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This work is devoted to study the structural and reactional properties of the prototypical example of the core–halo ( 9 Li– 11 Li) nuclei. The halo nucleus 11 Li consists of a central core of 9 Li surrounded by 2n–halo with very low separation energy ε 2 n = 378±5 KeV, reflecting the huge calculated root mean square radius value 4.11 fm. The elastic scattering potential at low and intermediate incident energies was a puzzle for decades of research on nuclear reactions. Single– and double–folding potentials describing the elastic scattering of 11 Li from the proton and 12 C, based on different effective interactions were constructed. Systematic comparison between the considered methods in terms of the renormalization coefficients is done. Based on the considered methods, the obtained potentials doesn’t need any renormalization in case of using real folding potential together with phenomenological imaginary potential and merely need renormalization almost approach unity in case of using complex folding potential to fit the total reaction cross sections and angular distributions along the measured data. Furthermore, correlations between real volume integrals and nucleon incident energies for the neutron drip–line 11 Li nucleus were proven along the whole scale of energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since this century, due to the dual influence of climate change and strong human activities, the water and sediment conditions en- tering the Lower Yellow River (LYR) have changed significantly. Consequently, the cross-sectional geometry of the LYR channel has been adjusted drastically under the long-term non-equilibrium sediment transport state, which affects river regime stability directly and threatens the flood control safety on both sides of the river seriously. In this paper, based on the measured cross-sectional data of Baihezhen-Gaocun reach of the LYR from 2001 to 2021, the evolution characteristics of the morphological parameters of cross-section were analyzed. On this basis, Heigangkou-Liuyuankou reach was selected as the proto type and a physical model experiment was conducted, to quantitatively reveal the adjustment of cross-sectional morphology under non-equilibrium sediment transport conditions. The analysis of the prototype measurement data found that cross-sectional morphology of the Huayuankou-Jiahetan reach was more variable compared with other sections of the LYR. A typical river section in the Huayuankou-Jiahetan reach was selected as the prototype, and a physical model was constructed using a horizontal scale of 600 and a vertical scale of 60. Keeping the same initial river boundary conditions, channel morphology adjustment experiments with four types discharges of 2 000 m³/s, 3000 m³/s, 4000 m³/s and 5 000 m³/s and different inlet sediment concentration were carried out. The experiment results show that when the inlet sediment concentration is small, the main channel erosion, the area increases and the river phase coefficient decreases. When the inlet sediment concentration is large, the main channel sedimentation, the area decreases and the river phase coefficient increases. Comparing the experimental data with the prototype data, the analysis reveals that the morphological parameters at river reach scale are well correlated with the incoming sediment coefficient under non-equilibrium sediment transport conditions, among which the main channel area is exponentially negatively correlated with the incoming sand coefficient, and the river phase coefficient is qua- dratically correlated with the incoming sediment coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debris flows and floods generated by rainfall runoff occur in rocky mountainous landscapes and burned steeplands. Flow type is commonly identified post‐event through interpretation of depositional structures, but these may be poorly preserved or misinterpreted. Prior research indicates that discharge magnitude is commonly amplified in debris flows relative to floods due to volumetric bulking and increased frictional resistance. Here, we use this flow amplification to develop a metric (Q*) to separate debris flows from floods based on the ratio of observed peak discharge to the theoretical maximum water discharge from rainfall runoff. We compile 642 observations of floods and debris flows and demonstrate that Q* distinguishes flow type to ∼92% accuracy. Q* allows for accurate identification of debris flows through simple channel cross‐section surveys rather than through qualitative interpretation of deposits, and therefore should increase the performance of models and engineered structures that require accurate flow‐type observations. Plain Language Summary: Steep channels in rocky landscapes and recently burned areas carry a wide range of flow types, ranging from water floods to highly destructive debris flows composed of rock, sediment, other incidental debris, and water. Typically, the flow type that recently occurred in a channel is identified by interpreting the structure of deposits left behind by the flow. However, these deposits can be challenging to interpret, provided they are preserved at all. Prior research has shown that the shift in flow physics occurring in debris flows has the effect of amplifying the magnitude of the flow beyond that which is possible in floods. In this study, we take advantage of this flow amplification to develop a quantitative metric that allows for flow type to be identified without interpreting depositional structures. We demonstrate the metric to be highly accurate. This methodology should increase the accuracy of predictive models trained on such observations, which can help to better understand where these hazards exist and protect communities and infrastructure at risk. Key Points: To distinguish debris flows from floods, a metric Q* equal to the ratio of peak discharge to rainfall‐runoff discharge is developedQ* separates floods (Q* ≤ 1) from debris flows (Q* > 1) to ∼92% accuracy and is robust to uncertainties in the key parametersThe Q* metric should reduce misidentification of flow type and increase the performance of empirical‐hazard models and hazard mitigation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma emission induced by the irradiation of nickel and zirconium with fission neutrons was investigated with the FaNGaS (Fast Neutron–induced Gamma-ray Spectrometry) instrument operated at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum. Measurements were done at an angle of 90° with respect to the direction of the fission neutron beam (average neutron energy of 2.18 MeV). We report on the relative intensities and production cross sections of 265 gamma lines (163 for nickel and 102 for zirconium). Consistency with available literature data was