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Fishing and wetlands have in many cases been essential facets of life but are often overlooked in archaeological and historical research. In this article, we focus on the floodplains of the Palembang and Jambi region of Sumatra, where both of these aspects are comprehensively entwined. The floodplain fisheries there are highly productive, and function in a rhythm with the hydrological cycle of the rivers. By combining the pre-existing archaeological, historical and ethnographic information with modern environmental data, we propose a longue durée hypothesis for their use in the past. We also examine how floodplains fishing may have contributed to the provisioning of Palembang and Jambi, and how it would have fit in with other aspects of Sumatran culture such as floodplain rice cultivation and overseas trade. This is achieved by linking the production schedules with the sailing seasons simulated with qtVlm navigation software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural adjustment programs, implemented in different developing countries, have had impacts of different orders and magnitudes. This paper analyzes, in an exploratory way, the effects of neoliberal economic policy on rice production in Haiti from the 1980s. To this end, in addition to a bibliographical review, data and information were collected on the websites of different organizations and research institutes. The results indicate that, as a result of the neoliberal economic policy implemented in Haiti, there was a drastic reduction in tariffs for purchasing imported rice, and currently the cereal enters the country without any customs duties. The massive entry of foreign rice, especially North American, has had a negative impact on national production, which is practically paralyzed in the face of the continuous and growing entry of imported cereal, which reaches the local consumer cheaper. This is a complex and dramatic process, given that the Haitian population, which has been facing a serious situation of food insecurity, has the supply of its main food product increasingly dependent on imports, which are controlled by a few transnational corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furrow-irrigated hybrid rice production has increased in Arkansas and the mid-southern U.S. The susceptibility of hybrid rice to Meloidogyne incognita, and the incidence and population density of plantparasitic nematodes in furrow-irrigated rice is unknown. Reproduction of M. incognita on hybrid rice was evaluated in three greenhouse pot experiments, and a nematode survey was based on soil samples collected after harvest from 16 furrow-irrigated rice fields. All rice hybrids were susceptible to M. incognita race 3 but were less susceptible than soybean. The susceptibility of four rice hybrids was consistent across three isolates of M. incognita, and the reproduction of the isolates was similar across hybrids. A 57% reduction in M. incognita reproduction was observed on subsurface-irrigated rice, which is similar to furrow-irrigated rice, compared to overhead-irrigated rice. Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus) and lesion nematode (Pratylenchus) were detected in 94 and 69% of furrow-irrigated fields sampled, respectively, and a low density of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) was detected in two fields. Hybrid rice grown in a furrowirrigated system can maintain a population of M. incognita and other plant-parasitic nematodes for the subsequent crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction-- The La Mojana subregion is related to natural wealth, made up of wetlands, the Cauca, Magdalena and San Jorge rivers, a unique ecosystem, conserving plant and animal species, of fragile habitat with importance for the environmental balance of the Caribbean and Colombia. The rice agroecosystem, the main engine of the agricultural economy, involves its own components that are indicators of sustainability and productivity, where the chemical properties of the soils constitute an important factor for the profitability of the rice company. Objective-- To carry out a chemical characterization of the mechanized rainfed rice soils of Majagual-Sucre, under two topographical conditions (low and high). Methodology-- 32 soil samples were taken and the following were evaluated-- pH, Organic Matter (OM), phosphorous and available cations, cation exchange capacity and microelements. Descriptive statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Ward's minimum variance clusters were used. Results-- For both topographies, the pH was slightly acid, OM, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and boron low. In the high topography, a higher content of sulfur, iron, and zinc was recorded, and in the low topography, a higher concentration of calcium, magnesium, CIC, and manganese was recorded. PCA led to a reduction of the initial dimensions from 14 to 4, which accumulated the total explained variance of the extraction of the 4 components with 71.63%. Conclusions-- The concentrations of nutrients in the soils cultivated with rice in the La Mojana subregion were identified, which are a guide in the fertilization plans according to the topographic conditions of the plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a biopolymer that has different applications in agriculture as it is biostimulant, antifungal, inducer of resistance, among others. In this work, it was evaluated the direct effect of chitosans of different molecular masses on the fungus Curvularia lunata, a pathogen that affects rice cultivation. For them, three chitosans were used, of low, medium and high molecular mass, at the 1, 2 and 3g/L concentrations. In vitro studies were carried out, determining the percentage of inhibition of mycelial growth, as well as the presence of spores, if these were viable, and if the chitosan affected the germination of the spores. The results showed that the higher the concentration of chitosans of different molecular mass, the higher the percentage of inhibition of the mycelial growth of the fungus. Furthermore, the low molecular mass chitosan increased the production of spores at the highest concentration of the bioproduct (3 g/L) used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bipolaris oryzae) is one of the diseases affecting rice cultivation (Oryza sativa L.) and the use of natural products such as chitosan to its control is currently being investigated. This compound shows a high antifungal activity, which depends on its molecular mass, degree of acetylation, concentration, among others. In this work, it was evaluated the in vitro effect of a chitosan of medium molecular mass at three concentrations (1, 3 and 4 g/L) on the growth of two strains of the fungus B. oryzae. It was observed that the higher the concentration, the greater the percentage of inhibition of radial growth and the affectation of the biopolymer on the hyphae. The concentration of 4 g/L showed the best results. Damage to the hyphae was corroborated by scanning electron microscopy at 3 mg/L chitosan concentration in both strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objetive: Providing with a balanced diet among children is essencial to suply the energy and nutrientes requirement, besides estimulanting good habits throught life, this way, enriching good-to-children's tast food with nutrients present in other food may be a viable alternative, mainly when talking about Brazilian every-day nourishment: rice and beans, which have been replaced by high density and poor in nutrients foods. In this context, this work's obective was developing and evaluating the acceptability of a brown rice and beans based cake for children. Materials and methods: This experimental research is about a transversal cut with a quantitative approach. 