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Reflecting on and becoming aware of our food consumption practices is a necessity, given the environmental problems we face as humanity. The literature reports that the processes involved in beef production have a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, talking about this in school is relevant to contribute to the development of sustainable consumption practices. However, specific materials to address this issue are scarce. This led us to produce an educational material, which we subjected to an evaluation process using the Delphi method to identify areas of opportunity to improve its design. We conducted 3 rounds of evaluation in which a panel of 5 experts participated, their opinions were categorized into eight dimensions using content analysis. In round 3 we achieved stability of opinions, and throughout the process we identified 34 areas of opportunity, mainly related to the dimension Design of activities. The expert evaluation experience reaffirmed that this is a mechanism that contributes to the quality of educational materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence today seems to increasingly shape the various fields of society. This contribution questions the nature of being in the age of technoscience, starting with the question of thought and what is the posture of the human being in his relationship with the world and the technical object. Various philosophical/theological implications emerge: relationship, intentionality, form. Finally, in the perspective of the Christological event, the outlines of a possible humanism of reciprocity are attempted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to present in its most general terms Foucault's analysis of Christianity, with the aim of pointing out what is unique about it. To do this, we will focus our attention on the four books published within the project of a History of sexuality, the first three volumes of which were published in 1976 and 1984, while the last volume only in 2018. This analysis, in turn, presupposes genealogy of the subject of desire, which we can consider as Foucault's last research program. To this end, it is necessary to return to the comparison made repeatedly by Foucault between the Greek experience of aphrodisia, the Christian experience of the flesh and the modern experience of sexuality. This deviation will make it easier for us to understand the singularity of Christianity linked not to the repression of sexuality, but to a new form of governmentality, that of pastoral power, based on the "government of conduct", within which the body and its pleasures assume a central place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goat farming is an important activity in northern Mexico. In this sense, “cabrito” or kid goat is a typical regional dish with high economic and cultural value. However, information on the morphostructural composition and meat quality of these local specimens is scarce. Given this, the objective was to evaluate morphostructural characteristics, carcass and meat quality in local kids according to sex in the northeastern region of Mexico. For this purpose, 14 kids (7 males and 7 females) 57 days old were slaughtered. Morphostructural composition was evaluated with 22 zoomometric and phenotypic variables. Carcass characteristics were evaluated by considering different body structures, carcass yield and degree of fatness. Meat quality was determined by physicochemical characteristics, nutritional value and fatty acid profile. The sex effect was evaluated by t-test of independent means and Chi-square. Meat physicochemical characteristics, nutritional value and morphostructure of local kids were heterogeneous and showed no differences (P≥0.05) concerning sex. Carcass, kidneys, head, neck, rib and loin weights were higher in males than in females (P≤0.05). Fatty acids (FA) found in greater proportion were palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1, n-9), stearic (C18:0), and myristic (C14:0). These FA comprised 80.85 % of the lipid profile of male meat and 76.83% of females. These results are the basis for future programs aimed to improve production systems. Differences found could shed light on future efforts on how to differentiate goat meat from this region of Mexico and enter new markets directly benefiting small producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of frame score (EC) in Brahman heifers on follicular development and body growth at puberty was evaluated. Ten prepubertal heifers were grouped according to their EC, categorized as small and large. Follicular ovarian development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation were monitored through ultrasound. Measurements of body growth characteristics were taken every 14 days. Correlation and variance analyses were conducted using SAS (9.6) correlation and GLM procedures. The EC of large heifers was 10% higher than that of small heifers (P<0.0001). EC was significant for the total number of follicles (NTF) at puberty; small heifers had an average of 15.65 follicles versus 12.69 follicles in large heifers at puberty (P<0.0001). Furthermore, a negative correlation (P<0.0001) was observed between days to puberty and the weight of the animals and EC (-0.33 and -0.35, respectively). EC in Brahman heifers only had an effect on NTF; however, animals in each group maintained a similar EC throughout the study and were different between groups at puberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess the fatty acids composition (FA) in Wagyu beef and its crosses with Angus, Beefmaster, Brangus and Hereford, and to analyze its relationship with genetic markers related to lipid metabolism. Materials and methods. 111 Longissimus dorsi samples were collected and grouped by genetic group. FA were extracted and quantified in a gas-liquid chromatography and DNA markers theoretically associated to FA were typed. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium were examined, the effect of crosses and the effect of genotypes were estimated. Results. The crosses did not show substantial differences in FA composition. Nine SNPs showed association with FA composition, and a significant effect was found in the SLC2A4 marker ss62538460 which influenced SFA, MUFA and MUFA/SFA; PLTP ss77832104 and IGF2R ss77831885 markers, influenced C16:0, MYOZ1 ss77832104 on C17:1 and PPARGC1A c.1892+19 on C18:2. In addition, previously described effects of MEF2C ss38329156 and SCD c.878 were supported. Conclusions. These results are first evidence on FA deposition in Wagyu cattle and their crosses, and proposes some loci in candidate genes with the possibility of implementation in assisted selection strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite largely being overlooked in Basque scientific literature, the presence of pigs has been of vital importance in the Basque Country. Roaming free or kept in pens, pigs have been faithful companions to the Basques, providing solutions to multiple problems. Indeed, pig farming helped many avoid starvation. In this field, the Northern Basque Country developed ties with the Southern Basque Country through the regular pig markets that were held. Pigs enabled tenets to pay rent to landowners and their meat has always been very popular, not only in rural farmhouses but in urban areas also. Their hind legs were highly valued in expeditions to Newfoundland, since they could successfully be preserved for long periods of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine histologically the length of the sarcomeres (LS) in muscle samples from commercial cuts in Romosinuano by Brahman bovine bulls. Materials and methods. Eighteen (18) muscle cuts with four repetitions of ten bulls (approx. 