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Rationale: The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Alpinia katsumadai Hayata (AKH) play a key role in determining its effects such as organoleptic properties, medicinal properties, and consumer preferences. The nonmedicinal parts (roots, fibrous roots, stems, leaves, and shells) in AKH are also rich in VOCs and different degrees of antibacterial activity. Therefore, it is important to comprehensively characterize the VOCs in different parts of AKH and learn about their potential antimicrobial abilities. Methods: In this study, headspace gas chromatography‐ion mobility spectrometry (HS‐GC‐IMS) and headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS) were used to comprehensively investigate the compositional characteristics and differences of roots, fibrous roots, stems, leaves, shells, and seeds in AKH. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to determine the differential VOCs in different parts of AKH. The inhibition zone diameter method was used to compare the antibacterial ability of different parts. Results: HS‐GC‐IMS and HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS analyses identified 67 and 125 VOCs, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis showed the differences in the six parts is obvious. Compounds such as (E)‐2‐heptenal and thymol were selected as potential VOCs to distinguish six sites of AKH. In general, the inhibition effect of the volatile oils from shell and root on the two colonies was better, and the volatile oils of the four parts of AKH have better inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: This research conducted a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental volatile components in AKH. It subsequently elucidated the distinctions and specificities in different parts. The antibacterial effect of volatile oil in different parts was further compared, which was conducive to finding alternative parts for seeds in some active aspects, and the utilization of AKH was more sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to explore multiple effects of hyperbranched poly‐l‐lysine (HBPL) titanium (Ti) surfaces on osseointegration, bacteriostasis, and anti‐inflammation across three different animal models. Methods: Ti surfaces were covalently modified with HBPL, with uncoated surfaces as controls. Characterization included scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface chemistry and elemental analysis (EDX). Ti and Ti‐HBPL implants were placed in conventional canine edentulous sites, post‐operative infection canine edentulous sites, and diabetic rat tibias. Implants from canine edentulous models were analyzed using micro‐CT and histomorphometry to assess osseointegration at 8 weeks. Post‐operative infection beagles were used to evaluate antibacterial efficacy through clinical parameters and bacterial cultures at 1 week. In diabetic rats, micro‐CT and histomorphometry were performed at 8 weeks. Results: HBPL was uniformly grafted on Ti‐HBPL surfaces. Ti‐HBPL surfaces showed higher bone volume/total volume (BV/TV, p < 0.001), bone‐implant contact (BIC%, p < 0.001), and trabecular number (Tb.N, p < 0.01) in beagles. Besides, it displayed higher BIC% (p < 0.001) and bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO%, p < 0.01) in hard tissue sections. In an infected model, Ti‐HBPL surfaces exhibited lower bleeding on probing (BOP, p < 0.001), and plaque index (DI, p < 0.01), with reduced bacterial colony formation (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. In diabetic rats, Ti‐HBPL surfaces showed an increase in BV/TV (p < 0.01) and Tb.N (p < 0.001), downregulated TNF‐α and IL‐1β (p < 0.01), and upregulated IL‐10 (p < 0.01) and osteocalcin (OCN) expression (p < 0.01). Conclusions: HBPL‐Ti surfaces demonstrated enhanced osseointegration, bacteriostasis, and anti‐inflammatory effects in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compare the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects of Sophora flavescens and its eight different processed products, providing experimental basis for the use of different processed products of So⁃ phora flavescens in feed additives. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate RAW264.7 mouse macrophages as an in vitro anti-inflammatory model, the proliferation rate of cells was determined by CCK-8 method. The contents of TNF- α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 were determined by ELISA. The contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 in LPS stimulated cells were reduced by Sophora flavescens and different processed products. Bran-processed and rice-washed processed are significantly lower than raw products (P<0.01). Sophora flavescens and its different processed products have inhibitory effect on both bacteria, the MIC of carbonized-processed, branprocessed and rice-washed processed was less than that of raw Sophora flavescens, and the bacteriostasis circle was larger than that of raw Sophora flavescens (P<0.05). Sophora flavescens and its different processed products all have good anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, among which bran-processed and rice-washed processed are better than raw Sophora flavescens. Therefore, bran-processed and rice-washed processed can be added to animal feed, providing ideas for the subsequent application of Sophora flavescens processed products in the feed field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Open wounds are susceptible to bacterial infections, and antibiotics are commonly used to treat these infections. However, widespread use of antibiotics will easily induce bacterial resistance. Green antibacterial agents serve as excellent alternative for antibiotics in infection therapy. In this work, polydopamine (PDA) was used to modify the surface of ZIF-8, which not only enhances the water stability of Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8) but also improves its photocatalytic and photothermal capabilities. ZIF-8@PDA was incorporated into carboxylated chitosan (CCS) films as an antibacterial agent, the resulting ZIF-8@PDA-CCS films exhibit excellent ionic/photocatalytic/photothermal antibacterial performance. The film exhibited an impressive 99% in vitro bacterial inhibition rate. After treatment with ZIF-8@PDA-CCS, the bacteria in infected wounds can be completely suppressed. These findings suggest that ZIF-8@PDA-CCS could serve as a potentional antibacterial dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), such as size, surface charge, and the ability to release silver ions, contribute to DNA damage, inducing of oxidative stress, and apoptosis in cancer cells. Thus, the potential application of AgNPs in the field of biomedicine, and cancer therapy are rapidly increasing day by day. Therefore, in this study, AgNPs were synthesized by extract of Chuanminshen violaceum, and then the synthesized CM-AgNPs were fully characterized. The biological activity of CM-AgNPs was investigated for antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The cytotoxic activity of CM-AgNPs was tested for various kinds of cancer cells including MKN45 gastric cancer cells, HCT116 human colon cancer cells, A549 human lung cancer cells, and HepG2 liver cancer cells. Among these cancer cells, the induced apoptosis activity of CM-AgNPs on HCT116 cancer cells was better and was used for further investigation. Besides, the CM-AgNPs exhibited great antioxidant activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with 50% free radical scavenging activity, and CM-AgNPs also showed a significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, our pilot data demonstrated that the green synthesis of CM-AgNPs would be considered a good candidate for the treatment of HCT116 cancer cells, with its strong antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to validate the preservation and bacteriostasis effects of a citral nanoemulsion on golden pomfret (Trachinotus ovatus) stored at 4°C, in comparison with sterile saline and blank nanoemulsion without citral addition, aiming at keeping the freshness of T. ovatus and enhancing the quality maintenance technology for aquatic products. The analysis of microbial composition revealed that Shewanella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were predominant spoilage organisms in T. ovatus (accounting for more than 90% of the total proportion during most storage time), when the citral nanoemulsion treatment led to an abundance decrease of Shewanella spp. and an increase of Pseudomonas spp. The total viable count (TVC) of fish samples treated with citral nanoemulsion consistently exhibited the lowest TVC values, surpassing the limit (7.0 log CFU/g) on Day 10, which was observed with a delay of 2–4 days compared to the other two groups. Meanwhile, the fish samples of the citral nanoemulsion group exhibited significantly reduced levels in total volatile base nitrogen (TVB‐N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and K value, with better attributes in texture and sensory evaluation. Furthermore, the Pearson analysis revealed highly significant correlations between TVC and these quality indices (correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9), underscoring the importance of microbial control in T. ovatus. These findings highlighted the potential application of citral nanoemulsion on the preservation and bacteriostasis of T. ovatus during refrigeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the anti‐inflammatory and bacteriostatic effects of hydrogen‐rich water (HRW) intake on Wistar rats with periodontitis. Methods: The periodontitis model of rats was established by silk ligature and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) solution smearing. The rats were divided into normal control group, model group, and HRW group. The rats in normal control group were given normal feeding without any intervention, while periodontitis was induced in the rats of model group and HRW group, and the rats were given HRW intake and normal saline, respectively, during the whole procedure of the experiments. The antibacterial effect and