47 children who are from 7 to 10 years of both genders took part in the research, students from the 1st to the 4th grades of a private elementary school in Cambuí-MG. A cake was developed with brown rice flour and cooked beans. To evaluate the acceptance, the hedonic scale 5 points was applied. The observed acceptability was of 94%. Through correlation of Spearman, it was noted that there was no difference in the acceptance level of children in relation to gender, age and school grade. The high acceptance of the brown rice and beans cake reveals that the alternative of including these foods is viable, because more than being a cheap product, it also provides with a rich meal in essential nutrients for children development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully understanding the structures and properties of starches with different amylose contents is important to agriculture and food industries. Structural and functional characteristics of three Japonica rice starches differing in amylose content (<0.5%, 18.8%, and 33.3% for waxy, normal, and high-amylose varieties, respectively) were investigated using a range of characterization methods. As amylose content increased, the weight-average molecular weight, short-range order, relative crystallinity, and lamellar peak intensity of starch decreased. High-amylose starch contained a lower proportion of A chains than waxy and normal starches. High-amylose starch displayed a C-type crystalline structure, different from the A-type crystalline structure of waxy and normal starches. Compared with waxy and normal starches, high-amylose starch exhibited higher granule size (volume-average diameter), pasting temperature and higher resistant starch content, but lower peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, swelling power, and rapidly digestible starch content. These results can provide reference for the exploitation of Japonica rice starches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's strategies are focus on improving food production using environmentally-friendly measures in its agricultural development. This research was designed in accordance with the national strategies on increasing the productivity of rice using efficient water while reducing methane emissions from rice fields. A low rice yield is obtained when the conventional anaerobic methods (flooded soil) are used. Additional to the water, sludge from palm oil factories was also applied. This research aimed to establish a proper concentration of sludge to increase the productivity of rice sown in aerobic condition with the water level at 5 cm below soil surface. The study was conducted by making experiments with 5 levels. Waste sludge from palm oil factories was applied on the soils tested with concentrations of 0 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1, 20 t ha-1 and 25 t ha-1. Height of the plant, total number of tillers, number of productive tillers, number of filled grains, percentage of filled grains, weight of 1000 grains and weight of filled grain per plot were studied. Application of 25 t ha-1 organic sludge showed a high level of productivity increasing the total number of tillers, the number of productive tillers and weight of filled grain per plot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food is the main basic needs for human that must always be fulfilling. The right to obtain food is one of human right, as it stated in the article 27 of the 1945 Constitution and in the Rome Declaration (1996). The aim of this study is to find out and analyze the development of supply chain management models that are used to maximize rice production to improve food security and security in Demak Regency. The conclusion of this study is to increase the ratio of rice fulfillment and creates the efficiency in supply chain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of a broader research developed during the elaboration of my thesis. Its aim is to start the debate on the impacts of the arrival of agribusiness in the region of Apodi, Rio Grande do Norte. Since the beginning of the 21st century, many monoculture companies have started to settle in this municipality. All these transformations had a direct impact on the lives of small farmers. Here I analyze, specifically, a series of interviews with the residents of rural communities, in two points: the discussion about the construction of the Irrigated Perimeter Santa Cruz-Apodi; the debate between the cultivation of red rice, traditional in the municipality, and the possible arrival of a white rice agro-export company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the framework of the Rice Development Program of Cuba, the introduction of techniques associated with Precision Agriculture that ensure greater efficiency in water use and crop management in these systems is of particular importance. This paper presents the preliminary results of the evaluation of Global Navigation Satellite Systems Technology (GNSS) equipment for surveying and leveling soils in rice. The selected area was in "Cubanacán" Agricultural Enterprise in Los Palacios, Pinar del Río province. The use of Topography and Design Kit GNSS Technology was evaluated along with the Laser Technology for surveying, and in addition to ground leveling, the Laser, GNSS technologies and mechanical smoothing without automatic controller were compared. The topographic survey tests showed that with GNSS Technology a productivity of 9 ha h-1 and an average fuel consumption index of 0,22 L ha-1 were obtained. In soil leveling tests, with GNSS the volume of soil to be moved was reduced by 70% using the variable slope technique. Preliminarily, it was found that the height of the water sheet was kept below 10 cm for GNSS; while in the Laser and Land Plane they increased up to 15 cm or more. The above evidenced the environmental benefits of GNSS Technology in water saving and soil conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work was carried out at the "Sur del J'baro" Grain Research Territorial Station and the network of stations that make up the Cuban Grain Research Institute; the IACuba-31 rice variety was obtained through crosses; Under investigation conditions, it presented an average agricultural yield of 8.5 t/ha in cold and 5.0 t/ha in spring. The yield in conditions of production in several occasions has been superior to the 8t/ha. The new variety is resistant to Sogata, to the finished and moderately resistant to Piricularia and to the mite, produces in the mill average yield of 55.6% of whole grains, contributes to strengthen the genetic structure of production and thus has greater defense against pests and diseases, planting this variety guarantees high yield and a grain of excellent quality. The variety IACuba-31 for the plasticity shown can be used in direct sowing, in transplantation, irrigation conditions, dry land and in environments with low water inputs and fertilizers, currently it is sown in a generalized way throughout the country. In order to disseminate the general characteristics of the IACuba-31 variety, this work