24m of age and 525±28.9 kg) were analyzed for the measurement of the bands that make up the LS, by staining with hematoxylin - eosin. The number of “A bands” present at 20 µm in each of the slices were counted. Results. The general average of LS for the 18 cuts was 2.12 µm. The longest LS were observed in the iliopsoas (3.32 µm) and tensor fasciae latae (3.26 µm) muscles (both p>0.05), which were significantly longer (p<0.05) than those obtained for the biceps femoris (1.69 µm) and gluteus medius (1.71 µm) muscles, which were considered to have lower SL (both p>0.05). Conclusions. Differences in LS were found between several muscles that correspond to commercial cuts from Colombia. The differences are related to the type, location and arrangement of the muscle in the carcass during cooling. The iliopsoas muscle (sirloin or fillet), cataloged in the market as a fine cut due to its tenderness, was the one with the highest SL. This is preliminary work for a Colombian Creole cross; therefore, it is necessary to continue deepening studies that allow elucidating to what extent there is an effect of the breed and of the industrial processes (thermal treatment and disposal of the carcasses in cold chambers) on the LS; but also, about the cause/effect relationship between LS and meat tenderness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What role does Christianity, in particular the Christian account of flesh, play in Michel Foucault’s Critique of the present? Instead of adopting a genealogical perspective according to which Christianity tends to be conceived as the historical origin of modern dynamics of power, this article analyses the conceptual relevance of Flesh in Foucault’s account of critique.. To do so, the article investigates Foucault’s definition of Flesh as a “subjective experience” through which individuals transform themselves. Such an account of experience entails a reformulation of Georges Bataille’s approach to experience, which results in a paradoxical perspective on freedom. My hypothesis is that Foucault’s account of critique draws on and further develops the account of Flesh as a “subjective experience”. The conclusion of the article addresses some of the consequences of such a conceptual development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine cysticercosis (BCC) is an important disease in Brazil due to its detection in abattoirs, resulting in economic losses for cattle farmers, and a public health corcern. Besides its importance, the knowledge about BCC epidemiology and impact remains not fully described in several areas in this country, requiring more studies. Thus, this study focused on establishing BCC prevalence in the regions and municipalities of the state of Espírito Santo from 2017 to 2019, establishing the associated risk factors, and estimating the economic losses for cattle farmers. A set of 2,330 cases of BCC was detected in the 407,529 bovine inspected by Federal Inspection Service (0.57%; C.I. 95% 0.55 - 0.60%) with a higher detection of unviable cysticercus (66.14%). The beef producers lost at least US$153,000.20 due to BCC through this period. The highest risk for BCC infection occurred in Metropolitana (OR = 9.19), Litoral Sul (OR = 7.77), Caparó (OR = 7.44), and Central Sul (OR = 7.19) mesoregions, respectively. The BCC was detected in animals from 67 municipalities and its prevalence increased in areas with high human population density (OR = 1.58;; p = 0.01). In conclusion, BCC is an important disease for beef production chain in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo and a cause of economic losses, mainly in some areas, and urgently requires the adoption of prophylactic strategies to reduce the ocurrence of this parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se estudió el efecto de la raza en el crecimiento, las características y la clasificación de la canal utilizando 11 corderos Charollais x Pelibuey (ChP), 10 corderos Dorper x Pelibuey (DP) y 18 corderos Pelibuey (P) bajo un sistema de producción intensiva en un clima cálido-húmedo. Se observó un efecto significativo del genotipo (P<0.05) en el peso al nacer (PN), el peso al destete (PD) y la ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), todos ellos fueron mayores en el genotipo ChP. Los corderos ChP y DP alcanzaron el peso comercial 35 y 23 días antes, respectivamente, que los corderos P. El genotipo tiene una marcada influencia en las características de la canal, afecta la conformación y la clasificación de la canal. La probabilidad de obtener una canal con buena conformación y clasificación MEX 1 (buena: MEX 1) es 72 % mayor para el genotipo ChP que para el genotipo P. Los rendimientos de lomo y pierna del genotipo ChP fueron mayores que los de los otros genotipos. El pH, la temperatura y el color instrumental de la canal, la carne y la grasa subcutánea fueron afectados por el genotipo. Los corderos ChP mostraron un mejor crecimiento, características y clasificación de la canal que los corderos de los genotipos DP y P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination of cattle and buffaloes against foot-and-mouth disease is of paramount importance for the eradication of the disease, however there may be vaccine reactions at the place of application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of vaccine reactions at the application site after vaccination of two different brands of FMD vaccine, quantifying the tissue losses and economic losses caused by these reactions in confined cattle. The research was carried out in the confinement of Fazenda Vale do Rio do Ouro, located in the rural area of Mutunópolis - GO, where 76 animals, 63 Nellore and 13 Brangus, were randomly selected. The animals were weighed and vaccinated. Before the vaccine administration, each animal was inspected to ensure that they did not have a previous lesion at the vaccine site and measurement with the use of a caliper. A new inspection at the vaccination site was performed on the tenth and twenty-first day after vaccination, determining the presence or absence of a vaccine reaction. At the end of the confinement, the animals were slaughtered and evaluated. From the three evaluations carried out, the data were consolidated by the frequency of occurrence of vaccine reaction, in addition to the economic losses from the removal of these reactions in the slaughter line. The results of the present study showed that, according to the variables studied, it was observed that on the tenth day (vaccinal reaction 1), twenty-first day (vaccinal reaction 2) and on the day of slaughter (vaccinal reaction 3), there was no significant difference in vaccine reactions between the two vaccine brands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was looking for the effects of energy levels and growth performance on physical characteristics of Iranian lambs' meat. Forty-eight male lambs (initial BW 31.6kg) and 5-month age were assigned to a completely randomized design with factorial method includes fattening periods (12weeks and 15weeks) and levels of metabolism energy (ME) (2.36 and 2.62 ME M cal/kg DM intake). Diets were iso-nitrogenous (14.1 percent crud protein on DM). The rations were mixed and have been fed ad-libltum. The lambs were weaned at 90±5 days of age and divided randomly in two fattening periods groups includes 12weeks and 15weeks (2×24 lambs) and each fattening periods split in two energy levels (2×12). At the end of each fattening period, half of the lambs (24 lambs) were randomly selected and after 18h fasted slaughtered. After trimming and skinning, all the abdominal and interior organs were removed and weighed. The warm carcasses were chilled at 3±2°c for 24 h and weighed, after that their carcass cuts composition was measured. All data were analysed as a completely randomized design with factorial experiment using the GLM procedure of SAS (2010). The average of final, metabolic and hot carcass weight for 12 weeks fattening were 48.1, 18.2 and 25.5 kg and for 15 weeks fattening were 50.9, 19.1 and 27.5 kg (p< 0.05). Among fattening period (12weeks and 15weeks) and different levels of metabolism