clinical symptoms (plaque index and gingival sulcus bleeding index (SBI)) were then observed, and peripheral blood (PB), gingival sulcus fluid, and jaw samples were collected to evaluate the changes of inflammatory factors and the curative effect. Results: In the rats of model group, alveolar bone resorption was obvious, which indicated that the rats with periodontitis were successfully constructed, and HRW intake mitigated it. Pg colony number of the rats fed with HRW was significantly lower than that of the model rats. The contents of proinflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in PB serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of rats in model group were significantly increased, and HRW intake reversed these and promoted the level of anti‐inflammatory factor interleukin‐10 (IL‐10). Conclusion: HRW can effectively inhibit the growth of periodontal pathogens and reduce inflammation and may be used to prevent or ameliorate periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To investigate and identify the antibacterial action and mechanism of rose essential oil (REO) against Aeromonas veronii isolated from Northern snakehead for the first time by the phenotypic and metabolic analysis. Methods and results The 2-fold broth microdilution and spread-plate method identified that the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of REO against A. veronii were 1.25 μl ml−1 and REO impaired the growth in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that REO possessed a significant bacteriostatic activity. Electron microscopy and live-dead cell staining found that REO caused a severe disruption of cellular morphology and increased the membrane permeability. Additionally, REO treatment induced the leakage of intracellular biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids from the bacteria. Metabolomics analysis showed that compared with the control, the REO treatment group exhibited a total of 190 differential metabolites (118 down-regulated and 72 up-regulated), which involved in the main metabolic pathways such as biotin metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, lysine degradation, and histidine metabolism and the TCA cycle. These results verified that REO disturbed the metabolic processes of A. veronii to achieve the bacteriostatic effect. Conclusion The rose essential oil exhibited the effective antibacterial activity against A. veronii via breaking the cellular structure, increasing the membrane permeation and disrupting the metabolic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Eugenol is the main antioxidant and antimicrobial component of essential oils, however, its volatility and water solubility limit its application. In this study, eugenol liposomes (Eug‐Lip) by the ethanol injection method. The average particle size of Eug‐Lip was measured to be between 40 and 70 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.2934, a potential between −30 and −60 mV, and an encapsulation rate of 87.12%. The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐based nanofiber membrane (Eug‐Lip‐NF) was prepared by the electrostatic spinning technique. This not only improved the water solubility and stability of eugenol, but also extended its release time and preserved its biological activity. The high‐voltage electric field facilitates the retention of the antioxidant ability of the membrane, as well as the inhibition of both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). These results indicate that the combination of liposome and electrostatic spinning technology provides feasibility and promise for eugenol in food and medicine fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To combine the activity characteristics of 18β‐glycyrrhetinic acid (18β‐GA) and anthraquinone compounds (rhein and emodin), reduce toxicity, and explore the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of anthraquinones, 18β‐GA‐anthraquinone ester compounds were synthesized by one‐step organic synthesis. The products were separated and purified by HPLC and characterized by NMR and EI‐MS. It was finally determined as di‐18β‐GA‐3‐rhein ester (1, New), GA dimer (2, known), 18β‐GA‐3‐emodin ester (3, known), and di‐18β‐GA‐1‐emodin ester (4, new). The MIC of three reactants and four products against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in vitro. Its developmental toxicity and cardiotoxicity were assessed using zebrafish embryos. The experimental results showed that rhein had the best antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC50 of 2.4 mM, and it was speculated that –COOH, –OH, and intramolecular hydrogen bonds in anthraquinone compounds would enhance the antibacterial effect, while the presence of‐CH3 might weaken the antibacterial activity. Product 1 increased the hatching rate and survival rate of zebrafish embryos and reduced the malformation rate and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. This experiment lays the foundation for further studying the SAR of anthraquinones and providing new drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure characteristics of lignin were summarized・ The inhibitory mechanism of lignin on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was described, that is, the phenol hydroxyl group can promote the decrease of pH value around cells, thus destroying cell membranes, denaturating proteins, inhibiting the activity of respiratory system and electron transfer enzyme system of microbial cells, and achieving the inhibitory effect, while the reduction of molecular weight can increase the phenol hydroxyl group content of lignin・ The water solubility of lignin can be improved effectively with the increase of hydrophilicity ・ Based on the research status at home and abroad, the main methods to improve the antibacterial activity of lignin (depolymerization, fractionation, extraction of lignin and lignin-silver complex) were introduced, the methods for improving the antibacterial activity of lignin modified by different methods were discussed, and the prospect of improving the antibacterial activity of lignin was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food safety incidents caused by bacterial contamination have always been one of the public safety issues of social concern. Planktonic cells, viable but non‐culturable (VBNC) cells, and biofilm cells of bacteria can coexist in food or food processing, posing more serious challenges to public health and safety by increasing bacterial survival and difficulty in detection. As a non‐toxic, no side effect, and highly effective bacteriostatic substance, nisin has received wide attention from researchers. In this review, we summarized the species and biosynthesis of nisin, the effects of nisin alone or in combination with other treatments on planktonic and biofilm cells, and its applications in the fields of food, feed, and medicine by consulting numerous studies. Meanwhile, the mechanism of nisin on planktonic and biofilm cells was proposed based on existing researches. Nisin not only has antibacterial activity against most G+ bacteria but also exhibits a bacteriostatic effect on G− bacteria when combined with other antibacterial treatments. In addition to planktonic cells, nisin also has significant effects on bacterial cells in biofilms by changing the thickness, density, and composition of biofilms. Based on the three action processes of nisin on biofilms, we summarized the changes of bacteria in biofilms, including the causes of bacterial death and the formation of the VBNC state. We consider that research on the relationship between nisin and VBNC state should be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to compare the antioxidant activity and bacteriostasis of ethanol extracts from Zizyphus jujuba leaves in main producing areas of Shanxi Province. The samples of Zizyphus jujuba leaves from main producing areas such as northern Shanxi, central Shanxi, southeastern Shanxi and southern Shanxi were collected, and the antioxidant active sites of Zizyphus jujuba leaves were screened by organic solvent extraction of ethanol extract method, and the antioxidant activity of different polar parts of Zizyphus jujuba leaves from different main producing areas were compared, and the bacteriostasis of ethanol extract aqueous solution of Zizyphus jujuba leaves was tested. The results showed that the total flavonoids content in the ethyl acetate phase of ethanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba leaves was the highest. Ethyl acetate phase has the strongest scavenging ability against ABTS radical and DPPH radical, which indicates that ethyl acetate phase was the strongest site of antioxidant activity. In different producing areas, the antioxidant activity of different polar parts of Zizyphus jujuba leaves in central Shanxi was the strongest, while that in southern Shanxi was the weakest. The aqueous solution of ethanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba leaves in Taigu District and Pingyao County has the strongest bacteriostatic effect. The study indicates that the ethanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba leaves in central Shanxi has higher antioxidant activity, and the ethyl acetate phase has higher antioxidant activity than other polar parts, and the aqueous solution of ethanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba leaves in central Shanxi has the strongest antibacterial and bactericidal effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the antibacterial effect of extracts of Astragalus membranaceus, Licorice, and Sophora alopecuroides and their compounds, water extraction was used to prepare single-dose extracts of Chinese herbal medicines, and nine different compounds were obtained according to L9(34) orthogonal design. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella were used as test bacteria for antibacterial test in vitro. The results showed that Astragalus membranaceus, Licorice, and Sophora alopecuroides had a certain antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella. Among the three different single extracts, Astragalus membranaceus had the best antibacterial effect on the three bacteria, followed by Licorice and Sophora alopecuroides. Compared with the single dose, the antibacterial effects of the three kinds of Chinese herbal medicines were improved as a whole, and the best ratios of antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella were 1∶1∶2, 2∶2∶1 and 4∶1∶2, respectively. It was proved that when the ratio of the three Chinese herbal medicines was 1∶1∶2, the antibacterial effect was the best, and the diameter of the antibacterial zone of the compound against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella was 15.20, 14.10, and 12.92 mm, respectively. The results showed that in livestock production, it is suggested that the compound addition ratio of Astragalus membranaceus, Licorice, and Sophora alopecuroides water extracts should be 1∶1∶2, and the concentrations should be 0.6, 0.6, and 1.2 g/mL at this time, so as to maximize the antibacterial effect of Chinese herbal medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Developing an effective strategy to combat multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and promote wound healing without overuse of antibiotics remains an important and challenging goal. Herein, we established a synergistic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)-mediated nanocatalytic therapy, which was consisted of a multifunctional Cu single-atom nanozyme loaded with the l -arginine (l -Arg@Cu-SAzymes) and a low level of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) as a trigger. l -Arg@Cu-SAzymes can possess excellent dual enzyme-like activities: catalase (CAT)-like activity that decompose H 2 O 2 into O 2 , and subsequent oxidase (OXD)-like activity that convert O 2 to cytotoxic superoxide anion radical (•O 2 −). Meanwhile, l -Arg@Cu-SAzymes can also be triggered by H 2 O 2 to release nitric oxide (NO), which can continue to react with •O 2 – to generate more lethal peroxynitrite (ONOO−). Collectively, the synergistic ROS and RNS mediated by l -Arg@Cu-SAzymes endow the treatment system with an outstanding antibacterial ability against MDR bacteria and reduce the inflammation at the wound site. Furthermore, l -Arg@Cu-SAzymes-mediated NO and O 2 release promote the cell proliferation, collagen synthesis, and the angiogenesis, as well as facilitate macrophage polarization to reparative M2 phenotype, thereby accelerating wound closure and tissue remodeling. Therefore, l -Arg@Cu-SAzymes-based synergistic nanocatalytic therapy can be regarded as a promising strategy for MDR bacterial infected wounds treatment, owing to their potent antibacterial efficacy and enhanced tissue remodeling effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processing of Forsythia suspensa green tea mainly includes four steps: fresh leaf spreading, fixing, rolling, and drying. In order to explore the inhibitory effect and antioxidant activity of extracts from different processing stages of F. suspensa green tea on foodborne bacteria, in this study, F. suspensa fresh leaves, fixed tea leaves, rolled tea leaves, and dried tea leaves were used as research materials. Seven common foodborne bacteria were used as test strains. The diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone, and the DPPH, ABTS+ free radical scavenging rates, and total antioxidant capacity were determined. This allowed assessment of the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of extracts from the different products, provide scientific guidance for further optimization of F. suspensa green tea processing, and a theoretical basis for deep development of F. suspensa green tea. The results showed that the extracts from the different processing stages of F. suspensa green tea all exhibited obvious inhibitory effects on Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, but no obvious effects on five bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, Shigella flexneri, Cronobacter sakazakii, and Shigella dysenteriae, indicating that F. suspensa fresh leaves, fixed tea leaves, rolled tea leaves, and dried tea leaves had better inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria. The minimum inhibitory mass concentration of fresh leaves and dried tea leaves against B. cereus and S. aureus was 125 mg/mL. The minimum bactericidal mass concentration of fresh leaves and dried tea leaves against B. cereus was 250 mg/mL for both fresh leaves and dried tea extracts. The minimum bactericidal mass concentration of fresh leaves and dried tea leaves against S. aureus was 500 mg/mL. The scavenging rates of the fixed tea leaves against DPPH, ABTS+ free radical, and total antioxidant capacity were the highest and they were 98.2%, 90.3%, and 92.5%, respectively. This showed that Forsythia suspensa green tea had good anti-bacterial ability, but its antioxidant activity was reduced after high temperature treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was done to study the zeolite molecular sieve as a drug-binding effector, the non-antibiotic drug potassium diformate uniformly disperse in the internal aqueous phase of the 'egg box' structure formed by pectin-calcium ions. With oil phase as the intermediate phase and Xanthan gum Chitosan as the external water phase, the W/O/W type sustained release bacteriostatic microcapsules with pH response were prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric, SEM, and TEM. It can be obtained through characterization experiments that the inner water phase, oil phase, and outer water phase were formed by observation, and W/O/W emulsion microcapsules were obtained and the bacteriostasis effect of microcapsules was verified by bacteriostasis experiment. The permeance experiment showed that the molecular sieve was successfully coated in the microsphere. Studying on drug release mechanism and sustaining release performance of composite emulsion microcapsules. In vitro drug release study showed that the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading rate of microcapsules were improved by adding molecular sieve, reaching 12.31% and 61.55%, respectively. At the same time, we observed that the drug release rate slowed down during the simulated intestinal release process, and the drug release kinetics were in line with the first-order kinetic model and Ritger-Peppas model equation. Experiments had proven that the drug-loaded microcapsules exerted a significant bacteriostatic effect on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, with the highest antibacterial rates of 97.25%, 94.05%, and 95.93%, respectively. Therefore, the composite emulsion microcapsules can be used as a new controlled-release drug delivery system in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most recent advancements in food science and technology include cold sterilization of food and fresh‐keeping packaging. Active packaging technology has received much interest due to the photocatalytic activity (PCA) of functional nanoparticles, including titanium dioxide (TiO2) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). However, there are still significant concerns about the toxicity and safety of these functional nanoparticles. This review emphasizes the bacteriostatic and fresh‐keeping properties of functional nanoparticles as well as their packaging strategies using the ultraviolet photo‐catalysis effect. High‐voltage electric field cold plasma (HVEF‐CP) is the most innovative method of cold‐sterilizing food. HVEF‐CP sterilizes by producing photoelectrons, ions, and active free radicals on food media, which come into contact with the bacteria's surface and destroy their cells. Next, this review also assesses the photocatalytic activity and bacteriostasis kinetics of nanosized TiO2 and Fe2O3 in poultry, beef, and lamb. In addition, this review also emphasizes the importance of exploiting the complex interaction processes between TiO2 and Fe2O3, along with dietary components and their utilization in the fresh meat industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant essential oils are widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and other fields because of their bacteriostatic properties and natural sources. However, the bacteriostatic range of unilateral essential oils is limited, and compound essential oil has become an effective way to improve the antibacterial properties of unilateral essential oils. In this study, based on the analysis of the antibacterial properties of Chinese cinnamon bark oil and oregano oil, the proportion and concentration of the compound essential oil were optimized and designed, and the antibacterial activity of the compound essential oil was studied. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of Chinese cinnamon bark oil was higher than that of oregano oil. The compound essential oil prepared by a 1:1 ratio of Chinese cinnamon bark oil and oregano oil with a concentration of 156.25 ppm showed an excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The GC-MS results showed that cinnamaldehyde was the main antibacterial component of Chinese cinnamon bark essential oil, and carvacrol and thymol in oregano oil were the main antibacterial components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fermentation conditions for co-extraction of β-glucan and polypeptide from oat bran by mixed bacteria and yeast culture were optimized using single factor and orthogonal test. The fermentation broth was analyzed for antioxidant and bacteriostatic performance, as well as application in hair protection. The optimal strain mixture for fermentation contained Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at an inoculation ratio of 7∶3∶5 by detecting of the viable number of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis during fermentation. The optimized fermentation conditions, resulting in β-glucan yield at 5.98% and oat polypeptide yield at 16.21%, were found to be the ratio of solid to liquid at 1∶7.5, temperature at 30℃, inoculation volume at 2% and fermentation time for 42 h and the main and secondary order of the effects of various factors on the fermentation yield of oat bran is material liquid ratio > inoculation amount > fermentation time > fermentation