was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work was carried out at the "Sur del Jíbaro" Grain Research Territorial Station Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, 12 rice lines were evaluated during four years together with three comparison witnesses. Lines 4614, 4675, 10322 and the IACuba-41 and IACuba-42 witnesses remained among the most profitable in each of those years, with values above 7 t / ha and without statistical difference between them, in addition to the three lines have the cycle at maturation of the grain shorter than that of the J-104 control. All lines behaved as resistant and intermediate to the Sogata, as well as resistant to acame and shelling. In order to evaluate the behavior of 12 rice genotypes in Sancti Spíritus and select those with the best behavior, the work was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the main staples around the world, especially in Asia, the most consuming region. Rice cultivation currently faces many environmental problems caused by the contribution of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This review is carried out to document the principal findings of Trichoderma species application on rice plants. The analysis revealed that different species of Trichoderma have been applied in different fields of research on rice plants to increase the absorption of nutrients, soil fertility, tolerance to salinity, plant growth promotion and development with increased yields. Mechanisms include decomposition, mycoparasitism, cellulose degradation, and phosphate solubilizing activity. The potential for antagonistic activity against disease-causing fungi and inhibition of growth of harmful root microflora is demonstrated. This work also suggested that Trichoderma can be applied alone or together with other microorganisms to significantly promote the growth and performance of rice plants. Among the species, T. harzianum was studied mainly to determine its different roles in rice, followed by T. asperellum, T. viride, T. virens and T. atroviride. Therefore, the findings revealed the potential of the Trichoderma species as a possible biofertilizer and biological control for rice cultivation worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the root architecture allows to describe the shape and structure of the root system in plants, variations are conditioned by environmental as well as hormonal factors. The brassinosteroids and their analogues promote the development of the root system but there are not many studies about its effect on the root architecture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of brassinosteroid analog DI-31 on the root architecture of two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) cv. INCA LP-5 and Perla de Cuba. The water uptake of the seeds had a rapid increase during the first 15 hours, remaining stable until 30 hours, when the third phase of the germination started. There are no significant differences between the germination percentage values between the treatments used in the cultivars studied. The measurements of the root were made with the Image J SmartRoot program. The radicle length was significantly greater for the cultivar INCA LP-5 in the treatments with DI-31, but not for the cultivar Perla de Cuba. Significant differences were observed for root length, lateral root variables and lateral root density with DI-31 for INCA LP-5 cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted at "Los Palacios" Scientific and Technological Base Unit, from 2014 to 2017, on a Gleysol Nodular Ferruginous Petroferric soil, to evaluate the effect of water stress on the yield in the regrowth crop in a variety of short -cycle rice INCA LP-5. The results showed that in the new variant of water managing (water stress with ratoon), the highest agricultural and industrial yields of the grain were obtained. They ranged between 4,0 and 5,8 t.ha-1 and 62,3 and 63, 9% of whole grains, respectively, for the plant cutting height of 5 cm. The lowest agricultural and industrial yields ranged between 3,0 and 3,4 t.ha-1 and 58,6 and 61, 1% of whole grains, respectively, for the plant cutting height of 20 cm (control), during the four years that the research was carried out. Similar behavior presented the number of panicles per square meter; while the water consumption and the industrial quality of the grain was lower in the variant with water stress, which represents a saving for the concept of irrigation water economy, and a fundamental parameter that decides whether a rice variety is commercially accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted at "Los Palacios" Scientific and Technological Base Unit, from 2014 to 2017, on a Gleysol Nodular Ferruginous Petroferric soil, to evaluate the effect of water stress on the yield in the regrowth crop in a variety of short -cycle rice INCA LP-5. The results showed that in the new variant of water managing (water stress with ratoon), the highest agricultural and industrial yields of the grain were obtained. They ranged between 4,0 and 5,8 t.ha-1 and 62,3 and 63, 9% of whole grains, respectively, for the plant cutting height of 5 cm. The lowest agricultural and industrial yields ranged between 3,0 and 3,4 t.ha-1 and 58,6 and 61, 1% of whole grains, respectively, for the plant cutting height of 20 cm (control), during the four years that the research was carried out. Similar behavior presented the number of panicles per square meter; while the water consumption and the industrial quality of the grain was lower in the variant with water stress, which represents a saving for the concept of irrigation water economy, and a fundamental parameter that decides whether a rice variety is commercially accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assessed the effect of crop rotation with economically important plant species on Pratylenchus zeae damage to sugarcane. Two experiments were conducted, one in October 2011 and another in January 2012. The experiments followed a completely randomized design with 10 treatments, which included three rice genotypes (Ana 9001, Iapar 9, and Ecco CL hybrid), millet cv. AMN-17, crotalaria, cotton cv. IPR 140, sunflower cv. Syn 045, fallow, sugarcane cv. RB 72454 and the hybrid maize BRAS 3010. Sugarcane was cultivated for 90 days and followed by different rotation crops for 90 days. Next, the plants were cultivated for 180 days to finish their growth cycles. The plants were inoculated with 2,000 P. zeae. Sugarcane root mass, root population of P. zeae, nematode population in 100 cm3 soil, total nematode population, and Reproduction Factor (RF) were assessed at the end of the experiment. Among all species and cultivars, crotalaria and rice cultivar Ana 9001 had the lowest nematode RF. None of the economically important crops were recommended for use in rotation systems with sugarcane because all of them had RF values similar to those of sugarcane and maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted at "Los Palacios" Base Scientific and Technological Unit, from 2014 to 2017, on a Gleysol Nodular Ferruginous Petroferric soil, to know the effect of water stress on the ratoon crop in the medium cycle variety J-104. The results showed that the new variant of water managing (water stress with ratoon) significantly outperformed the control production variant. It produced the highest agricultural and industrial yields of the grain. They ranged between 4.7 and 5.8 t. ha-1 and 63.3 and 