energy for final, metabolic and carcass weight had significant (p< 0.05). The total mean of dressing percentage between fattening periods and different levels of energy was not significant. The mean of total carcass meat, bone, and subcutaneous fat and fattail percent for 12weeks fattening were 46.7, 11.7, 15.3 and 22.5 percent and 15weeks fattening were 45.9, 11.7, 16.1 and 23.6 percent respectively. But between fattening period and different levels of energy for carcass meat, bone, subcutaneous fat and fat-tail percent were not significant. However, the 12weeks fattening period and 2.36 M Cal ME/kg DM of metabolism energy positive effects on some carcass characteristics, because lower subcutaneous fat and fat-tail percent and carcass composition were not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: La capacidad de las ovejas y las cabras para adaptarse al manejo y la cría, incluso en condiciones climáticas extremas, ha hecho de estos animales un recurso valioso en los modos de vida de muchas comunidades campesinas y un elemento clave en la cocina tradicional y moderna de diversas regiones del mundo. Justificación: Ambas especies muestran una distribución geográfica cosmopolita y altamente diversificada en términos productivos. Esta diversidad constituye sin duda uno de los grandes retos para el desarrollo de estándares de sostenibilidad actuales y futuros. Objetivo: Analizar la producción de pequeños rumiantes desde una óptica integrativa enfocada a entender su resiliencia como actividad, las tendencias emergentes y futuras. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión y análisis bibliográfico sobre diversos aspectos de la producción de pequeños rumiantes a nivel internacional. Resultados: Se presenta un panorama integrativo de los antecedentes, características actuales y tendencias de la producción y consumo de productos provenientes de la ganadería de pequeños rumiantes a nivel mundial. Conclusiones: La cría y producción ovina y caprina, han mostrado resiliencia porque se han sostenido en el tiempo y continúan siendo vigentes en los modos de vida rurales y dentro de la dieta de millones de personas en el mundo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cysticercosis is a parasitoses caused by Taenia saginata characterized by the presence of cysts in bovine tissues. It is one of the most important cause of viscera and carcasses condemnation and undervaluation of beef in slaughterhouses under official inspection. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis during the year in the 2021 in a slaughterhouse under Federal Inspection located at the state of Espirito Santo. During the study, the annual prevalence was 4%, being the months of higher occurrence May, September, and November. Additionally, the found frequency of calcified cysts (3,3%) was higher compared to live cysts (0,76%). These data indicate that this is an endemic disease in the region, and more effective actions are required to avoid transmission of this parasitosis between humans and animals and reduce cysticercosis frequency on cattle and its economic losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I propose to elucidate the theoretical foundations of Merleau-Ponty’s thought to elaborate the way to a phenomenological aesthetics in his philosophy. For this, it is necessary to delimit the technical concepts to which Merleau-Ponty appeals and, renewing the Husserlian method, exposes them as a phenomenological opening to the sensible world. The concepts that will guide the investigation are: expression, flesh and the dynamics between the visible and the invisible. All of this will allow us to present the discoveries made by the French philosopher, while opening a series of consequences that still need reflection and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercialization of beef is an activity of great relevance for the department of Antioquia (Colombia), particularly in the Urabá region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fat content, lipid composition, and some indicators of lipid oxidation and protein in beef from the Urabá region. 72 samples of beef cuts (loin and neck) of categories 3, 4 and 5 stars were analyzed. There were no statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the fat content of cuts from the neck (11.64 ± 7.25 %) and loin (10.49 ± 5.60 %), or in the amount of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat. There was no difference between the samples evaluated for lipid oxidation (TBARS). The lowest protein oxidation (4.48 ± 0.21 nmol carbonyl compounds/mg protein) and peroxide values (2.71 ± 0.12 mEq oxygen/kg sample) coincided with the samples with the lowest total fat content. The results provide tools for establishing quality standards for meat from this region that will allow it to enter new markets in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella es una bacteria patógena considerada una amenaza para la industria alimentaria, siendo relevante su detección oportuna. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la reacción en cadena de polimerasa en tiempo real acoplado a separación inmunomagnética (rtPCR-IMS) como método alternativo a la Norma Oficial Mexicana (NOM-114-SSA1-1994) para la detección de Salmonella en carne de res. Los parámetros evaluados fueron límite de detección, sensibilidad, especificidad, selectividad (inclusión y exclusividad), y grado de concordancia entre ambos métodos para la detección de Salmonella en muestras de carne de res presuntivas y contaminadas artificialmente. La incidencia de Salmonella en las muestras presuntivas de carne (n= 60) osciló de 20.0 a 21.6 % por ambos métodos. En las muestras inoculadas (n= 60), la tasa de detección de Salmonella por rtPCR-IMS (93.3 %) y NOM-114-SSA1-1994 (98.3 %) mostró una coincidencia de 56 ocasiones con una desviación negativa. La comparación de rtPCR-IMS y NOM-114-SSA1-1994 en carne de res reportó una exactitud de 98.3 %, sensibilidad de 98.2 %, especificidad de 100 % y selectividad de 100 %. El límite de detección para ambos métodos fue 1-5 UFC-25 g'1 de carne. El análisis estadístico indica que el rtPCR-IMS es equivalente al método de referencia para la detección de Salmonella en carne de res. Estos resultados advierten la alta incidencia de Salmonella en carne de res y proponen al rtPCR-IMS como un método idóneo y rápido para el control de Salmonella en la industria cárnica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A healthy and sustainable diet reduces the impact on the environment and promotes health. From public health, diet is a crucial determinant of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and coronary diseases known as non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Adopting a healthy and sustainable diet can contribute to their prevention. The study's objective was to describe the environmental impact of several typical dishes from the different geographical regions of Colombia, considering their original recipe initially and then eliminating red meats and processed meats. The study calculated the total CO2-eq/kg of the typical dish from the Food Impacts on the Environment for Linking to Diets database, allowing the CO2-eq/kg of each food. The results showed that the typical dish with the most significant environmental impact was the goat friche with 21,719 CO2-eq/kg. By eliminating red meats and processed meats from the typical dishes, we obtained values lower than 1 CO2-eq/kg, except for the paisa tray, which had a final value of 2,035 CO2-eq/kg. We concluded that adopting a healthy and sustainable diet would reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases and reduce the environmental impact of food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite with great zoonotic potential. It can infect a broad range of warm-blooded hosts (including livestock) and causes significant losses in the industry. In humans, it has been described as a pathogen in