce the matrix suppression of analytes caused by the coelution with interferential components and the column overloading of interferential components. 42 versus 23 target compounds were detected through 2D versus 1D method, which confirm the superiority of 2D coupled to MS in elimination of matrix effects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

For the first time, a water-soluble neutral polysaccharide, APP, was obtained from abalone pleopod ( Haliotis Discus Hannai Ino) by proteolytic method with papain followed by precipitation with ethanol and purification with gel chromatography. The results of HPLC with TSK-gel column and gel filtration chromatography with Sepharose CL-6B indicated APP was uniform in polarity and its molecular weight (MW) was about 6 kDa. According to chemical methods, IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy, APP consists of 1-, 1,4-, 1,6-, 1,4,6-linked glucose and 1-, 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,4,6-linked galactose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A water-soluble polysaccharide, GPB, was obtained from leaf of Ginkgo biloba L by hot water extraction followed by precipitation with ethanol and fractionation with gel chromatography. The results of HPLC with TSK-GEL column and gel filtration chromatography with Sepharose CL-6B analysis indicated GPB was uniform in polarity and its molecular weight (MW) was about 10 kDa. The structure of GPB was analysed using chemical methods, IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. GPB has a high branched structure with polygalactose as core part of backbone. The repeating unit of polygalactose consists of 1,6-linked Galactose (Gal) and 1,3,6-linked Gal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A LC with full scan MS n method was developed in order to investigate the in vivo absorption and biotransformation of polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) by analysis of plasma samples from rats after ingestion of Fructus aurantii extract. Four parent compounds and six metabolites with intact flavonoid structures were tentatively identified. The metabolites were either glucuronides of parent compounds or glucuronides of demethylated products of parent compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) was operated in positive mode (PI) to characterize polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs) through its specific radical cations by collision-induced dissociation (CID). The fragments of [M +H− n ×15]+ produced by loss of one or more methyl group from the protonated molecule, as well as [M +H−29]+, [M +H−31]+, [M +H−33]+, [M +H−43]+, [M +H−46]+, and [M +H−61]+ fragment ions were detected, which were diagnostic for the polymethoxylated species, and could be adopted to form the multiple MS (MS n ) “fingerprint” of PMFs. Based on this “fingerprint”, 29 PMFs were screened out from extracts of Fructus aurantii, among which two of them were identified as sinensetin and tangeretin. It was proved that the PI was suitable for structural characterization of PMFs by APCI-MS n . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study reported the application of LC–ESI/MS method to characterize O-diglycosyl flavanones of traditional Chinese medicine Fructus aurantii(Zhiqiao) and UPLC retention parameters method to expatiate the structure-retention relationship of these O-diglycosyl flavanones. The extract of F. aurantii was found containing neoeriocitrin, isonaringin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin and neoponcirin. Tandem mass spectrometric method has been utilized to elucidate structure and differentiate the interglycosidic linkage of isomeric O-diglycosyl flavanones. Based on the relative abundance of fragments formed by fragmentation at glycosidic bonds in positive ion mode and CID MS spectra of deprotonated molecule [M−H]− in negative ion mode, the interglycosidic linkage of O-diglycosyl flavanones (flavonoid O-neohesperidosides and O-rutinosides, 1,2- and 1,6-) can be unambiguously differentiated. UPLC and a CSASS software were performed to obtain the retention parameters a, c and k values of these compounds. The Δa, Δc and α values within compound pair naringin to neoriocitrin, neoponcirin to neohesperidin, naringin to isonaringin, neohesperidin to hesperidin, hesperidin to isonaringin, neohesperidin to naringin were calculated. We found there were some relationship between structure and retention parameters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• External stimuli caused the release of Ca2+ from cells into MCT. • The release of Ca2+ activated MMP activity in live sea cucumber body wall. • The activated MMP caused the release of free water from the interspaces. • The natural metal ion chelators prevented the activation of MMP by chelating Ca2+. • The natural metal ion chelators reduced the progress of autolysis of sea cucumber. Live sea cucumbers (Stichopus japonicus) were stored in a solution containing oxalic acid and tea polyphenols as natural metal ion chelators. The inhibitory effects of these chelators on the autolysis phenomenon and the underlying mechanism of action were investigated for the first time by using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and confocal laser scanning microscopy. External stimuli cause autolysis through the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) from cells into the extracellular connective tissue, initiating activity of the matrix metalloprotease (MMP) in the sea cucumber body wall (SCBW). MMP subsequently degrades the microfibrillar networks, that support the interconnecting collagen fibres and the interfibrillar proteoglycan bridges linking the collagen fibrils, to release the water restricted within the interspaces between collagen fibres