67.3% whole grains respectively for a height of cut of the plant of 5 cm. The lowest agricultural and industrial yields ranged between 3.1 and 4.4 t.ha-1 and 60.0 and 67.8% of whole grains respectively for the control variant with a height of cut of the plant 20 cm. Water consumption was always lower in the new variant than in the control variant during the years of study. This indicator is very important as a concept of irrigation water economy, a decisive resource for rice production. The industrial quality of the grain was always higher in the variant with water stress in the ratoon crop compared to the control variant; parameters that decide if a rice variety is accepted commercially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation agriculture is part of the adaptation measures promoted to continue providing food to the world population, while presenting itself as an alternative to mitigate the effects of rice production on climate change. In Cuba, the cultivation of rice is a priority for the Government, and for this reason a strong investment program is carried out with the purpose of replacing imports. Nevertheless, rice is mostly grown in the traditional way (tillage and irrigation by flooding), which implies a high consumption of water and deteriorates the soil, besides that it requires a lot of time, and great energy, economic and environmental costs. However, in a context of climate change, the amount of water available and the low fertility of soils are the main limiting factors in rice production, so the efficient use of water and the improvement of soil fertility determine the future of the crop. In the work we present a review of the experiences developed in Cuba and worldwide with the use of conservation agriculture, focused on saving water and improving water quality, the fertility of the soil, as well as the main steps to follow for its adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilization is one of the determining factors for good development of rice cultivation. Chemical synthesis fertilizers cause environmental impacts on agro ecosystems. Slow release technology seeks to increase the efficiency of applied nitrogen, lengthening its action over time and avoiding losses such as leaching and volatilization. This research was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the effect of different biomineral fertilizers on rice cultivation under irrigated conditions, in Montería - Córdoba. A randomized complete block design (DBCA) was used, with 6 treatments (5 Permaxion fertilizers and the commercial control) and 4 repetitions in 36 m² plots. The variable levels of Spad, yield components (number of tillers per m²; number of panicles per m²; fullness per panicle; vane; weight of 1000 grains; yield; harvest index, and milling quality) were measured. analyzed with the Infostat Version 2019p program. Significant statistical differences were recorded in the levels of Spad, yield, pile index (%) and broken grain (%). The Permaxion 31-8-8 and Permaxion veranero treatments recorded the best. levels of Spad. Permaxión 31-8-8 achieved the best yield with 6426 Kg/ha, while the control presented 5228 kg/ha. The best pile index and % of broken grains were recorded by the Permaxion 31-8-8 fertilizer. with 54 and 25.3% respectively. Permaxion fertilizers supply nutrients to the rice plant in a controlled manner, achieving balance, expression of maximum genetic potential and sustainability of the crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arroz Blanquita has developed a business model that brings technological and economical support to small farmers, whereby the company commits to buying their entire harvest, providing financial stability to these farmers, who would, under other circumstances, face difficulties selling their product. It is a win-win: better quality rice that can be sold at higher price; less use of ago-chemicals, seeds, and water. These approaches are possible due to the availability of new technologies; today, crop and water management, harvesting, and grain processing are based on scientific knowledge, automation, and mechanics. This business model presents interesting opportunities for employment and wealth creation in communities affected by the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work was carried out in the "Territorial Station of Investigations of Grains "Sur del Jíbaro", the results are exposed, obtained through the recurrent selection in rice, favored by the presence of the gene ms. It worked with three introduced populations of those that took malesterile plants, those that were crossed with varieties adapted to the conditions of Cuba and the first six Cuban populations were obtained, each one formed for more than four progenitors and with the presence of the gene ms, characteristic that endorses high genetic variability, production constants and spontaneous of plants S0; it allowed the formation of bulk populations, they were derived 5167 hybrid lines, 312 lines homocigotics were obtained for the yield rehearsals and the first variety was obtained by recurrent selection, supported by the gene ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drought causes negative effects on the productivity of the plants and constitutes a potential danger for the food sustainability of the population. One of the most difficult tasks for rice breeders is to increase tolerance to salinity and drought, in addition to achieving high and stable yields. In the genetic improvement program of this precious grain, different improvement methods are used, where biotechnological techniques have been used, using the in vitro anther culture to shorten the time for obtaining haploid lines, which will be subsequently evaluated in conditions of water deficit. For these reasons, this work was aimed to obtain double haploid lines through in vitro anther culture of F2 hybrid populations, and evaluate them under water deficit conditions. Crosses were made between five drought-resistant cultivars and six cultivars of good agronomic performance. Anthers of F2 plants were cultured in vitro to evaluate callus formation in three liquid media: N6m, NL and N6-1. Then, agronomic characters and tolerance to water deficit were evaluated in the first generation of isogenic lines obtained. Double haploid lines that combined drought resistance and good agronomic traits were evaluated under field conditions without watering, only with water passes as the plant required. The use of the in vitro anther culture technique showed the high dependence on genotype and culture medium. The highest values of callus formation were achieved in the NL culture medium. New double haploid lines resistant to water deficit and showing high agricultural yield were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The production quality of rice is highly depended on the drying process as drying weakens the rice kernel. A look at the production process of rice in the industry was taken. The drying of rice influences the storage capacity of the grain, the energy consumption, the final mass of the grain and the percentage of whole grains at the end of the process. Objective: The main objective was to analyse the drying of rice by making an artificial neural network to model and simulate it. Methods: The modeling of a rice drying process using neural networks was presented. These models are suitable to be used in combination with model-based control strategies in order to improve the