immunosuppressed people, it affects the fetus development in congenital infections, and is associated with various behavioral disorders in healthy people. Humans can acquire T. gondii by consuming undercooked, contaminated meat. Objective: To determine T. gondii positivity (currently unknown) in meat for human consumption (i.e., beef, chicken, and pork) in the city of Ibague, Colombia. Materials and methods: We used conventional nested PCR and the T. gondii B1 gene sequence as amplification target. We collected samples of meat (N=186) sold in the urban area of Ibagué (62 beef, 62 chicken, and 62 pork samples) and determined the T. gondii positivity percentage for each type of meat. Results: The study found an average of 18.8% positivity for all meat samples, pork having the highest percentage (22.5%; 14/62), followed by beef (19.3%; 12/62) and chicken (14.5%; 9/62). The best-amplified products were sequenced by macrogen and aligned with the B1 gene sequences in GenBank, thereby confirming their identity. Conclusions: This is the first study of T. gondii prevalence in meat for human consumption carried out in the city of Ibagué and the department of Tolima. All three types of meat sampled represent a risk for local human infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to show that the flesh and the body are endowed with different meanings according to the philosophical paradigm from which they are thought. Specifically, the author proposes various considerations about the flesh and the body based on four historical paradigms: substance, subject, existence and phenomenon. This journey makes it possible to recognize the semantics of both concepts and clear the way for their use in the theological sphere. Taking into account that Christianity can be defined as religion of the flesh, it concludes with the proposal to turn the flesh into the key to understanding reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cooking indexes and surface temperatures of grilled meats on a commercial restaurant grill in Fortaleza. Methods: Characterized as descriptive-exploratory and quantitative research, the selected cuts (all beef) were Sirloin, Filet Mignon, and Top Sirloin Cap (picanha), grilled to the following cooking points: rare, medium, and well-done. During the months of September through November 2020, thirty-eight samples were collected. Net weight, cooked weight, cooking index (CI), and average temperatures were measured, in addition to average grill temperatures. Statistical analysis involved Shapiro-Wilk and ANOVA tests. Results: For Sirloin, the CIs ranged from 0.76 to 0.92; for Filet Mignon, from 0.69 to 0.92; and for Top Sirloin Cap, from 0.66 to 0.85. There was a reduction in Filet Mignon weight when cooking from rare to medium. The CI range (0.65 to 0.90) in the Ornelas study corroborated our findings. According to the WHO classifications, Sirloin (rare) would be classified as potentially safe. According to the Prill et al. Model, the Top Sirloin Cap classified as rare. The Sirloin followed a decreasing temperature trend, which was contrary to the anticipated standard. Conclusion: Appropriate temperature control is essential in obtaining ideal models, and this detailed investigation provides an important reference for the use of CIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The implementation of productive strategies using semi-captivity hens under more familiar conditions to the natural behavior of the species requires adapted phenotypes. These populations require dual-purpose animals, which can produce meat and eggs as part of the current industrial aviculture. Aim. To evaluate the dynamic growth patterns and egg weight, compared to the commercial heavy breeders. Materials and methods: The body weight was checked weekly, between birth and 60 weeks, and the eggs were weighed between sexual maturity and the end of the cycle, in 100 Campero Casilda hens. The body weight data versus chronological age were adjusted according to the Gompertz model, and the egg's weekly weight versus egg age, according to the Weatherup & Foster model. The same adjustment was done to the data collected from the managing guides corresponding to heavy breeding hens Ross308® and Cobb500®. The average values of parameter estimators with a biological significance for the Gompertz and Weatherup & Foster for the Campero Casilda were compared to the reference values corresponding to the commercial breeders, using Student T for a single population sample. Results: Campero Casilda showed the best asymptotic body weight and lowest rate of maturation than the two reference genotypes. The asymptotic weight and egg maturation rates did not differ significantly from Ross308®, and were higher than Cobb500®. Conclusions: Campero Casilda showed a favorable combination of both dynamic patterns -body weight and egg weight. It is a choice of dual-purpose genotype for alternative poultry systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) supplementation is marketed for cattle only, and its use has not been widely adopted as growth promoter in other species. The objective of this study was to assess the residual ZH in various tissues of feedlot hair lambs administered with this growth promoter. Forty Intact male lambs were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: ZH for 0, 10, 20, and 30 d before the end of the fattening period. All lambs were fed a basal diet and slaughtered 48 h after the feeding trial. Regarding muscle, a linear increase (P=0.05) in ZH concentrations with increasing days of administration was observed (0.0, 0.19, 0.26, and 0.64 ng/g for 0, 10, 20, and 30 d of administration). For the liver, a linear increase (P=0.05) in ZH concentrations with increasing days of administration was also observed (0.0, 0.18, 0.27, and 0.44 ng/g for 0, 10, 20, and 30 days of administration). Higher values of ZH were found in the kidney with 0.0, 0.49, 0.66, and 0.71 ng/g for 0, 10, 20, and 30 days of administration). It was concluded that, regardless of tissue, residues of ZH increased with increasing days of administration of this growth promoter. Also, the observed levels of ZH were lower than those established by SENASICA (Mexico) for cattle, and the values presented in the present study could be the basis for establishing the maximum permissible limits of this growth enhancer in various tissues of sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: la carne DFD (del inglés Dark‚ Firm‚ Dry) es una anomalía que se presenta cuando las reservas de glucógeno muscular no son suficientes para que el pH descienda a su punto óptimo 24 h después del beneficio; se caracteriza por presentar color oscuro y textura defectuosa‚ lo que conlleva al rechazo por parte del consumidor y a la generación de grandes pérdidas económicas en la cadena cárnica. Objetivos: caracterizar la presencia de la anomalía DFD en planta de beneficio animal del departamento de Sucre. Métodos: a través de la prueba de Chi cuadrado‚ setenta y cinco canales bovinas fueron caracterizadas a través de edad‚ sexo‚ tipo racial‚ pH y color. Los valores de pH fueron tomados con un potenciómetro (Hanna instruments 981036) mientras que los de color fueron tomados con un colorímetro portátil NIX sensor color‚ ambas mediciones se realizaron 36 horas post beneficio. Resultados: se presentó una incidencia de 22‚7 % de la anomalía DFD y un 77‚3 % de carne normal‚ los valores promedios de pH fueron de 5‚54 y 5‚96 respectivamente. Esta incidencia resultó mayor en animales de sexo macho (21‚4 %)‚ de tipo racial cebú (16 %) y en aquellos con edad mayor a 48 meses (16 %)‚ razón por la cual estas canales presentaron valores promedio de L* (26‚5) a* (18) y b* (8‚9) menores que en canales no DFD. Conclusiones: la presencia de la anomalía DFD fue afectada por algunos factores intrínsecos al animal. Su incidencia puede estar generando pérdidas económicas a la industria cárnica colombiana. El colorímetro portátil NIX tiene el potencial de discriminar esta condición. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crossbreeding is an important tool to improve sheep meat production. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the characteristics of the carcass and meat of Pampinta lambs and their cross with Hampshire Down. For the study, 23 whole male lambs were used, 11 of the Pampinta breed and 12 Pampinta crosses with Hampshire Down. The lambs were checked healthily and weighed weekly. At the mother's foot they grazed on triticale (Triticosecale aestivum; L.) greens with vetch (Vicia sativa). They were weaned with an average weight of 20.2 (4.22) kg live weight (LW) and a WC of 2.5 on average (scale from 1 to 5). They entered a pen in a single group for 84 days. On the day of slaughter, the PV Pampinta 37.25 (1.76) kg was recorded; Hampshire Down 37.25 (1.81) kg, hot carcass weight; shaping and fattening; the fat (pelvic-renal) for the category of more than 13 kg of carcass; hot runner pH; LC and LP; AG and AT and compactness indices calculated from morphometric measurements and weight. After 12 h of maturation, PCE and pH were measured and EGD was determined in longissimus thorasis muscle; thickness of the subcutaneous tissue at the GR point; AOB; FC with the Warner-Brätzler shear; CRA and PPC. The animals were classified according to the letters S, E, U, R, O and P; according to great muscular development up to a marked muscular deficiency, and 5 degrees were stipulated for the completion, from the lack of fat coverage to the excessive presence. There was no effect of breed (P = 0.05) on all carcass characteristics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis. These results reflect differences in the conformation of the carcass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the objectives were to evaluate estrus and gestation in Bos taurus cows, treated with a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (FTAI) that included or not equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). Cumulative gestation with resynchronization at 30 days after the first FTAI was also evaluated. Method: the cows were divided into: Treatment 1 (n = 60), synchronized with 2 mg of estradiol benzoate and an intravaginal device (IVD) of progesterone (1.3 g) on day 0; IVD was removed on day 8 and 25 mg of prostaglandin F2-alpha, 1 mg of estradiol cypionate and 300 IU of eCG were injected; 48-52 hours later the FTAI was performed. Treatment 2 (n = 50) consisted in the same protocol, not including eCG. Ovulation was resynchronized in cows that were no pregnant in the pregnancy diagnosis, performed 30 days after the first FTAI. The same protocol applied in Treatment 1 for the first FTAI was used in all animals. The second FTAI was performed 40 days after starting the program. Body condition score (BCS) was classified as low (< 2.5), moderate (2.5 to 3.5) and high (> 3.5). On the day of the FTAI, the preovulatory follicle diameter (DFP) was classified into three categories (DFP1: < 11 mm; DFP2: 11 to 14 mm; DFP3: > 14 mm). Results: the gestation percentage was different between treatments (p = 0.04; 73 % Group 1 and 53 % Group 2). The proportion of cows in estrus before the FTAI was 75 % in the eCG treatment and 57 % in the control (p = 0.04). Cows with DFP2 and DFP3 registered a higher gestation rate (p = 0.03) than DFP1. The percentage of pregnancies was higher (p = 0.04) in cows with moderate and high BCS. Overall gestation in the first FTAI was 63 %. The gestation percentage with the second FTAI was 51.61 %, accumulating 82.1 % in 40 days. Conclusion: eCG increased the proportion of cows in estrus and gestation; and resynchronization allows the accumulation of an additional percentage of pregnant cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There can be no doubt that Claude Lefort is an heir to the philosophy of Merleau-Ponty. Nevertheless, instead of employing the primacy of the body to explain both citizenship and democracy, Lefort defends, for this particular context, a necessary disembodiment of the citizen and of society. His intended purpose is an investigation of the symbolic mutation that opened up the modern horizon to the democratic experience of indeterminacy, an experience in which subjects cannot establish for themselves a definitive image, capable of providing them with a fixed place within the social field, and in which society is ceaselessly and to such a degree engaged with its own internal conflicts, it likewise fails to provide itself with an identity. The aim of the present article is to examine this strange affiliation, where the heir in a certain sense deconstructs his own inheritance; after all, unlike Merleau-Ponty, Lefort appears to deny the pertinence of the modern conception of the body. Towards elucidating said strangeness, I raise the hypothesis that Lefort privileges the notion of flesh central to the ontology of the later Merleau-Ponty, to the detriment of the philosopher’s earlier notion of one’s own body. This privileging would make room for indeterminacy as a required element for democracy to flourish, unencumbered by premodern hindrances connected to the image of identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicine, during centuries, was an answer to the curative question defending human life, preserving or acquiring the person's phisical integrity. Nature and rationality, into relationship between physician and patient needs the weight of soul and body, in the christian and patristic thought too, where the sickness is deriving by immoderate behaviour against the nature belonging man with his body. This study will investigate the relationship between health and sickness, into the human person's equilibrium body-soul, in the Augustine's writings, in the Tractatus in Johannis Evangelium and in De Civitate Dei, on 419-420 or 420-421 A.D., to carachterize a perspective almost for present age's change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Chiasm, Flesh and Nature. Merleau-Ponty and the Problem of Mediality". The notion of flesh, belonging to the last stage of Merleau-Ponty's thought, occupies a decisive place in specialized research on the author. However, few publications highlight the immense influence of the latter in current thought, especially in the post-humanist and materialist currents of contemporary philosophy. We propose, in the pages that follow, to analyze this category from the point of view of a philosophy of relationship, interpreting it from the figure of mediality or relating them to a notion of medium. For this, in the first part, we will elucidate the notion of medium used in Phenomenology of Perception and the postulation of experience as a starting point. In the second part, we will specify the multiple dimensions in which the notion of flesh unfolds in the late philosophy of the author. Once the epistemological, phenomenological and ontological aspects of the ontology of the flesh have been addressed, its philosophical potential will be analyzed, projecting the treatments for the problems of nature, an issue that we consider of vital importance for current philosophical reflections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Spain, there is growing interest in the conservation of native goat breeds in grazing production systems, and the possibility of conventional farms transitioning to organic. This requires a complete understanding of the repercussions of this transition, including its effect on end product sensory quality. An evaluation was done of the sensory attributes of suckling goat meat from two indigenous Spanish breeds (Payoya and Blanca Andaluza) raised in conventional and organic grazing production systems. Of the 21 suckling kids used, 12 were raised in an organic system (6 Payoya and 6 Blanca Andaluza) and 9 in a conventional system (3 Payoya and 6 Blanca Andaluza). Meat sensory profile was evaluated by an analytical panel. The meat from kids raised in organic systems