and collagen fibrils, ultimately causing mucoid degeneration of SCBW. The natural metal ion chelators significantly inhibited the activation of MMP by chelating Ca2+, consequently effectively preventing the autolysis of SCBW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An effective HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for aldehyde determination was established. • Most aldehydes species time- and temperature-dependently formed and accumulated. • Frying process caused lipid exchange and aldehyde migration between clam and oil. • The polyphenol in AOB retarded the formation of aldehydes. This study aimed at investigating the formation and accumulation of 16 reactive aldehydes in clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) during oil frying in both the tissue and the oil using an HPLC-ESI-MS/MS methodology. After processing, the accumulation of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, pentanal, trans -2-hexenal, hexanal, trans , trans -2,4-heptadienal, heptanal, nonanal, trans , trans -2,4-decadienal and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal was most noticeable in both fried clam and frying oil. Most of the aldehyde species showed a time- and temperature-dependent manner of formation and accumulation during frying due to continuous oxidative degradation under conditions employed. However, several species of aldehyde such as acrolein and trans -2-pentenal slightly decreased at higher temperatures and/or longer frying times, which may be due to the imbalance toward disappearance of aldehydes resulting from their evaporation under the extreme conditions. Presence of natural polyphenols in bamboo leaves significantly prevented the formation of aldehydes in both fried clam and frying oil due to their antioxidant activity (P < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Hemp protein isolates (HPIs), which provide a well‐balanced profile of essential amino acids comparable to other high‐quality proteins, have recently garnered significant attention. However, the underutilized functional attributes of HPIs have constrained their potential commercial applications within the food and agriculture field. This study advocates the utilization of dynamic‐high‐pressure‐microfluidization (DHPM) for the production of stable high‐internal‐phase emulsions (HIPEs), offering an efficient approach to fully exploit the potential of HPI resources. RESULTS: The findings underscore the effectiveness of DHPM in producing HPI as a stabilizing agent for HIPEs with augmented antioxidant activity. Microfluidized HPI exhibited consistent adsorption and anchoring at the oil–water interface, resulting in the formation of a dense and compact layer. Concurrently, the compression of droplets within HIPEs gave rise to a polyhedral framework, conferring viscoelastic properties and a quasi‐solid behavior to the emulsion. Remarkably, HIPEs stabilized by microfluidized HPI demonstrated superior oxidative and storage stability, attributable to the establishment of an antioxidative barrier by microfluidized HPI particles. CONCLUSION: This study presents an appealing approach for transforming liquid oils into solid‐like fats using HPI particles, all without the need for surfactants. HIPEs stabilized by microfluidized HPI particles hold promise as emerging food ingredients for the development of emulsion‐based formulations with enhanced oxidative stability, thereby finding application in the food and agricultural industries. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid profiles of the lipids from female gonads (LFG) and male gonads (LMG) of abalones (Haliotis discus hannai) were evaluated based on the analysis of phospholipid (PL) molecular species, PL class composition, fatty acid (FA) composition, and lipid class composition. These results suggested that lipids from abalone gonads were abundant in omega‐3 polyunsaturated FA (n − 3 PUFA, 14.42%–18.27% of total FAs) and PLs including phosphatidylcholine (PC, 21.26–47.85 mg g−1) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 9.29–24.10 mg g−1). Furthermore, more than 60 molecular species of PC and PE were determined. Particularly, the molecular species containing n − 3 PUFA including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) constituted majority of PC and PE in LFG and LMG. By contrast, LFG contained more PC and PE species containing EPA. Considering the lipid profiles, abalone gonads are a potential source of PL‐form n − 3 PUFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) is easy to autolysis in response to a variety of environmental and mechanical factors. In the current study, collagen fibres were extracted from fresh sea cucumber body wall and then incubated with endogenous matrix metalloprotease (MMP) of sea cucumber. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), chemical analysis and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) analysis were utilized to demonstrate the changes in collagen fibres, collagen fibrils and collagen proteins. Moreover, a verification experiment was also carried out to confirm the contribution of MMP to the autolysis of sea cucumber. RESULTS: Endogenous MMP caused complete depolymerization of collagen fibres into smaller collagen fibril bundles and collagen fibrils due to the fracture of proteoglycan interfibrillar bridges. Meanwhile, endogenous MMP also caused partial degradation of collagen fibrils by releasing soluble hydroxyproline and pyridinium cross‐links. Furthermore, the treatment with MMP inhibitor (1,10‐phenanthroline) prevented the autolysis of tissue blocks from S. japonicus dermis. CONCLUSION: Endogenous MMP was the key enzyme in the autolysis of sea cucumber, while its action still focused on high‐level structures of collagens especially collagen fibres. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Preparation of resveratrol esters with caprylic acid. • Hydrolysis of resveratrol esters in modeling gastrointestinal digestion. • No hydrolysis of resveratrol esters in mouth and gastric phases. • Digestibility of resveratrol esters in intestinal phase by pancreatic lipase. • Differences in hydrolysis degree between esters with various substitution degrees. Abstract Lipophenols, esterified phenols with fatty acids, have attracted increasing attention because of their better protective effects in lipid-based food matrices from oxidation. However, little is known about their digestion. In this study, the digestive stability of resveratrol (RSV) esters with caprylic acid (RCAPs) in a model gastrointestinal digestion system was evaluated. The results demonstrated that RCAPs were relatively stable without hydrolysis in mouth and gastric phases. However, in the intestinal phase, pancreatic lipase rather than phospholipase A 2 could hydrolyze monoester and diesters to free RSV. After 120 min of incubation at 37 °C, 53.68% of monoester and 11.36% of diesters were hydrolyzed. However, no hydrolysis of the triester was noticed. Obviously, the level of hydrolysis of RCAPs was negatively correlated with the degree of substitution. Therefore, it was speculated that RSV in fatty acid ester forms could partially be absorbed by intestinal lumen in the form of free RSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the antioxidant effects of gallic acid (GA) and its alkyl esters including methyl gallate (MG), butyl gallate (BG), octyl gallate (OG), and lauryl gallate (LG) in whole oyster meats and oyster meat homogenates during cold storage are investigated. The oxidation degree of lipid is measured by peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid active substances (TBARS), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) percentage. The results show that the lipid oxidation in the two types of samples is inhibited by GA alkyl esters, and the antioxidant effects first increase and then decrease along with the extension of the chain length, among the esters, BG and OG are relatively more effective. Therefore, it is speculated that the antioxidant capacity of GA alkyl esters may be influenced by hydrophobicity and follows a "cut‐off effect" in whole oyster meats and oyster meat homogenates. Practical application: Seafood is easily oxidized even under cold storage because it contains more PUFA. Antioxidants are widely used to inhibit lipid oxidation. In this study, the antioxidant capacity of GA alkyl esters in whole oyster meats and oyster meat homogenates is investigated, which improves the selection of suitable antioxidants to strengthen the oxidation stability of oyster samples for cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of tyrosol (Tyr) and tyrosol acyl ester (TYr-Es) on thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, peroxide value, acid value, aldehyde content, fatty acid composition, and tyrosol content of mussel (Mytilus edulis) oil (MO) during accelerated storage at 60°C was evaluated. The results indicated that TYr-Es and TYr showed effective protection of MO against lipid oxidation. However, the poor solubility of TYr may lead to the formation of a suspension in oils. Therefore, TYr-Es with good lipid solubility and oxidation resistance may serve as potential antioxidant in marine oils highly enriched in long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipid form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different classes of lipids and phospholipids (PL) as well as fatty acid (FA) compositions, and glycerophospholipid (GP) molecular species in edible parts (adductor muscles) and by-products (gonads and mantles) of scallops Patinopecten yessoensis and Chlamys farreri were characterized. The lipids contained high levels of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) (20.44–58.81% of total FAs) and PL (54.99–78.26% of total lipids). Among PL, phosphatidylcholine (41.39–51.86 mol%) was dominant. More than 230 GP species belonging to glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, glycerophosphoserine, glycerophosphoinositol, lysoglycerophosphocholine, lysoglycerophosphoethanolamine and lysoglycerophosphoinositol were characterized. Individual GP molecular species in different body parts of scallops were also partially quantified. Most of the dominant GP species contained PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Considering the high level of PUFA enriched GP, edible parts and by-products (gonads and mantles) of scallops Patinopecten yessoensis and Chlamys farreri provide great potential as health-promoting food for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Antarctic krill oil (AKO) and fish oil (FO) were microencapsulated by a pilot‐scale spray dryer in this study. The effect of lipid class compositions on the encapsulation properties of the obtained microcapsules was investigated. The particle size distribution of both microcapsules ranged from 29.23 ± 2.20 to 36.79 ± 3.45 μm, and the moisture content and water activity (aw) also indicated that both AKO and FO microcapsules were suitable for long‐term storage. Interestingly, differences in lipid composition affected the microstructure of the microcapsules formed, thereby affecting their oxidative stability and digestive behaviour. Compared with FO microcapsules, the surface microstructure of PLs‐enriched microcapsules (AKO microcapsules) was smoother, endowing it better oxidative stability and higher DHA (72.13 ± 2.32% vs. 63.08 ± 2.98%) and EPA (75.94 ± 1.43% vs. 68.26 ± 2.98%) bioaccessibility. These findings may have important implications for the development of microcapsules formulated with different lipid classes