drying process. The implementation, preprocessing and data retrieval for the design of an artificial neural system was analyzed. Controlling the drying factors is of major importance. Feedforward and dynamic neural networks were compared based on their performance. Results: It was concluded that when some part of the dataset is given as training, even with one dataset, a back-propagation network simulates very well the other parts of the drying curve. It can be said that the approximations done by the networks to obtain a nonlinear model of the rice drying process are quiet good. Conclusions: Firstly, because of the too little data available for training, the networks were not as good as expected. More data is needed to realy have a powerfull network capable of approximated very well the drying curve. Secondly, a backpropagation network can be a good solution for modelling and for use in a controller if more data is available, in contrast a linear network gave bad results. thirdly, a network with little number of layers is the best option. A perfect mapping from the input to the output is impossible due the differences in each test and the imperfect sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial images and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the stage after panicle initiation were evaluated as tools that help large-scale rice monitoring and decision-making that favors crop profitability. NDVI was used to identify problems in the development and growth of FEDEARROZ-2000. FEDEARROZ-2000 is a variety of rice, which is resistant to the "hoja blanca" virus and direct "sogata" damage that affect fields in tropical America. The temporal dynamics of the NDVI for FEDEARROZ-2000 were estimated. An NDVI lower than 0.8 in the Stage of Rice Panicle Development (SRPD) was related to areas with levelling problems, differences in the vegetative stage, water stress, and spacing between plants. The NDVI for the SRPD had a significant positive correlation with yield, 1,000 grain weight and the number of panicles (Pearson's R=0.86; probability value P =0.04). NDVI mapping at milky stage helped to identify production environments and to schedule the harvest areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventionally, sampling for insects has been limited to the ground level or low altitudes. Recent progress in unmanned aerial vehicles has made it more feasible to use this technique for aerial sampling of insect populations. In this study, we developed a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle with remote-controlled insect net openings that allows serial sampling at designated altitudes. A total of 21 flights using the unmanned aerial vehicle system captured 251 insects in 6 orders and 22 families at 5, 10, 50, and 100 m above rice fields in South Korea. The results of this study demonstrate that the aerial sampling can collect diverse pest and beneficial insects above rice fields and demonstrate a promising alternative to conventional sampling methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the used methodology to calculate the present and future potentials of total biomass wastes, from the economic, social, environmental and technological point of view in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. From the values of sugarcane, coffee, rice, and sawmill wastes, through information provided by the main producing companies in Cienfuegos province, it was possible to determine the total energy delivered, as well as the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. In the case of the bagasse, the total energy was 4.409E+08 MJ, leaving 137 652.9 t CO2 to emit in the atmosphere. For the filter cake it was 7.093E+08 MJ and 221 423.9 tCO2. In the case of coffee and rice residues these values were 4.808E+05 MJ with 184 tCO2 for coffee and 6.34E+07MJ with 19 868.87 tCO2 for rice, respectively. Finally, the total energy for sawmill waste was 4.108E+07 MJ and 2 346.72 tCO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted in areas of the Technological Scientific Base Unit "Los Palacios" (UCTB Los Palacios), Pinar del Rio, part of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Cuba. Two short cycle cultivars (INCA LP -5 and Reform), and two half cycle cultivars (INCA LP-2 and J-104). Were used which were planted in four planting dates of the cold season, on a Gley Nodular Hydromorphic Ferruginous Petroferric soil. The objective was to determine the influence of the phenological phases duration in yield of rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) under the conditions of spring season. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the duration of the reproductive phase in rice cultivars closely positive and direct relationship with of yield in the conditions of the spring season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to develop adaptation measures rice production in the locality "Los Palacios", Pinar del Rio Province, Cuba, to reduce their vulnerability to climate variations, during the first year of implementation, work was done on the technical team, intervention areas selection and a diagnosis was made that offered the main causes of the problem, influences of the manifestations of climate change, in turn also appreciated other important factors such as organizational problems and technological indiscipline, practices agricultural and non-conservationists, and use of irrigation and drainage systems with low efficiency, as well as mismanagement of the same. The technological actions proposed to reduce identified vulnerabilities include the production of rice seed and other grains adapted to climate variations, diversification of production from crop rotation and polyculture, promotion of production and application of fertilizers greens, ecological products and technologies for the stimulation of plant growth and pest control, resizing of fields, rectification and maintenance of irrigation and drainage channels, proper implementation of smoothing and leveling, soil preparation, planting, fertilization, fumigation, harvesting, and transportation, favoring the change towards terrestrial application technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agribusiness company of grains ̏ Fernando Echenique Urquiza ̋ from Granma dedicate to the production of rice consumption and seed, through different processes including agro-technical and plant health, where a large volume of information related to planting and crop care is controlled. The accounting process is performed manually or through Microsoft Excel electronic tab to which different documents are required, causing delays and the possibility of mistakes. In response to these needs, this research aims to develop a web application. To implement the methodology of software development Extreme Programming was used, also the programming languages Hypertext Preprocessor, HyperText Markup Language, Cascading Style Sheets and JavaScript, the Web application server Apache, the CodeIgniter and Extend JavaScript frameworks, the integrated development environment NetBeans and database manager My Structure Query Language database. With its use the information management and data processing related to agro-technical and plant health data so that it can be quickly provided, enabling greater consistency, security and raising the level of efficiency from the organizational control and the analysis information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective conservation of migratory bird populations depends on advancements in our understanding of processes throughout the life cycle. Fundamental information about wintering ecology (e.g., habitat use and diet composition) remains limited, which limits assessment of threats to populations during winter. Bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivorus} is a year-round grassland obligate and Nearctic-Neotropical migrant that undergoes 2 complete molts each year, including a complete prealternate molt on the South American wintering grounds. This unusual winter molt provides a rare opportunity to examine, using stable isotope analysis, the timing and contribution of foraging resources in the Bobolink diet prior to northbound migration from disparate breeding populations. We compared winter diet composition among 3 breeding populations of Bobolinks and during 3 stages of winter molt using stable carbon isotope ratios. We used mixing models to compare the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-13 isotope (S13C value) in feathers--grown on the wintering grounds but collected from individuals (n=105) breeding in Vermont, Nebraska, and North Dakota, USA--to estimate diet during early, middle, and late winter molt. Across the 3 breeding populations, Bobolinks relied on C3 sources for nearly one-third of their diet during the winter molt. Isotope data from feathers collected while growing on the wintering grounds from birds in rice vs. non-rice regions supported our assumption that C3 signatures are primarily due to a rice diet. The proportion of rice consumed was highest during late molt, corresponding with a period of greater rice availability to Bobolinks. Our results demonstrate that rice was a substantial component of the diet throughout the winter molt and was most exploited prior to northbound migration. Research is needed on the potential trade-offs of feeding on abundant cultivated rice, including its nutritional value and associated risks and conflicts from foraging in an agricultural setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work was developed in Bahía Honda, Manicaragua and Gibara municipalities, located in the western, central and eastern Cuba respectively. Smallholder farms linked to the Local Agricultural Innovation Programme (PIAL, according its acronyms in Spanish) were visited. For the collection of information a face survey, structured with open and closed questions was used. Basic varietal diversity of species studied for Cuban food such as: rice, beans, corn, tomato, cassava and banana, whose productions depend of an appropriate supply of seeds. The results showed that in Bahía Honda a greater diversity of varieties and generally recorded in the three municipalities, an average of three varieties of each of the basic food species are used. The varietal diversity potentially decreased with the increase in cultivated surface. The coexistence of local and improved varieties was demonstrated in the west and east farms of the country, while in the farms located in the central region food production is based mainly in planting local varieties. Analysis of the spatial distribution of each species, in order to know their potential for seed production in local agrifood strategic projection showed that coincidently maize is grown in small areas in most of the farms in the three municipalities which is an opportunity for diversification, meanwhile, it should be paid more attention to the cultivation of tomato in order to encourage their production as many farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The province of Santa Fe is characterized by the precedence of agro industrial complexes such as oily, dairy, meat, woods, furniture, leather. There are also steelwork, chemical, petrochemical and automobile chains as well as the software industry. These chains present their links economically and physically gathered. However, the heterogeneity of the province's territory has allowed the development of activities whose characteristics are similar to extra-pampas economies, with marginal production levels in comparison to other developments, but with great importance to certain regions and with a vital social impact. Among them, this article will study the cotton chain in the North and the rice chain in the East of the province respectively. Their links, the importance of their industrialization, their contribution to the region and the obstacles that they face will be tackled. The aim is to evaluate the challenges of the regional economies in Santa Fe and to promote the debate for the need of policies for their development and solutions for the problems they face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the genetic variants present in local rice varieties preserved in the Plant Germplasm Bank (BGV) of AGROSAVIA in Colombia. The main purpose was to identify genetic duplicates, potential contaminations, determine the genetic structure, and compare the genetic diversity of these materials with rice accessions preserved in two of the most important rice germplasm banks in the world: the IRRI in the Philippines and the CNCGB in China. A total of 56 rice accessions, along with four commercial varieties, were analyzed and compared with over 3,000 reference genomic sequences of rice belonging to different genetic groups reported for this species. The results revealed the presence of 42,629 genetic variants of the SNP type in the BGV accessions, of which 23,456 SNPs were common when compared to the reference sequences. It was observed that the BGV accessions showed low levels of heterozygosity, with the majority having an ancestry from the Tropical Japonica group, followed by a smaller proportion of genotypes with ancestry from the Indica E group. Additionally, it was highlighted that the rice collection in the BGV includes unique and distinct genotypes compared to those preserved in the IRRI and CNCGB banks. These findings have significant implications for the conservation and utilization of regional rice germplasm in Colombia, as they provide valuable information about its diversity and genetic purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to elaborate a fermented milk with probiotic, rice, buffalo and soja milks. Different ratios of buffalo and soy milks were evaliated with 8 % of rice. Physical-chemical, rheological, sensorial and microbiological characteristics and shelf life of the product were determined. The fermented milk have a proteins and fat contents of 4.80 and 4.20%, respectively. The lactic acid percentage was 0.72, the viability of the probiotic cells of 7.5 x 108 ufc/g and stability of gel of 55.6 g/cm2. This product possesses appropriate sensorial characteristic, the textural wanted, good microbiological indexes, a populational acceptance that classifies them between I like and I like a lot. The shelf life of the product packed in plastic pots of 100 mL to 6 °C was 9 days. The viability of probiotics during conservation was greater than 107 ufc/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low yields, climate change effects and heterogeneous culture conditions are some reasons for the development of new rice cultivars. This trial was developed with the objective of studying the behavior of sixteen advanced lines of rice under flooded conditions and to select the best for moving on to a higher stage. A Completely Randomized Design with three replications was used, the genotypes constituted the treatments and four