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The aim of this study is to estimate the demand function for eggs, meat and dairy products and to analyse the effects of socioeconomic determinants of this demand, both at the household and individual level. With this purpose, the nationally representative Household Budget Survey (HBS) micro data set obtained from Turkish Statistical Institute for 2019 is used in the empirical analysis. In the demand function estimated by the Working-Leser model, the share of the expenditure on these protein-rich products in the total expenditure is taken as the dependent variable, while the logarithm of the total expenditure is used as the independent variable. Furthermore, various categorical (dummy) and continuous variables that are considered to have an impact on the demand function are included in the model. According to the findings, it was found that the coefficient of the total expenditure was positive and expenditure elasticity of demand was 1.04. Moreover, factors such as household income, education level of the household head, the number of automobiles in the household, smoking and alcohol use habits in the household, eating habits outside reduce the share of meat and dairy products in the household budget. On the other hand, factors such as the increase in the age of the head of the household, the increase in the number of individuals in the household, and the home ownership raise the demand for these products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing a price tariff that matches the randomized behavior of residential consumers is one of the major barriers to demand response (DR) implementation. The current trend of DR products provided by aggregators or retailers are not consumer-specific, which poses additional barriers for the engagement of consumers in these programs. In order to address this issue, this paper describes a methodology based on causality inference between DR tariffs and observed residential electricity consumption to estimate consumers' consumption elasticity. It determines the flexibility of each client under the considered DR program and identifies whether the tariffs offered by the DR program affect the consumers' usual consumption or not. The aim of this approach is to aid aggregators and retailers to better tune DR offers to consumer needs and so to enlarge the response rate to their DR programs. We identify a set of critical clients who actively participate in DR events along with the most responsive and least responsive clients for the considered DR program. We find that the percentage of DR consumers who actively participate seem to be much less than expected by retailers, indicating that not all consumers' elasticity is effectively utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]