had less intensity of smell and a softer, more tender and juicier texture than meat from the conventional systems. Meat from Blanca Andaluza kids exhibited lower odor intensity and a softer, more tender and juicier texture than the Payoya kid meat. These are promising preliminary results that highlight some of the benefits resulting from the transition from conventional to organic grazing systems for goat production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, «wondering about women» is an unfinished and debated task. In the middle of the 20th century, the phenomenologist Edith Stein explores such a scenario by asking herself about its nature and value. The present research exposes the itinerary that the philosopher establishes from the reflection of the human person to the understanding of the woman. Therefore, the main concepts and nuances are articulated from Stein's work, which, through phenomenological analysis, makes it possible to examine the constituent notions of the subject in its corporal and spiritual dimension. Finally, the particular nature of the feminine essence is outlined, whose inquiry will allow us to stop at the essential question of woman. The conclusion goes forward to a balance of the main aspects developed as a contribution to the contemporary dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the physical and chemical characteristics of the wild mouse (Leporinus ecuadorensis) and provide a database with information on this fish that inhabits the Babahoyo River, this work was carried out in the Babahoyo River, where 250 specimens of Leporinus e., Which had a weight range of 75-175 g, these were transported to the meat plant of the Campus "La María" of the State Technical University of Quevedo where the physical analyzes were carried out (RGB colorimetry, lost by cooking and dripping, pH), for the analysis of the chemical and mineral composition of the meat, samples of it were taken to the Chemical Laboratory of the Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial Sede Santo Domingo to which a descriptive statistic was applied. The meat of Leporinus e. I present a protein content of 22.08% and a low fat content of 4.68%, which is why it is considered that these fish are within the group of medium fat species. Based on the results of the physical analyzes carried out, it is a bluish meat and presents low losses of water by dripping and cooking (4.69 and 19.95% respectively) compared to other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article show us the concepts of body and flesh from the philosophies of M. Merleau-Ponty and Michel Henry. Both philosophers stood out for retaking this theme in the contemporary tradition, establishing the contours of a philosophy of the body and the flesh. Therefore, the main concepts where there is divergence were highlighted topointing the intrigue established in the understanding of the flesh as an ontological structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little known in France, allspice is at the heart of the Lebanese cuisine, of the littoral and inland, among home and restaurant cooks. It is imperative for meat preparations, and, by affection and attachment, in vegetable and pulse dishes. Its aromatic scope is such that, with other spices, it is deemed most efficient to invalidate meats and offal from zankha, an abhorred miasma, and to bestow fragrance to them. For younger generations, the "7 spice mixture" shares similar prerogatives. After analysing the correlation between meat, zankha and spice, this study ponders on the pertinence of an aromatic mixture in the elaboration of culinary compositions in Lebanon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study was conducted to characterize indicators of the slaughter, yield and fractionation of bull carcasses from silvopasture, 100% of the area associated with Leucaena leucocephala, and star grass (Cynodon nlemfuencis). 48 bulls were used, in 4 grazing lots or case studies, the same number of animals per lot and 2 animals/ha. Case 1: 5/8 Holstein x 3/8 Zebu, in the rainy season, with 70 g of minerals/animal/day. Case 2: Zebu, in the dry season, with the same amount of the previous mineral supplement. Case 3: Zebu, in the dry season, supplemented with 1.50 kg/animal/day of rumen fermentation activator (11% CP and ME of 8 MJ/kg DM). Case 4: Charolais de Cuba, in the rainy season, with 2 kg/animal/day of a grain-based supplement (12% crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) of 10 MJ/kg of dry matter (DM)). The animals were kept in fast for 24 hours before slaughter, to take the post-roughing live weight. Slaughter indicators; digestive filling; carcasses performance; meat; bones; cover fat and cuts of higher commercial value from the leg region were determined. Regarding the live weight post-roughing, by s case study from 1-4; the empty digestive system predominated among the indicators of slaughter (17.00, 9.51, 9.71 and 8.09%), followed by contents of the digestive system (10.27, 14.13, 12.92 y 9.58%) and the skin (7.71, 10.09, 9.05 and 8.72%). From cases 1-4, the performance of cold carcass was 54.01, 54.48, 52.35 and 56.16%; regarding the cold carcass, the meat production was 65.04, 76.27, 75.15 and 68.75%, body fat of 8.28, 8.60, 9.17 and 7.23%; and in the contribution of the cuts with the highest commercial value of the hindquarters, the inside round (2.27, 2.42, 2.25 and 2.64%) and the leg tip (2.23, 2.44; 2.24 and 2.54%) stood out. With this study it was demonstrated that the digestive system was the most relevant indicator in slaughter; that the carcasses were low in fat, inside round and leg tip was the most representative in the posterior region and the highest yield of 56.16% with Charolais de Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Current diets of broiler chickens tend to increase protein levels to obtain high productive variables that are achieved in combination with genetic, management, and sanitary improvements, among others. An increase in dietary crude protein levels does not always accompany an increase in broiler productive efficiency due to multiple factors involved in the production system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on productive performance, carcass characteristics, and chemical composition of breast and thigh meat in broiler chickens raised in the dry subtropics of northeastern Mexico. Method: The study used 200, 1-day-old male Ross broiler chicks. In a completely randomized design, birds were allocated to the four treatments with five replicates (floor pens) of ten birds each. The trial was divided in two phases (starter and finisher) of 21 days each (42 days total). Treatment diets (T) for starter and finisher phases had crude protein concentrations (CP; %) of 21 and 18.1 (T1), 21.4 and 18.5 (T2), 21.8 and 18.9 (T3), and 22.2 and 19.3 (T4), respectively. Within each feeding phase, the four treatment diets were formulated to similar levels of apparent metabolizable energy. Results: Protein concentrations had no effect (P > 0.05) on weight gain, while feed intake was greater in T1 (P < 0.05) than in T2 and T3. Feed conversion was better in T2 and T4 (P < 0.05) than in T1. There was no influence of treatment on carcass weight or carcass cuts (P > 0.05). Carcass yield was greater in T1 than in T3 (P < 0.05). Breast and thigh dry matter and ether extracts were similar (P > 0.05) between treatments. Breast crude protein was greater (P < 0.05) in T2 than in T3. The lowest (P < 0.05) CP concentration in thigh meat was in T3. Discussion or Conclusion: These results indicated that in the dry subtropics area of northeastern Mexico increases in CP above the level of T2 (21.4% and 18.5% CP in starter and finisher diets, respectively) did not improve broiler chicken productive performance, carcass characteristics or meat chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of partial replacement of wheat flour with turmeric flour (Curcuma