in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the domain of infant nutrition, optimizing the absorption of crucial nutrients such as vitamin D 3 (VD 3) is paramount. This study harnessed dynamic-high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) on soybean protein isolate (SPI) to engineer SPI-VD 3 nanoparticles for fortifying yogurt. Characterized by notable binding affinity (K a = 0.166 × 105 L·mol−1) at 80 MPa and significant surface hydrophobicity (H 0 = 3494), these nanoparticles demonstrated promising attributes through molecular simulations. During simulated infant digestion, the 80 MPa DHPM-treated nanoparticles showcased an impressive 74.4% VD 3 bioaccessibility, delineating the pivotal roles of hydrophobicity, bioaccessibility, and micellization dynamics. Noteworthy was their traversal through the gastrointestinal tract, illuminating bile salts' crucial function in facilitating VD 3 re-encapsulation, thereby mitigating crystallization and augmenting absorption. Moreover, DHPM treatment imparted enhancements in nanoparticle integrity and hydrophobic properties, consequently amplifying VD 3 bioavailability. This investigation underscores the potential of SPI-VD 3 nanoparticles in bolstering VD 3 absorption, thereby furnishing invaluable insights for tailored infant nutrition formulations. [Display omitted] • Microfluidization enhanced SPI hydrophobicity, promoting bioactive interaction. • SPI's binding with VD 3 regulated its release and transfer to bile salt micelles. • Improved VD 3 mobility during digestion boosted its bioaccessibility. • Developed SPI-VD 3 nanoparticles broaden applications in infant foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abalone (Haliotis spp.) is a shellfish known for its exceptional nutritional value and significant economic worth. This study investigated the dynamic characteristics of non-volatile compounds over a year, including metabolites, lipids, nucleotides, and free amino acids (FAAs), which determined the nutritional quality and flavor of abalone. 174 metabolites and 371 lipids were identified and characterized, while 20 FAAs and 11 nucleotides were quantitatively assessed. These non-volatile compounds of abalone were fluctuated with months variation, which was consistent with the fluctuations of environmental factors, especially seawater temperature. Compared with seasonal variation, gender had less influence on these non-volatiles. June and July proved to be the optimal harvesting periods for abalone, with the levels of overall metabolites, lipids, FAAs, and nucleotides in abalone exhibiting a higher value in June and July over a year. Intriguingly, taurine covered 60% of the total FAAs and abalone could be used as dietary taurine supplementation. • Non-volatile compounds and umami intensity in abalone over a year were analyzed. • Compared with season shift, gender had less influence on the nutrients and umami. • Taurine covered 60% of the total FAAs and could be used as dietary supplementation. • June and July were optimal abalone harvest months due to higher nutrient and umami. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Solvent-free and scalable food-grade KOP proliposomes are formulated with glycerol. • Glycerol in proliposomes unpacked the stacked chain acyl of phospholipids. • Hydration of proliposomes yielded stable multilayer nanoliposomes. • Nanoliposome formation remained stable during storage and environmental stresses. • Proliposomes enhanced in vitro bioaccessibility of phospholipids. This study presents a novel approach using polyol-based proliposome to produce marine phospholipids nanoliposomes. Proliposomes were formulated by blending glycerol with phospholipids across varying mass ratios (2:1 to 1:10) at room temperature. Analysis employing polarized light microscopy, FTIR, and DSC revealed that glycerol disrupted the stacked acyl groups within phospholipids, lowering the phase transition temperature (T m). Krill oil phospholipids (KOP) proliposomes exhibited superior performance in nanoliposomes formation, with a mean diameter of 125.60 ± 3.97 nm, attributed to the decreased T m (−7.64 and 7.00 °C) compared to soybean phospholipids, along with a correspondingly higher absolute zeta potential (−39.77 ± 1.18 mV). The resulting KOP proliposomes demonstrated liposomes formation stability over six months and under various environmental stresses (dilution, thermal, ionic strength, pH), coupled with in vitro absorption exceeding 90 %. This investigation elucidates the mechanism behind glycerol-formulated proliposomes and proposes innovative strategies for scalable, solvent-free nanoliposome production with implications for functional foods and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through monitoring Rancimat induction time (RIT), peroxide value (POV), and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) algae oil and walnut oil during accelerated storage, the effects of the single and the combinations of seven kinds of antioxidants involving ascorbyl palmitate (AP), phytic acid (PA), vitamin E (VE), antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB), rosemary extract, tea polyphenols (TP), and tea polyphenol palmitate (TPP) against lipid oxidation were evaluated. RIT, POV, and TBARS results showed that the DHA algae oil sample containing 600 mg/kg TPP revealed the strongest stability and the walnut oil sample containing 450 mg/kg TPP and 100 mg/kg TP revealed the strongest stability. Then, the shelf lives of two oils were predicted from the extrapolation of the linear regression model between Log RIT and temperature. Our results indicated that the optimal antioxidant could prolong the shelf lives of DHA algae oil and walnut oil by 2.31‐ and 7.74‐fold, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]