temperature. The fermentation broth reduced the radical formation as the radical scavenging rate of DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical was 89.00%, 99.50% and 93.01%, respectively, with IC50 of 89.35, 1.315 and 91.26 mg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the fermentation broth against Escherichia coli, Staphylostreptococcus aureus and Malassezia furfur was analyzed and the minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5, 25 and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. The fermentation broth had significant effect on increasing hair glossiness, repairing hair scales, reducing dry hair combing force and improving reducibility of α-keratin. Based on the detection of the target active substance content and the evaluation of its efficacy in three extraction processes, the experimental results showed that the fermentation extraction process improved the comprehensive extraction efficiency of β-glucan and peptides compared to the heating extraction method and enzymatic extraction method, and had higher activity in antioxidant, antibacterial, repairing hair scales, and reducing keratin functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to isolate Aspergillus versicolor and explore the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus versicolor on Aspergillus versicolor. In vitro oxford cup method was used to adjust the concentration of Aspergillus versicolor spore suspension to 1×105 CFU/mL in three groups: Lactobacillus fermentans group, Lactobacillus reuteri group and mixed Lactobacillus group, adjust the concentration of the resuscitated Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus reuteri to 1×108 CFU/mL, the mixture of Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus reuteri was prepared in the proportion of 1:1. The inhibition of the three groups on Aspergillus versicolor was compared by measuring the diameter of inhibition zone. The paper agar diffusion method was used to determine the drug resistance of Aspergillus versicolor to 20 kinds of common drugs. The results were as follows: ① compared with Lactobacillus fermentans, Lactobacillus reuteri and mixed Lactobacillus had better antibacterial effect on Aspergillus versicolor. ② The isolated strains were resistant to ceftriaxone, minocycline, kanamycin, gentamicin, cefradine and ampicil‐ lin, and sensitive to 14 other drugs. This experiment can provide new data for probiotics to inhib‐ it feed mold of livestock and poultry, and provide data reference for treatment of aspergillosis of livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain a broad-spectrum biocontrol strain with high efficiency against vegetable soft rot bacteria, in this study, a biocontrol strain DJ1 with good inhibition effect on three pathogens was screened from vegetable rhizosphere soil by the method of bacteriostasis circle, using soft rot pathogen of Chinese cabbage Pectobacterium carotovorum BC2, onion Burkholderia gladioli YC1 and baby cabbage Pseudomonas sp. WWC2 as the targets. Antagonistic strains were isolated and screened from vegetable rhizosphere soil by gradient dilution and bacteriostatic zone method. Through morphological, physiological and biochemical analysis and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the species of the biocontrol strains were identified, and their the growth characteristics were studied. The Oxford Cup method was used to determine the bacteriostasis of the biocontrol strains on 3 strains of soft rot and 3 strains of human pathogenic bacteria, and the plate confrontation method to determine the bacteriostasis on 8 strains of plant pathogenic fungi. Needling inoculation method was applied to determine the control effect on vegetables leaves in vitro and field, and X-gal chromogenic method to determine the degradation activities of quorum-sensing signal factors against Chinese cabbage soft rot pathogen. The growth characteristics of the strain, its ability to degrade quorum sensing signal factors, its bacteriostatic spectrum and its field control effect on soft rot of Chinese cabbage were studied. The results showed that 18 antagonistic strains were selected from 1 012 bacteria isolated from 20 soil samples, among which 1 biocontrol strain DJ1 had antibacterial activity against 3 soft rot pathogens YC1, BC2 and WWC2. The antibacterial zone diameters were (10.60±0.20), (6.92±0.56) and (3.92±0.16) mm, respectively. The strain DJ1 was identified as Bacillus velezensis. The optimal growth temperature of strain DJ1 was 30℃, and it had good salt tolerance and grew under 1%- 5% NaCl. It had the ability to degrade the quorum-sensing signaling factors of Chinese cabbage, and inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and 8 plant pathogenic fungi. The 1×108 CFU/mL of bacterial solution was 84.30%, 60.21% and 69.96% in vitro against soft rot of Chinese cabbage, onion and baby cabbage, respectively, and 79.91% in field. Therefore, B. velezensis DJ1 presents potential application in the control of vegetable soft rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the raw materials of biodegradable food packaging, gelatin is an environmentally friendly substitute for traditional plastic packaging. In this review both sources and extraction methods of gelatin are introduced, together with recent modification methods and applications of using plant sources instead of synthetic substances to endow gelatin film with functionality. Gelatin is extracted from mammals, marine organisms, and poultry. Different extraction methods (acid, alkali, enzyme treatment) can affect the molecular weight and amino acid composition of gelatin, thus affecting the molecular structure, physical properties, chemical and functional properties of gelatin. Gelatin serves as a good substrate, but its disadvantage is that it is very brittle. However, the addition of plasticizers can improve the flexibility of the film by reducing chain interactions during the dehydration process. Compared with other plasticizers, glycerol and sorbitol have better effects on adjusting the mechanical properties of gelatin films. Gelatin is combined with active substances such as essential oils, plant extracts, and nanoparticles to prepare gelatin based composite films with good mechanical properties and antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Gelatin-based composite films can effectively inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms and lipid oxidation in food. Applying it to food packaging can improve the quality of fresh food and extend its shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel bacteriocin Lactocin C-M2 produced by Lactobacillus panis C-M2, combined with dielectric barrier discharged cold plasma (DBD-CP), was used to evaluate the antibacterial effect on aquatic foods. After the purification procedures of ethyl acetate extraction, cation exchange chromatography and semi-preparative liquid phase, the stability of Lactocin C-M2 under DBD-CP environment was determined, and the preservation effect of these two joint treatments was investigated on fresh white fish samples. As revealed by LC-MS/MS and BLAST analysis, Lactocin C-M2 is a new type of class II bacteriocin, with a molecular weight of 863.52 Da and the N -terminal sequence MVKKTSAV. Application of Lactocin C-M2 showed significantly stronger inhibitory effect on bacteria than on yeasts and mold. All the tested 10 Gram positive bacteria and 3 Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and so on, were inhibited. Lactocin C-M2 also presented stable antibacterial activity after exposure to DBD-CP, with the 95% residual activity against Staphylococcus aureus under the 40∼80 kV voltage for 30∼180 s, indicating the possibility of synergistic application. Combined with addition of 0.9 mg/g Lactocin C-M2, the treatment of DBD-CP with voltage at 60 kV for 90 s on fresh white fish (Culter alburnus) could significantly inhibit the microbial growth, the accumulation of volatile nitrogen and histamine during the storage. Therefore, the Lactocin C-M2, used together with the DBD-CP, is effective in food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Madecassoside is a natural active component extracted from CenteUa asiatica. In recent years, a large number of studies have reported that madecassoside has a variety of biological activities, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, nerve damage, visceral damage and arthritis, and other pharmacological effects. In this paper, the pharmacological action and mechanism of madecassoside were reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for further research of madecassoside and drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic with bacteriostatic effects, which can effectively inhibit the activity of pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibition of pathogens by L. reuteri in intestinal cells remains unclear. Using the porcine intestinal cell line IPEC-J2 as a model, we combined RNA-seq and ATAC-seq methods to delineate the porcine genome-wide changes in biological processes and chromatin accessibility in IPEC-J2 cells stimulated by Salmonella enterica BNCC186354, as well as L. reuteri ATCC 53608. Overall, we found that many porcine transcripts were altered after S. enterica BNCC186354 treatment, while L. reuteri ATCC 53608 treatment partially restored this alteration, such as salmonella infection and PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Combined analysis of these two datasets revealed that 26 genes with similar trends overlapped between gene expression and chromatin accessibility. In addition, we identified potential host functional transcription factors (TFs), such as GATA1, TAL1, TBP, RUNX1, Gmeb1, Gfi1b, RARA, and RXRG, in IPEC-J2 cells that might play a critical role and are targeted by L. reuteri ATCC 53608. Moreover, we verified that PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and apoptosis pathways are potentially regulated by S. enterica BNCC186354 but restored by L. reuteri ATCC 53608. The PI3K/AKT pathway was activated by L. reuteri ATCC 53608, thereby potentially inhibiting S. enterica BNCC186354 infection. In conclusion, our data provide new insights into the expression pattern of functional genes and the epigenetic alterations in IPEC-J2 cells underlying the bacteriostatic action of L. reuteri ATCC 53608. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to enrich the control measures of Elizabethkingia miricola EMI and screen the strains with antagonistic effect on Elizabethkingia. The EMI antagonism was isolated by dilution coating method. Morphological observation, physiological and biochemical characteristics analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis were used to determine the classification status of the isolated strain LM-7. To study the optimal bacteriostatic conditions and active substances of antagonistic strain LM-7 against EMI. The results showed that LM-7 belonged to Streptomyces antibioticus which had the best antibacterial effect on EMI in PDA medium, the ratio of circle and diameter was 11.13. LM-7 contained polyketide synthase genes PKS-I and PKS-II and non-ribosomal peptide synthase genes NRPS, the antibacterial active components were related to non-ribosomal peptides and polyketide secondary metabolites, and its antibacterial activity mainly existed in the exocytic secretion of cells. The study indicates that strain LM-7 can be used as a candidate strain for EMI control, and its fermentation broth has the potential to study and develop novel structurally active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective：To discuss the becteriostatic effect of flavonoids in the Carex meyeriana Kunth extract on infection of Staphylococcus aureus（S. aureus) of the rats after skin scalding, and to provide the new ideas，for the research on new-style anti-infection traditional Chinese medicine. Methods：The wateralcohol extraction method was used to extract the active ingredients of Carex meyeriana Kunth and the content of flavonoids was determined by UV spectrophotometry, Oxford cup bacteriostatic test was used to detect the bacteriostatic activity of active ingredients of the Carex meyeriana Kunth against bacteria, and its minimal inhibitory concentration（MIC) was determined by tube dilution method. A total of 24 SD rats were used to establish Ⅱ degree scalding models and randomly divided into normal saline control group, penicillin sodium （NaBP) control group and Carex meyeriana Kunth extract CM-70 treatment group, and there were 8 rats in each group. The rats in three groups were inoculated with 20 µL （ 1. 0× 108 CFU·mL-1 ) S. aureus by multi-point injection in the wound skin；on the next day, the rats in three groups were smeared with sterile normal saline （0. 5 g sterile absorbent cotton adsorbed normal saline 0. 5 mL·cm-2 ), NaBP （0. 5 g sterile absorbent cotton adsorbed NaBP, 5 000 U·kg-1 body mass) and 10 g·L-1 Carex meyeriana kunth CM-70 extract diluent （ 0. 5 g sterile absorbent cotton adsorbed 0. 5 mL·cm-2 Carex meyeriana Kunth extract CM-70 extract diluent). The wound infection of the rats in various groups were observed； the bacteria number （CFU·g-1 )under scalding wound scab of the rats on the 1st，2nd，3rd，4th，5th，6th, and 7th days after scalding was measured by bacteria quantitative test； the serum levels of interleukin-1β（IL-1β), interleukin-10（IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α) of the rats in various groups before scalding and on the 1st，3rd，7th, and 14th days after scalding were detected by ELISA method. Results：The in vitro bacteriostatic activity test results showed that different dilution concentrations of Carex meyeriana Kunth extract CM-70 formed different sizes of inhibition zones against S. aureus, and did not formed the inhibition zones against Escherichia and Candida albicans. The MIC detection results showed that the MIC value of active ingredients of the Carex mgyeriana Kunth extract to S. aureus was 2. 5 g·L-1. The observation results of infection and healing of scalding wounds of the rats in various groups showed that compared with normal saline control group, on the 3rd day after scalding, the exudation of wound serous of the rats in Carex meyeriana Kunth extract CM-70 treatment group was less； on the 7th day after scalding, the wound serous exudation, redness and swelling，and the wound area of the rats were decreased； on the 14th day after scalding, the wounds of the rats were completely dry without serous exudation，the scabs were formed on the surface, and the wounds healed well, which was similar to that in NaBP control group. The number of bacteria under scalding wound scab detection results showed that compared with normal saline control group, the number of bacteria under scalding wound scab of the rats in Carex meyeriana Kunth extract CM-70 treatment group was decreased significantly at the same time （P<0. 01). The ELISA results showed that compared with normal saline control group, the level of serum IL-10 of the rats in Carex meyeriana Kunth extract CM-70 treatment group was increased significantly on the 1st day and 3rd day after scalding（P<0. 01), and it was decreased significantly on the 7th day and 14th day （P<0. 05)；the serum levels of IL-1β and TNF- α of the rats in Carex meyeriana Kunth extract CM-70 treatment group were decreased significantly on the 7th day and 14th day（P<0. 05). Conclusion：The active ingredients of Carex meyeriana Kunth can significantly inhibit the infection of S. aureus after skin scalding in the rats and exert the anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic effects by regulating the levels of serum IL-10，IL-1β, and TNF-α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inherent bioinertness of zirconia (ZrO 2) hinders its early bone integration, presenting a significant obstacle to its widespread use in dental implant technologies. Addressing this, we developed a surface coating leveraging the synergistic effects of catecholamine and coordination chemistry inspired by the mussel byssus cuticle. This coating, named PDPA@Sr, is enriched with strontium ions and amine groups, resulting from a simple immersion of polydopamine (PD)-coated ZrO 2 in an alkaline strontium chloride and poly(allylamine) (PA) solution. Compared to conventional mussel-inspired PD coatings, PDPA@Sr demonstrates enhanced aesthetic properties and mechanical stability. The continuous release of strontium ions from the coating significantly enhances osteogenesis, while the abundant surface amine groups offer notable antibacterial effects. More importantly, these amine groups also enable a variety of chemical modifications, including electrostatic adsorption, carbodiimide chemistry, Michael addition, Schiff base formation, and click chemistry, thus providing a multifaceted platform for the advanced surface modification of ZrO 2 implants. • The PDPA@Sr coating promotes bone formation and inhibits bacterial growth. • The coating offers enhanced stability and allows for customizable hue adjustment. • The amino-rich coating provides a platform for customizable functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose oxidases (GODs) induce the catalyzation from β- d -glucose to gluconic acid in an oxygen-consuming process, providing a potential antibiotic substitution strategy. However, the inadequate properties of existing GODs in parallel hinder the antimicrobial capacity for industrial applications. In this study, PaGOD (WT) from Penicillium amagasakiense was enzymatically improved through computer-aided design based on energy optimization. Two thermostable variants A263P and K424F were selected and combined to generate variant A263P/K424F, superior in both thermostability (t 1/2 at 60 °C increased 2.6-fold) and catalytic efficiency (2.1-fold increase in catalytic efficiency), in comparison with the WT. The molecular dynamics simulations revealed the improved rigidity of A263P/K424F is attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds within the flexible region and the newly-formed salt bridge Lys473: Asp477, following the increased ΔΔG. For improvement of antibacterial capacity, A263P/K424F impressively lower the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC 50) to 12 and 11 mg/L respectively for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (86.4 % and 78.8 % lower than the WT, 65.7 % and 50 % lower than erythromycin). The results indicated that the antibacterial effects of GOD can be improved through in vitro molecular modification, which could be an effective strategy to address antibacterial requirements with antibiotic-free agents. • This study provides a potential antibacterial GOD for antibiotic substitution. • Antibacterial capacity was optimized by stabilizing the GOD for better properties. • Computer-aided design increased loop rigidity and remote interaction of target GOD. • The mutant exhibited better inhibition than erythromycin for some common bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorbic acid-loaded chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (SANs) have previously been shown to exert both antibacterial and antioxidant effects on Chinese sausage. In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SANs against two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were determined. The blank control group (BC) served as the negative control, while the chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CTNs) group and free sorbic acid (SA) group served as the positive controls. Tests conducted under five different pH conditions (5/6/7/8/9) revealed that the SANs exhibited a good bacteriostatic effect against P. aeruginosa. Variations in the metabolism, cell membrane or cell wall integrity, and morphology of P. aeruginosa were measured to evaluate the effects of SANs on their intracellular and extracellular components. The MIC of SANs for the two P. aeruginosa strains was determined to be 150 μg/mL. SANs delayed the growth of P. aeruginosa and severely damaged both its inner and outer cell membranes. The heteromorphism of the bacteria as observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), verified the aforementioned results. The results showed SANs could effectively inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa and exert antibacterial ability in a wider range of