commercial control were used. The available information was processed statistically by the combination of univariate and multivariate analysis. Results showed correlation of the yield with all their components, the cluster analysis detected that the maximum genetic diversity between types V and VI and the minimum was detected between types I and II and the regression indicated that the model had a good adjustment (93.5 %). The combination of statistical analyses used allowed to select five more promissory lines and to propose its validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water use efficiency, given that it conditions the sown areas, yield and production costs, as well as its sustainability, determines the future of rice production in Colombia against the FDA. This paper presents a review of the globally developed technologies for water saving in rice production under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The authors highlight alternative technologies that surpass the conventional system in terms of yield and harvest per cubic meter of water used. In the reflection for Colombia, the authors highlight important features for the research agenda and the social appropriation of alternative technologies with a view to optimizing water resources usage for rice production. Recommendations include the prioritizing of aerobic rice and the effective measurement of water consumption, which is indispensable for its use, and for planning, directing, and understanding how these alternative technologies can lead to the recovery of the investment made by agricultural workers and crop profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice cultivation transplant traditionally spends most of its life cycle with flooding and exhibits high adaptability to these conditions, consequently its production consumes a lot of water, although less than in the cultivation by direct seeding. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation water management in the agricultural and industrial yield of rice transplanting technology. Plants remained in flooded conditions throughout the cycle and plants undergoing suspension of the water surface for a period of 15 at three different times tillering stage were evaluated. The suspension of the water level increased agricultural yields between 16 and 32 % over the flooded control and industrial yield was 67 % on average. The highest percentage of whole grains were obtained in the treatments under suspension of the sheet, achieving the best results with the suspension at 30 DDT. This operation allows water savings of approximately 1 931,4 m3 ha-1, for the flooded treatment. The water saved would increase the area under irrigation by 11,19 % for rice cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present work was to establish the application time and dose of Trichoderma asperellum Samuels to control Rhizoctonia solani Kühn under production conditions. Three strains (T.17, T.75, T.78) of the antagonist were evaluated in four application times (seedbed, transplanting, first water stress and maximum tillering), where the applications were to the soil in the first three times and to the foliage in the last one. Subsequently, the resulting best combinations were evaluated at three doses (3.5 x 1011 (1), 3.5 x 1012 (2) and 3.5 x 1013 (3) conidia.ha-1), under the same conditions. A split plot design was used in the first test and a split split plot design in the second. The results showed that all the evaluated variants could be used as application alternatives in a management program of the crop, but the strains T.17 and T.78 applied to the seedlings or in the first water stress stood out with the highest values of technical efficacy (TE). The strain T.78 at the minimum dose (1011 conidia.ha-1) showed a TE superior to 70%, which remained at the higher doses evaluated The dose of 1011 conidia.ha-1 of T. asperellum strains T.78 applied to the seedlings in the transplanting or to the soil in the first water stress was effective to control R. solani. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice agribusiness in Rio Grande do Sul state is facing at least two major problems: the low price of the rice bag paid to the producer and the environmental impacts caused by the logic of productivity. These two issues are related to the discussion on the implementation of new technologies, as: the adoption organic agriculture. In this sense, evolutionary theory seeks to understand the process of technological change. Within this theoretical approach, the framework micro-meso-macro is highlighted. This one attempts to explain innovation as the result of a process involving a multilevel structure of rules, which evolves over time. In this context, the following research question is made: what are the rules of multilevel structures that are contributing to the adoption of organic production system associated with the Center for Environmental Education and Monitoring (NEMA)? The results have highlighted the importance of including "NGOs" and research firms as actors "structuring"; the "government" as the creator of "specific demands"; as well as to analyze the "natural resources" like possible "barriers" to the adoption of organic rice production system. Regarding the dynamics of the rules, the results give a first indication of the evolution of these over the adoption of new systems of production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands constructed or modified by humans (human-influenced wetlands [HIW]) constitute an Increasing proportion of wetland habitat In the USA. It Is unclear to what extent HIW (e.g., ponds, reservoirs, Impoundments, aquaculture sites, and flooded agricultural fields) provide equivalent habitat for wading birds compared with the natural wetlands they are replacing or augmenting. We compared selection of HIW with natural wetlands by Great Egrets (Ardea alba) In 2 regions containing high proportions of wetlands (73% Louisiana [LA], 39% South Carolina [SC]) and similar proportions of HIW (4.3% LA, 4.5% SC). Great Egrets In LA (n = 11) and SC (n = 19) were tracked using satellite transmitters for up to 1 year to assess selection of home ranges and foraging sites. We also compared selection of flooded agricultural fields vs. natural wetlands as foraging sites from aerial surveys of untagged egrets In LA. In SC, tagged birds showed stronger selection for HIW than natural wetlands as foraging sites, driven by use of small manmade ponds (39.9% of foraging observations), but home ranges did not contain a disproportionate area of ponds. In LA, tagged birds showed no overall selection of HIW at either scale, but unmarked egrets showed strong selection for crayfish aquaculture ponds, especially during drawdown. Rice fields provided only a short window of opportunity for foraging Great Egrets and were not selected over nearby natural sites. Despite widespread availability of HIW In the southeastern USA, our results show that natural wetlands continue to provide the majority of foraging habitat for Great Egrets; however, some HIW types (aquaculture and small ponds) may be strongly selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted in areas from "Los Palacios" Scientific-Technological Base Unit (UCTB) in Pinar del Rio province, pertaining to the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Two short-season cultivars (INCA LP-5 and Reform) and two half-season cultivars (INCA LP-2 and J-104) were used and seeded in four sowing dates (January-2004, December-2004, February-2005 and January-2006) over the winter season, on a Petroferric Ferruginous Nodular Gley Hydromorphic soil. The objective was to determine the influence of environmental temperature and seeding date on the phenological phase variation of four rice cultivars. A randomized block design with four replications was used. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the longest vegetative and reproductive phase was recorded at the dates of December-2004 and January-2006, corresponding to the lowest temperature values reported in this work. The accumulated temperature necessary to complete the biological cycle of INCA LP-5, Reform and INCA LP-2 cultivars is within a range from 1900 to 2150 °C, whereas for J-104 is between 2200 and 2260 °C. Highest yields correspond to the longest reproductive phase forevery cultivar studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is part of the researches that are carried out in the Regional Project of the International Organization of Atomic Energy (IAEA) "Mutation Breeding of Alimentary Cultivations in Latin America" where Cuba participates. The aim of this project is to obtain new rice varieties tolerant to drought using nuclear techniques, for that which is necessary to determine indicators for early selection of tolerant genotypes and to identify somaclones and/or mutants of good behavior under low water supply. For this study were used, 13 mutants obtained in the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (INCA) as well as the rice varieties Amistad-82 and J-104. The response to the hydric stress under field conditions was determined, using irrigation during the first 45 days, interrupting later for the plant cycle, were determined: I) the height of the plant, II) weigh of 1000 grains, III) length of panicle, IV) number of full grains, V) vain grains, VI) number of panicle for lineal meter and VII) yield for square meter. Likewise in vitro the answers to the drought with a concentration of 5 g L-1 of PEG-6000 to simulate the hydric stress and the Relative Tolerance Index of root and of height were evaluated. Some indicators for early selection of tolerant genotypes starting from the existent correlation among the characters evaluated in the field in vivo and in vitro were also determined. The INCA genotypes LP-10 and 8552 showed a better behavior under conditions of low supplies of water and INCA LP 16 genotypes and mutant 8553 were the most susceptible because they could not panicular under the same conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried in the rainy season in areas of "Los Palacios" Technological Scientist Unit of Base, belonging to the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences with the objective of selecting promissory lines resultants of Rice Breed Program. The materials were distributed according to a Modified Augmented Design (MAD), which was structured by a Latin Square (3x3), with three controls lines (INCA LP-5, IACUBA-25 and Reforma) and 66 test lines. The data were processed by statistical multivariate techniques of Cluster Analysis and Multiple Lineal Regression. Panicle length, panicle for m2, full grains for panicle, barren grains for panicle, weight of 1000 grains, agricultural yield, cycle to 50% flowering and final height of the plants were evaluated. The results showed strong correlations between yield and full grains for panicle and weight of 1000 grains; the multiple lineal regression analysis proposes a model for the yield dependent variable and the combination of MAD and Cluster Analysis allowed the selection of 27 promissory lines to include in advanced studies in this crop, completing their characterization and evaluating their resistance to pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are among the most toxic pollutants in the environment showing foods as the main source of human exposure. Based on this, this study aimed to determine 7 PCBs indicators of environmental contamination in 22 samples of rice and 18 samples of beans in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Furthermore, this study aimed to calculate the waste estimated daily intake, starting from the existing contamination in rice and beans, as well as wanted to determine the samples fat content to correlate with levels of PCBs. The extraction and purification of the compounds were performed via QuEChERS method followed by identification and quantification by GC-MS. PCBs 153 and 101 showed the highest mean concentration in the samples of rice and bean, respectively. Considering the sum of PCBs in the samples, this was 4.39ng g-1 for the rice and 4.17ng g-1 for the beans. In estimated daily intake, this was 7.82ng kg-1 and 3.14ng kg-1 of body weight per day, for the rice and beans, respectively. Regarding the percentage of fat the rice and beans samples had fat contents of 0.32% and 1.1%, respectively. However, the correlation with the PCBs levels was not significant. The results demonstrate that the State of RS has important sources of these persistent chemical waste contaminations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted to evaluate the behavior of new rice lines (Oryza sativa L.) obtained by hybridization with the aim of increase yields and crop genetic diversity. fifthteen lines were studied from different hybrid combinations and two cultivars used as test and also as progenitors which were involved in some of the originated lines crossing. twenty two characters were considered, qualitative and quantitative one, which were measured in the stages of flowering, ripening and post-harvest of the crop, using a Completely Randomized design with five replications. The data obtained were subjected to univariate and multivariate statistical analyzes. The lines evaluated were similar in some qualitative characters and different in all quantitative characters; also it was possible to determine the most important variables for the characterization. The lines G/S-L1, G/S-L10, G/S-L13 that make up the group I were the best behavior, combining good plant erection, well emerged panicles, late or intermediate senescence and higher yield, beating the test used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that the world population will continue to increase; however the water resources available to meet crop right now is not enough, it is working to find alternatives that save water and maintain or increase agricultural crop yields. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is certainly a way that contributes to such purposes. The research was conducted at the Experimental Station of Zaidín, Granada, Spain, in plastic pots with plants of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal rice in semi-controlled conditions, with three water supplies, no stress (25 mL), moderate stress (10 mL) and severe stress (5 mL) for 15 days, with the aim of evaluating the effect of the inoculation of Rhizoglomus intraradices in rice plants under water stress and then retrieved on some biochemical parameters. The results showed that the symbiosis HMA reduces the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and oxidative damage to lipids from an increased accumulation of the antioxidant glutathione. The combined effects of plant metabolism improved after a period of water stress and can be suggested as indicators under conditions of water deficit in plants [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]