longa) on the physicochemical and sensory properties of chorizo made with pork was evaluated. Three levels of turmeric flour substitution were proposed 0.8%, 1.4% and 2.1%, corresponding to a substitution of a 19.04%, 33.33% and 50,00%, respectively, along with a control chorizo without the addition of said flour. The pH, water holding capacity, color, texture and sensory evaluation were measured. The pH tended towards acidity in the treatment with the greatest inclusion of uremic flour. The sensory evaluation was carried out with to untrained panelists who determined the chorizo with the highest acceptability. For the sensory parameters, there were no significant differences, except for color. Therefore, turmeric flour can be used as a partial substitute for wheat flour in the production of common chorizo without affecting physicochemical and sensory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rehydration of grains, such as corn and sorghum, is used to increase nutrient absorption. However, the effect of this practice on meat quality is poorly understood. Objective: To evaluate the effects of type of grain and processing on the meat quality of Nellore steers in a feedlot. Methods: Twenty-four non-castrated Nellore steers (270 ± 53 kg initial body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized 2×2 factorial design, with six replicates. The first factor was cereal type (corn or sorghum), and the second was the grain processing (dry or rehydrated and ensiled). The diets were composed of 28.44% corn silage and 71.56% concentrate. Sixty days before the beginning of the experiment, corn and sorghum grains were rehydrated and ensiled. The animals were slaughtered after 140 days of confinement. Meat quality analyses were determined in samples of fresh and aged meat (7 days) from the Longissimus lumborum muscle. Results: no difference between treatments was observed for carcass pH and L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values, shear force, thawing and cooking losses, and chemical composition of meat (p>0.05). The b* (yellowness) value of subcutaneous fat was higher in steers fed corn, regardless of grain processing (p=0.03). Sarcomere length was higher in aged meat of steers fed sorghum, regardless of processing method (p=0.01). Conclusions: the grain processing method does not affect beef quality; however, grain type can affect subcutaneous fat color and sarcomere length of aged beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carcass and sheep meat quality are influenced by several factors, such as race, age, slaughter weight, type of diet, and dietary supplementation. Objective: To evaluate the effect of castration and vitamin E supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and meat of lambs slaughtered at 45 kg. Methods: Thirty-two male lambs (16 castrated and 16 not castrated) were fed diets with or without the inclusion of vitamin E. The animals had an average age of 180 ± 20 days and a mean weight of 25.1 ± 4.6 kg. Performance was evaluated for 56 days, and the animals were slaughtered when reaching a weight of 45 kg. The experimental design was randomized blocks based on initial weights, and variables were assessed by a 2x2 factorial design (castrated and intact, supplemented or not with vitamin E, with a probability of 5%). Results: Higher proportion (p<0.05) of visceral fat was found in castrated animals (kidney: 2.45%, inguinal: 0.57% and omental: 4.96%) than in intact animals (kidney: 1.25%, inguinal 0.27%. and omental 3.12%). The aged meat samples showed no color differences for any of the treatments, but there were differences in shear force for steaks aged for 7 days, where the castrated animals showed an average of 2.64 kgf and intact animals showed an average 3.29 kgf. The animals supplemented with vitamin E had lower shear forces in non-aged samples. Conclusion: Castration increased deposition of visceral and fat coverage but did not influence the cut yields and total carcass yield. The animals supplemented with vitamin E had lower shear forces in non-aged samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To validate a new strategy to identify food groups that are associated with height. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational, analytical and exploratory study. Length for Age and Sex [L/A/S] and 24-hour feeding data were collected from 185 healthy children 4.0 to 12.7 months of age. The proportion that each of 7 food groups contributed to total consumption were used as independent variables versus L/A/S as the dependent variable in multiple regression models. Three age groups (1 = 4-6/2 = 7-9/3 = 10-12) were evaluated. RESULTS: One age group (7-9 months) showed association with Meat, indicating that L/A/S increased with increased proportion of Meat. The age group of 10-12 months showed a negative coefficient with Breastfeeding indicating that L/A/S decreased with increased proportions of Breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: Our method was able to identify feeding patterns associated to growth in small groups of 47 and 77 children. We believe our approach should be expanded to other ages to gain better understanding on the relationships between feeding patterns and growth in the first years of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bresaola could represent an alternative commercial opportunity for autochthonous dairy cattle farms. Therefore, a study was carried out to investigate the fatty acid (FA) composition of bresaola made using Semimembranosus (SMm), Semitendinosus (STm), and Biceps brachii (BBm) muscles from grazing young bulls (GB), housed young bulls (HB) or grazing adult cows (AC) of Cinisara breed. Animal category, fat content, feeding system, and type of muscle influenced the FA composition of bresaola. Fatter products, made from AC and HB meat, or with STm and BBm muscles showed lower polyunsaturated/saturated FA ratio. The bresaola from young bulls fed pasture-based diet showed an increased polyunsaturated FA content, a reduction of n-6/n-3 ratio, and improved health indexes. However, the rumenic acid, isomer of conjugated linoleic acid, did not show differences related to the use of pasture. Bresaola made from lean meat cuts of grazing animals seems to show the best health-related FA profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text wants to expose the Gilles Deleuze's concept of becoming- animal in Francis Bacon's art. This peculiar passage, that never ends and never begins, is a special condition of human being, something that pass through is own body and express itself as a deformation. We will analyze the philosophical language that Deleuze uses to describe this art, something that is made of sensation and not of imitation. The stranger, the intruder is someone who seems to live within the characters that inhabit Bacon's paintings; soon we will discover that, as per the philosopher's theory, what we only can see is an in- discernibility zone, that is the sensation lived between man and animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cavia porcellus is used as a kind of meat supply, it is part of the diet and source of sustenance in some regions of the world. In Mexico guinea pig production systems represent an opportunity to produce meat for self-consumption and even for local sale. The objective of this study was to evaluate sensorially the gastronomic proposal based on C. porcellus meat; which consisted of four stews (in mushroom cream, roasted, sweet and sour marinade and in yellow mole) and were tasted by 40 judges not trained by an acceptability test with a structured scale of hedonic satisfaction, the attributes considered were the appearance, smell, taste, tenderness and juiciness. Data were analysed using an Ascendant Hierarchical Classification and Principal Component Analysis to construct the quadratic mapping model of external preferences. The results indicated that for type 2 consumers there is a significant effect (R2=0.976, p<0.05), determining their general acceptance in common by guinea pig cream mushrooms. It was concluded that the gastronomic proposal of the four guinea pig stews was accepted, but the most widely accepted was the cuy in cream of mushroom soup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: la búsqueda de alternativas a los aditivos sintéticos en la elaboración de alimentos procesados es una preocupación de la industria alimentaria. Por lo tanto, cada vez es más común y valiosa la investigación de nuevas fuentes de compuestos con alta actividad biológica. La sustitución de nitritos artificiales por fuentes naturales ha sido un sendero hasta el momento prometedor y una alternativa para la reducción de la cantidad residual en cada uno de los productos cárnicos procesados. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de nitritos naturales provenientes de la remolacha (Beta vulgaris) como sustituto de conservante usado en la elaboración de un producto cárnico denominado jamón curado cocido. Métodos: mediante la técnica de curado húmedo se realizaron dos muestras comparativas denominadas T1 y T2, en donde el componente principal de la salmuera del T1 fue el jugo de remolacha y para el T2 los nitritos sintéticos, con la misma formulación en ambos tratamientos, con la finalidad de determinar la vida útil y la concentración residual durante 30 días de conservación. Resultados: se determinó la concentración de nitratos/nitritos presentes en el jugo de remolacha, con 1910 mg/kg y 80 mg/ kg, respectivamente. Para el valor de nitritos residuales a los 30 días de control se obtuvo una concentración de 40 mg/kg en el T1, en comparación del T2 con 24,3 mg/kg, ambos por debajo del parámetro máximo permitido de 200 mg/kg. Para el control microbiológico los dos tratamientos estuvieron dentro de los rangos aceptados según normatividad para los microorganismos mesófilos, coliformes totales, coliformes fecales, estafilococo coagulasa positivo, esporas sulfito reductor y Salmonella spp. Conclusiones: a partir de los resultados se pudo observar que el producto cárnico elaborado con el jugo de remolacha como fuente de nitritos, obtuvo concentraciones residuales por debajo de la dosis permitida y el efecto conservador fue positivo, manteniendo las propiedades microbiológicas dentro de los límites. En esta investigación se pudo evidenciar el efecto conservador de una fuente natural nitritos, comparado con una fuente sintética o comercial usada en la industria cárnica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of biotype on the productive performance and beef quality of bulls under silvopastoral system of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Witt variety Perú. Materials and Methods: Fifteen animals were used per treatment during 195 days of the dry season (October-May). Two treatments were designed: 1) genetic group Zebu under grazing ad libitum + energy complementation, 2) genetic group Siboney de Cuba under grazing ad libitum + energy complementation. A mixed linear model was applied, in which the biotype was included as fixed effect, and the system and residual error as random effects. The live weight, average daily gain, weight increase and yield per hectare were determined. On the samples taken from the Longissimus dorsis muscle, the beef color, as well as water holding capacity and acidity, were measured. Results: Differences were found (p < 0,05) for the weight at slaughter, mean daily gain, weight increase and yield per hectare, in favor of the Zebu biotype. The acidity, luminosity, red and yellow pigmentation of the beef did not differ from one group to the other. Differences were found (p < 0,001) in the concentration of acids C18:0 and C18:1, with the highest values in the Zebu biotype. Significant differences were also observed (p < 0,001) in the concentration of myristic and palmitic acid (C14:0 and C16:0, respectively). However, the highest amount was obtained in Siboney de Cuba. Conclusions: The Zebu group, under the conditions of this research, showed better productive performance, although between both groups there were instrumental values of beef quality which were close; nevertheless, in both genotypes, the percentage values of saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to isolate enterobacteria, especially the thermotolerant, present on the surfaces of knives, trays and cutting boards used in the handling of meat in butchers. Method: cross-sectional study, conducted from April to October 2017 in nine establishments that sell meat products in Cuiabá - Mato Grosso, Brasil. Surface samples were collected from three different utensils: knife, board and tray. Results: Among utensils used on handling poultry meat, the knife got greater growth of enterobacteria (4,36x104 UFC/cm²). The cutting board intended for pork also reported higher 7,44x104 UFC/cm². For beef, the tray and the board respectively, had scores of 2,5x105 UFC/cm² and 2,41x105 UFC/cm². The high growth of enterobacteria is justified by the grooves contained in these tools, poor maintenance and hygiene. It was also observed the presence of 27% of fecal coliforms and 73% of total coliforms. Conclusion: from the data obtained it is inferred that the hygienic and sanitary conditions are not in accordance with the RDC No. 216/2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers in its first part the problems underlined by D. Franck regarding the role of the flesh in the constitution of time. It offers a presentation of his views on the constitution of bodilihood (Leiblichkeit) and corporeity (Körperlichkeit), the role of intersubjectivity, and the Husserlian characterization of the flow of time. The second part examines Husserl's late manuscripts on the constitution of time in order to show a new way of considering these problems. The role of the flesh in constitution and its relationship with intersubjectivity and the flow of time are stressed. The third part is concerned with the "double origin" (Franck) of time. This duality is associated with Husserl's twofold primality (Urtümlichkeit) according to which time can be referred back to the living and permanent present in which we are always placed and to a previous stage of time which emerges from a genesis in the past and is linked to flesh and intersubjectivity. It is argued that a twofold relationship of non-derivation and conditioning between consciousness and flesh (E. Ströker) can be associated with this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal breeding is a predictive science which is carried out on the basis of the genetic variability in the herd and uses selection as an important tool, whose efficiency is assessed by the heritability of the traits of interest, which is a specific parameter of each herd. Due to its good ability to indicate the consequences of the genetic management in production systems, heritability has attracted attention of researchers and received contribution of the evolution of computational resources and statistical methods for the estimation of variance components. This has resulted in higher precision estimates, initially by the Least Squares Method, later by Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian statistics. The Brazilian Nellore herd has undergone these stages in its genetic improvement process, which has been guided by the selection of growth traits (weights at standard ages) as phenotypes of economic interest, which showed moderate to high heritability. Heritability has been estimated by different approaches, but the estimation of variance components by Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) has been the favorite. However, limitations such as computational demand and big amount of data have favored the use of Bayesian Inference. Based on these assumptions, the objective of this review is to discuss heritability of growth traits in Nellore cattle, using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]