acid-base environments. This study broadens the application of SANs in food processing and provides experimental basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut sprout (longevity sprout) is one kind of favored food and therapy, due to its crisp taste and unique flavor. The energy, protein, and crude fat content of peanut buds after germination is significantly higher than that of various vegetables. There is a great increase in the content of vitamins, potassium, magnesium minerals, and various amino acids and trace elements required by the human body, especially the content of resveratrol, a polyphenol with important bioactive functions. Among them, resveratrol (chemically known as 3, 4', 5-astragalotriphenol) has the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity as the "plant antitoxin" in recent years. But, there are only a few reports on the effects of peanut bud resveratrol on Salmonella typhimurium. This study was focused on the isolation and purification technique of resveratrol from peanut buds, together with its antibacterial properties. The resins were screened with excellent adsorption and desorption properties for the peanut bud resveratrol compounds, in order to construct the isolation and purification process. The antibacterial efficacy was evaluated to improve the comprehensive utilization of peanut resources. A comparison was made to determine the effects of 16 types of macroporous resins on the separation and purification of arachidonic resveratrol compounds using static adsorption-desorption tests. The LSA-40 was selected as the best adsorption resin for the saturation and plateau in 110 and 90min of static adsorption, respectively. The dynamic adsorption-desorption conditions were optimized as follows. The loading concentration was 120.00 μg/mL, the flow rate was 1.00 mL/min, the pH value was 4.2, and the optimum ratio of loading volume to resin was 8.00 mL/g. The desorption conditions were the 80% ethanol solution, a pH value of 6.6, and a flow rate of 1.00 mL/min. Ultraviolet (UV) spectral analysis showed that the absorption peaks of the purified arachidonic resveratrol and the control were basically the same under the optimized process conditions, where the purity was calculated to be 84.0%. Fourier infrared spectroscopy and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify the components of the purified samples. It was found that the main components of the purified products were resveratrol and the derivatives. The inhibition effect of the purified product on Salmonella typhimurium was evaluated by multiplicative dilution, inhibition growth curve, and cell membrane permeability. The minimum inhibitory concentration of resveratrol-purified product on Salmonella typhimurium was 250 μg/mL. In addition, Salmonella typhimurium treated with resveratrol purification presented a prolonged lag period and a decreased growth rate in the logarithmic phase at the MIC concentration. The cell membrane permeability significantly increased (P < 0.01), according to the growth curve and the protein content of cell contents. The integrity of the cell wall was damaged causing the serious leakage of intracellular proteins, eventually leading to the death of Salmonella typhimurium. This finding can provide some theoretical reference for the comprehensive utilization of peanut resources in natural antibacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new hyper-cross-linked polyamide TFC NF membrane (M-I) was fabricated by using tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) and terephthaloyl chloride (TPC). Fabricated membrane M-I was treated with 15 % hydrofluoric acid (HF) and membrane was regarded as M-2. Both membranes were thoroughly characterized by FESEM, ATR-FTIR, EDX analysis, Elemental mapping, and water contact angle (WCA). Performance of both membranes was evaluated in the form of permeate flux and rejection of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) along with salts (Na 2 SO 4 , MgSO 4 , MgCl 2 , NaCl and CaCl 2) while anti-organic and antibiofouling performance of both of the membranes was studied by using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a model foulant while Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as model gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains. The membrane M-II showed better performance compared to the membrane M-I. The membrane M-II showed a permeate flux of 88.57 LMH at 24 bar with rejection of > 99 % of EBT and > 81 % of NaCl. The membrane M-II showed a decline in flux of merely 2.7 % with a flux recovery of 98.6 %. The bacteriostatic experiments demonstrated that the membrane M-II inhibited E. coli and S. aureus growth by 22.8 % and 77.5 %, respectively, after 24 h of incubation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion complex (IC) was successfully obtained by encapsulating glycerol monolaurate (GML) into the cavity of hydroxypropyl- β -cyclodextrin (HP- β -CD). Compared with solubility of pure GML <80 μg/mL in water, and the water-solubility of encapsulated GML was significantly improved and reached to 270,000 μg/mL. IC can form nanoparticles by self-assembly, probably assigned to its strong capability to form micellar-type aggregates. A Higuchi's A L -type phase-solubility diagram indicated the strong interaction between host and guest molecules with the formation of 1:1 GML /HP- β -CD complex and the stability constant at 6248 L/mol. Compared with pure GML , encapsulated GML at the same concentration can also show good antibacterial capabilities against S. aureus and E. coli in sterile water, and the effective preservative capabilities towards beef meatballs. The boosted enhancement in water-solubility of GML and the effective antibacterial capabilities endowed IC with potential in the application of food decontamination. [Display omitted] • Glycerol monolaurate was firstly encapsulated into the cavity of cyclodextrin. • Water-solubility of encapsulated GML was significantly improved. • Self-assembled ICs have the tendency to form micellar-type aggregates. • Encapsulated GML showed good antibacterial capabilities against S. aureus and E. coli. • IC represented the effective preservative capabilities towards beef meatballs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure ulcer dressings with different functions can enhance wound healing ability to varying degrees; however, pressure ulcer dressings that integrate various functions and break the resistance of bacteria to traditional antibiotics have not been widely studied. We proposed a self-pumping/super-absorbent/transportable drug dressing (PLD-SLD), polycaprolactone (PCL)/sodium alginate (SA) was used to load platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and lidocaine hydrochloride (LID) by Janus electrospinning and self-assembly technology, and Ɛ-polylysine was used as a biological bacteriostatic agent to prepare a multi-layer dressing. SEM showed that the dressing had a fluffy structure. The dressing can pump the exudate to the SA layer away from the skin. The swelling ratio reached 1378.667 ± 44.752 %. Coagulate blood in 5 min. On the 8th day, the unclosed area rate of the PLD-SLD dressing group was 16.112 ± 0.088 % lower than that of the model group. Importantly, the dressing can induce the expression of CD31, VEGF, α-SMA, and reduce the expression of CD68, thereby giving priority to wound healing. There was no scar formation after healing. In this study, a new dressing preparation method was proposed for the problems of exudate management, infection control, pain relief and healing promotion of stage 3–4 pressure ulcer healing. [Display omitted] • Non-antibiotic resistance, the use of biological preservatives to obtain antibacterial properties • Semi-fiber structure, staggered groove structure, non-stratified form • One-way pumping exudate, strong liquid absorption • Dressing is multifunctional, with antibacterial, analgesic, and rapid healing effects. • Promote vascularization, reduce inflammation, and guide the closure of skin gaps [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly sensitive ultra-small ratiometric fluorescence nanosphere probe was successfully manufactured to detect Sunset Yellow (SY). The probe, CMCS@N, S-CDs/Rh6G, was formed through the encapsulation of N, S-CDs and Rh6G within carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) through in situ cross-linking. Remarkably, our nanosphere probe had an average grain diameter of 6.80 nm and exhibited excellent dispersibility without the need for additional solvents. The probe exhibited a strong linear relationship with SY concentration in the range of 0.26–100 μM, with a low detection limit of 0.078 μM. Furthermore, SY demonstrated strong fluorescence quenching capability on our nanosphere probe, with the fluorescence quenching mechanism involving a combined effects of inner filter effect (IFE) and static quenching. Notably, our nanosphere probe retained the bacteriostatic properties of CMCS, with a substantial bacteriostasis rate of 77.58 %, introducing novel potential applications. [Display omitted] • CMCS@N, S-CDs/Rh6G was designed for sensing sunset yellow. • CMCS@N, S-CDs/Rh6G had excellent fluorescence property and high photostability. • The nanoprobe had high accuracy and exhibited excellent selectivity. • The nanosphere probe retained the bacteriostatic properties of CMCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, ultrasound-assisted extraction was employed to extract the general flavone from celery leaves using response surface methodology and BP neural network model with a genetic algorithm (GA). The effects of temperature, time, solid-liquid ratio, and ethanol concentration on the extraction results were assessed by Box-Behnken design. Further optimization of the process was performed by GA-BP. Our results showed that the optimal conditions were an ethanol concentration of 70.31%, a temperature of 67.2 °C and an extraction time of 26.6 min. In addition, significant antioxidant activity and in vitro bacteriostasis were observed. We found that the total flavonoids of the celery leaves exerted a strong inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. Additionally, considerable DPPH· and ·OH scavenging effects were exerted by flavonoids. Therefore, flavonoids from celery leaves can be considered natural antioxidants and bacterial inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The application of solar‐driven interface evaporation photothermal materials in the complex water environment is facing great challenges, and the development of multifunctional photothermal materials is great significance to the practical application process. In this study, a new kind of photothermal material was first prepared based on the natural pumices, which shows great advantages of lightweight, superhydrophilicity, porous property, and heat insulation. To improve its light absorption capacity and photocatalytic effect, carbon and Ag+ were uniformly loaded on pumices (named P‐C‐Ag+). The as‐resulted P‐C‐Ag+ shows an evaporation rate of 1.395 kg m−2 h−1 which refers to an evaporation efficiency of 88.80% in simulated seawater under 1 kW m−2 illumination. In the rooftop experiment, the cumulative evaporation capacity of the simulated solar evaporator with P‐C‐Ag+ in 8 hours can reach about 7.25 kg m−2. Meanwhile, almost no salt crystallization was found in the surface of P‐C‐Ag+ during the continuous evaporation process. The P‐C‐Ag+ has a good inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and algae, and can degrade color dyes, which is also beneficial to water environment, thus holding great potential as multifunctional photothermal material for solar steam generation and water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because tea polyphenols had the characteristics of anti--oxidation, bacteriostasis and environmental protection, an efficient natural fruit compound preservative containing tea polyphenols was developed. The inhibitory concentration of tea polyphenols was determined by comparing the antibacterial effects of tea polyphenols, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate・ Then, the effects of the compound preservative» containing tea polyphenols and coating agent (carnauba wax and commercial coating agent) on the preservation of Citrus reticulata were further studied. The bacteriostasis test results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of tea polyphenols against Escherichia-coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were 0. 4 g • L_1, 0. 6 g • L_1 and 1. 0 g • L_1, respectively. The antibacterial effect of tea polyphenols was significantly better than that of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, but it had no inhibitory effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on the bacteriostasis test results, the concentration of tea polyphenols in the compound preservative was determined to be 0. 8 g • L_1. The preservation experimental results of Citrus reticulata showed that compared with the blank control, the treatments of commercial coating agent (CP), commercial coating agent + tea polyphenol (CP-TP), carnauba wax (ZL), carnauba wax + tea polyphenol (ZL-TP) all had the preservation effects. The hardness and water retention capacity of Citrus reticulata treated with carnauba wax were significantly higher than those treated with the commercial coating agent, and the bacteriostasis rate and vitamin C content of peel treated with carnauba wax were significantly higher than those treated with the commercial coating agent. Tea polyphenols could significantly improve the bacteriostasis rate of carnauba wax preservative, maintain the content of vitamin C and reduce the respiration rate of fruits. The results showed that the compound preservative of carnauba wax and tea polyphenol had the best preservation effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic agents exhibit efficacy in water quality stabilization, yet entail inherent risks of nitrogen and phosphorus diffusion losses. This work introduces a versatile inorganic polyborate slow-release preparations (PSRPs) agents. The effectiveness of the PSRPs in terms of scale inhibition, corrosion resistance, and antibacterial activity was empirically validated within a simulated cooling station operating at a circulation rate of 6 L/h and 636 L/h. The [BO 3 ] units dissociate from the PSRPs complex with Ca 0.8 Mg 0.2 , forming slightly soluble, flocculent complexes. The complexes exhibit flexibility and low adhesiveness, enhancing to settle and separate from aquatic environments. Notably, self-propagating boronizing on carbon steel surfaces is characterized by the coordination of Fe with B and O atoms from polyborates. Such coordination notably hinders the transition of iron into its oxidative and ionic forms. Moreover, the study highlights the significant physiological stress effects exerted by high concentrations of borate salts on algae and bacteria. Under the influence of PSRPs, the deposition of scale decreased from 376.9 g/m2 to 35.3 g/m2, the corrosion rate decreased from 1.60 mm/y to 0.22 mm/y, and the antibacterial efficiency increased to 81.8 %. This work is a significant attempt to develop new multifunctional inorganic water treatment agents. [Display omitted] • Polyborate can simultaneously inhibit scale, corrosion, and microorganisms. • The removal of Ca/Mg via complexation and separation achieves scale inhibition. • The self-propagating boronizing process forms a self-repairing passivation film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work describes structural, morphological, and antibacterial properties of thin film coatings based on tungsten oxide material on stainless-steel substrates. Thin films were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering of W targets in the oxygen/argon plasma environment in 60 W sputtering power. The characterization of the specimens was made on the basis of microstructure and antibacterial properties of the thin films surface. The effect of O 2 /Ar ratio on the structure, morphology, and antibacterial properties of the tungsten oxide thin films was studied. Methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to assess the properties of deposited thin films. XRD peak analysis indicates (100) and (200) of WO 3 phase with hexagonal structure. Moreover, the micro-strain, grain size, and dislocation density were obtained. It is noteworthy that by increasing the oxygen percentage from 10% to 20%, the grain size decreases from 81 to 23 nm while the film micro-strain and dislocation density increases. The SEM results illustrates that tungsten oxide thin films are made of interconnected nano-points in a chain shape with sphere-shaped grains with diameter variation from 10 to 100 nm. The FTIR spectra displays four distinct bands corresponds to O–W–O bending modes of vibrations and W–O–W stretching modes of the WO 3 films. The antibacterial effects of tungsten oxide thin films on steel stainless substrate against Escherichia coli bacteria are also examined for the first time and our observation shows that the number of bacteria on all tungsten oxide samples decreases after 24 h. The samples exhibit an excellent antibacterial performance. This paper renders a strategy through which the tungsten oxide thin films for antibacterial purpose and proposes that WO 3 thin films are ideal for various medical applications including stainless steel medical tools, optical coatings, and antibacterial coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: It has been confirmed that some biomedical magnesium alloy products have antibacterial properties, but the specific antibacterial mechanism is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibacterial properties of biomedical Jiao Da Bio-Magnesium scaffold in vitro and explore possible mechanism. METHODS: Jiao Da Bio-Magnesium porous scaffold material extract was prepared. As the most common bacteria causing orthopedic implants infection, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were selected for testing. The bacteriostasis rate was quantitatively evaluated by contact culture of the extraction solution. The bacteriostasis performance of the material was qualitatively evaluated by observing the bacterial morphology through scanning electron microscope. The alkaline phosphatase, conductivity, potassium ion, nucleic acid and protein content in bacterial extracellular liquid environment were detected. The possible antibacterial mechanism of Jiao Da Bio-Magnesium porous scaffold material extract was preliminarily explored. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The bacteriostasis rate of Jiao Da Bio-Magnesium porous scaffold extract cultured with Escherichia coli for 12 hours ranged from 56.23% to 79.72%, while the Staphylococcus aureus group ranged from 62.34% to 76.07%. (2) Under scanning electron microscope, wizened form, smaller volume and scarcer distribution were observed. (3) The material extract had no effect on the content of alkaline phosphatase in the extracellular environment of the two bacteria, but increased the electrical conductivity and potassium ion content in the extracellular environment of the two bacteria. (4) The material extract had no effect on the content of nucleic acid and protein in the extracellular environment of Escherichia coli, and increased the content of nucleic acid and protein in the extracellular environment of Staphylococcus aureus. (5) The material extract could inhibit the nucleic acid content of the two bacteria, but had no effect on the soluble protein content of Escherichia coli cells, and inhibited the synthesis of soluble protein in Staphylococcus aureus cells. (6) Results suggested that Jiao Da Bio-Magnesium porous scaffold material has certain antibacterial properties in vitro, and the inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus is stronger than that on Escherichia coli. The possible antibacterial mechanism is speculated that it can change the permeability of bacterial cell membrane and affect the synthesis of bacterial nucleic acids and proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano selenium which has the advantages of low toxicity, strong activity and high biocompatibility has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity to bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites, and has a broad application prospect in the field of inhibiting microbial infection. This paper mainly reviews the progress in the types and mechanisms of selenium inhibition microorganisms, and prospects the development of the antibacterial activities of selenium nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu and Zn are hyper-accumulated in oysters, and the accumulation of these metals increases host resistance to pathogens. However, the role of Cu/Zn in oyster immune defense remains unclear. In this study, Crassostrea angulata with different levels of Cu and Zn were obtained through metal exposure or selective breeding. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that oysters accumulating more Cu/Zn exhibited stronger antibacterial abilities. Vibrio harveyi infection significantly promoted the metal redistribution in oysters: Cu and Zn concentrations decreased in the mantle, but increased in the plasma and hemocytes. This redistribution was accompanied by changes in the expression levels of Cu and Zn transporter genes (CTR1, ATP7A, ZIP1, and ZNT2), suggesting that the Cu/Zn burst observed in the hemocytes was likely due to the transfer of heavy metals from plasma (mediated by the metal importer proteins) or released from intracellular stores. The degree to which Cu/Zn concentration increased in the plasma and hemocytes was more dramatic in oysters with high levels of Cu/Zn accumulation. In vitro , Cu and Zn both inhibited the growth of V. harveyi , while Cu plus H 2 O 2 was lethal to the bacteria. The strength of the growth-inhibition and lethal effects depended on the metal dose. In addition to these effects, increases in Cu concentration increased the activity levels of PO in the oyster plasma and hemocytes in vivo and in vitro. However, SOD activity was not affected by Cu or Zn accumulation. Thus, our results suggested that the Cu/Zn burst in the hemolymph was an important factor in the oyster immune reaction, creating a toxic internal environment for the pathogen, as well as catalyzing inorganic or enzymatic reactions to strengthen bacteriostasis. By determining the extent of Cu/Zn burst in the immune response, Cu/Zn accumulated levels could affect the resistance of oysters to pathogens. • Cu and Zn were redistributed in response to V. harveyi infection in C. angulata. • Cu/Zn burst in hemolymph can inhibits bacterial growth. • Cu can catalyze the production of the hydroxyl radical to kill the pathogen. • The increase of Cu can strengthen the activity of PO. • The level of Cu/Zn accumulation affected the size of the Cu/Zn burst during immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is considered a potential orthopedic/dental material because of its excellent mechanical and chemical properties (e.g., similar elastic modulus to that of human bone). However, the poor bacteriostasis and anti-inflammatory and osseointegrative properties of bioinert PEEK impede its clinical application. We previously developed a facile and versatile surface modification method using dexamethasone plus minocycline-loaded liposomes (Dex/Mino liposomes) bonded by a mussel-inspired polydopamine coating, which effectively modulated cell inflammatory response and discouraged bacterial colonization in vitro. Herein, we report the application of this multifunctional surface modification method to improve bioinert PEEK, aimed at further studying the in vitro osteogenesis and in vivo properties of Dex/Mino liposome-modified PEEK to prevent bacterial contamination, attenuate the inflammatory response, and enhance ossification for physiologic osseointegration. Our study established that the Dex/Mino liposome-modified PEEK surface presented favorable stability and cytocompatibility. Compared with bare PEEK, improved osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells under both osteoinductive and osteoconductive conditions was found on the functionalized surface due to the liposomal Dex releasing. In vivo bacteriostasis assay confirmed that Mino released from the functionalized surface provided an effective antibacterial effect. Moreover, the subcutaneous foreign body reaction and beagle femur implantation models corroborated the enhanced anti-inflammatory and osteointegrative properties of the functionalized PEEK. Our findings indicate that the developed Dex/Mino liposome-modified PEEK with enhanced antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osseointegrative capacity has great potential as an orthopedic/dental implant material for clinical application. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plasticizing and antibacterial effects of ionic liquids (ILs) in the preparation of tapioca starch-IL films were studied for the first time. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]) caused complete disruption of starch crystallites during thermal compression, while some crystallites remained after the plasticization of starch with choline acetate ([Ch][OAc]). Compared to native tapioca starch (NTS), the plasticization of acetylated tapioca starch (ATS) and cross-linked tapioca (CTS) was slightly promoted and inhibited, respectively. Starch-[Emim][OAc] films exhibited higher hydrophobicity and mechanical properties but lower antibacterial activity than starch-[Ch][OAc] films. CTS-[Ch][OAc] films presented higher mechanical strength and antibacterial activity than NTS-[Ch][OAc] and ATS-[Ch][OAc] films. From this study, we conclude that ILs can be used in the preparation of antibacterial starch films to play the roles of plasticization and antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of starch films depends on types of ILs and their interactions with starch during film preparation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The full combination of high sensitivity indication and long-lasting bacteriostatic function is an innovative need to meet the practicality of intelligent film packaging systems for food products. Hence, Blueberry anthocyanins (BA) copigmentated by ferulic acid (FA) was used as an indicator, and cinnamon essential oil (CO) encapsulated by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a bacteriostat, potato starch (PS) as a film-forming substrate to prepared a dual-function starch-based intelligent active packaging film with pH indicator and antibacterial function. FA had the best copigmentation effect with a threefold increase in a value compared to other phenolic acids. The Δ E value increased from 3.24 to 5.13 at pH 2–8, and the change was still prominent in acid-base alternating test, indicating a high response sensitivity. Notably, the yellow gamut of indicating terminus increased its visibility to the naked eye. The release behavior of CO from film was in line with Fick's diffusion. Meanwhile, the release of CO delayed to about 90 h through β-cyclodextrin encapsulation, showing a high growth-inhibition rate in E. coli and S. aureus of almost 100 %. In this study, a dual-function film with indication and bacteriostasis was prepared and enhanced with both, expanding its wide application in intelligent packaging of fresh food. [Display omitted] • A dual-function film with indication and bacteriostasis was constructed • Copigmention facilitated pH responsive sensitivity and reversibility of films • Slow-release behavior of essential oils from β-cyclodextrin conformed to Fick model • Film exhibited long-term bacteriostasis via inhibiting S. aureus and E. coli [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bursicon is a neurohormone belonging to the cystine knot protein family. It consists of two subunits (burs α and burs β) and plays a pivotal role in cuticle tanning and wing expansion in insects. Recent studies show that homologous crustacean bursicon stimulates cuticle thickening and granulation of hemocytes in the crab Callinectes sapidus. Here we investigate whether bursicon homodimers function in immunoprotective defense systems of shrimp. We found that abdominal ganglion was the main neurohemal release site of bursicon in Neocaridina heteropoda. Bacterial infections induced overexpression of burs α (bursicon α) and burs β (bursicon β). RNAi of burs α, burs β or both inhibited the expression of anti-microbial peptide (AMP) genes. Treating shrimp adults with r-bursicon (recombinant bursicon) homodimers led to up-regulation of three AMP genes. Besides, through the induced AMPs, r-bursicon homodimers enhanced the bacteriostasis of shrimp in vivo and in vitro. These findings demonstrate a novel function of bursicon in crustacean that it induces innate immune via up-regulating the expression of genes encoding AMPs. Highlights • Bacterial infections induced overexpression of bursicon α and bursicon β. • RNAi of bursicon inhibited the expression of anti-microbial peptide genes. • Recombinant-bursicon homodimers enhanced the bacteriostasis of shrimps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract d ‑Phenyllactic acid (d ‑PLA) shows great potential for biopreservative production owning to its anti-microbial activity. In this study, strain ZX1, which could inhibit the growth of other microbes was isolated and identified as Lactobacillus genus. Strain ZX1 could produce d ‑PLA with 0.16 g·L−1. Furthermore, a novel d ‑lactate dehydrogenase gene was identified and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) with the specific activity of 71.64 U·mg−1 protein under the optimal temperature and pH of 35 °C and 6.2. The kinetic constants for K cat , K m , V max were 10.71 s−1, 2.356 mM and 11.27 μM·mg−1·min−1 for phenylpyruvic acid (PPA), respectively. 18.21 g·L−1 d ‑PLA from PPA with yield of 90.49% and productivity of 2.49 g·L−1·h−1 was obtained by the recombinant E. coli BL21 harboring d ‑LDH, indicating that engineered E. coli BL21 (d ‑LDH) has excellent potential in commercial d ‑PLA production. Highlights • An excellent anti-microbial strain ZX1 was isolated. • Strain ZX1 was a superior d ‑PLA-producing wild strain. • A novel ldhD gene from strain ZX1 was cloned, expressed and characterized. • E. coli BL21 (d ‑LDH) provided a high productivity and conversion yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]