evaluated. The cross section of the 90Zr(n,n′)90mZr reaction was determined to be 88 ± 8 mb. For a counting time of 12 h, the detection limits of 0.7 and 1.3 mg were estimated for nickel and zirconium, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to present the classification of navicular bones and the anatomical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of navicular fractures of the foot. Method: 351 computed tomographic (CT) images of the navicular bone were analyzed and classified. The navicular bone's anatomical morphology was measured by three independent researchers in each type. Analysis and recording of the measurement results followed. Result: Navicular bones were assorted into three types: I shape(37.04%), II shape(54.41%), and III shape(8.55%). The left and right sides did not differ in any appreciable ways, except ab, bc, and ∠abc (P < 0.05); And all data were statistically different between men and women except for ∠abc (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The classification of the navicular bone in this study may be helpful in making the treatment decision for navicular fracture. Level of clinical evidence: : 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a semi-empirical formula for the cross section of ionization by electron impact. The formula involves adjustable parameters which are determined by comparison with measured or numerically calculated cross sections. In the latter case, the ions are perturbed by their environment which is a high-density plasma. As a consequence, the cross section is significantly modified. We investigate Be-like carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as well as aluminum ions. We also show that the formula is well-suited for interpolation and extrapolation. Knowing the cross section, we calculate the rate coefficient within the Boltzmann and Fermi–Dirac statistics. In the first case, the rate can be calculated analytically. In the second one, it can be expressed in terms of special functions, but the numerical evaluation is more convenient while providing accurate results. Our results are compared to experiment and to other calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate and computationally efficient determination of the cross sections for electron collision ionization of molecules has various applications, such as plasma physics and atmospheric science. In the case of large molecules, ab initio calculations are often difficult and time‐consuming. Here, we develop a feed forward neural network to predict the electron impact ionization cross sections of complex molecules. The training (predicting) set in the method consists of a series of theoretical ionization cross sections for small (large) molecules obtained from the combined model, which integrates the Binary‐Encounter‐Bethe and Deutsch‐Märk models. Several complex systems or targets involving electron collision ionization are evaluated, including molecules such as CH4$$ {}_4 $$, C3$$ {}_3 $$H8$$ {}_8 $$, C5$$ {}_5 $$H8$$ {}_8 $$, C6$$ {}_6 $$H10$$ {}_{10} $$, C6$$ {}_6 $$, C2$$ {}_2 $$H6$$ {}_6 $$O, and C6$$ {}_6 $$H6$$ {}_6 $$O. The root mean square errors of the trained and predicted cross sections by the 2×3×3×1$$ 2\times 3\times 3\times 1 $$ neural network (compared to the values from the combined model) are found to be approximately.0086 and.0930 (in 10−20$$ {}^{-20} $$ cm2$$ {}^2 $$), respectively, (using the C2$$ {}_2 $$H6$$ {}_6 $$O molecule as an example), indicating our results are very high accuracy. The excellent agreement between the predicted values and the actual values indicates that the neural network is a practical and powerful tool for determining the electron collision ionization cross sections of complex molecules and can provide valuable insights into the dynamics process. Apart from its fundamental importance, this study has far‐reaching implications for gas discharge, low‐temperature plasmas, and fusion edge plasmas and so forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial surveying with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has been popularly employed in river management and flood monitoring. One of the major processes in UAV aerial surveying for river applications is to demarcate the cross-section of a river. From the photo images of aerial surveying, a point cloud dataset can be abstracted with the structure from the motion technique. To accurately demarcate the cross-section from the cloud points, an appropriate delineation technique is required to reproduce the characteristics of natural and manmade channels, including abrupt changes, bumps and lined shapes. Therefore, a nonparametric estimation technique, called the K-nearest neighbor local linear regression (KLR) model, was tested in the current study to demarcate the cross-section of a river with a point cloud dataset from aerial surveying. The proposed technique was tested with synthetically simulated trapezoidal, U-shape and V-shape channels. In addition, the proposed KLR model was compared with the traditional polynomial regression model and another nonparametric technique, locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS). The experimental study was performed with the river experiment center in Andong, South Korea. Furthermore, the KLR model was applied to two real case studies in the Migok-cheon stream on Hapcheon-gun and Pori-cheon stream on Yecheon-gun and compared to the other models. With the extensive applications to the feasible river channels, the results indicated that the proposed KLR model can be a suitable alternative for demarcating the cross-section of a river with point cloud data from UAV aerial surveying by reproducing the critical characteristics of natural and manmade channels, including abrupt changes and small bumps as well as different shapes. Finally, the limitation of the UAV-driven demarcation approach was also discussed due to the penetrability of RGB sensors to water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of ICESAT-2 altimetry data in river hydrology critically depends on the accuracy of the mean water surface elevation (WSE) at a virtual station (VS) where satellite observations intersect solely with water. It is acknowledged that the ATL13 product has noise elevations of the adjacent land, resulting in biased high mean WSEs at VSs. Earlier studies have relied on human intervention or water masks to resolve this. Both approaches are unsatisfactory solutions for large river basins where the issue becomes pronounced due to many tributaries and meanders. There is no automated procedure to partition the truly representative water height from the totality of the along-track ICESAT-2 photon segments (portions of photon points along a beam) for increasing precision of the mean WSE at VSs. We have developed an automated approach called "auto-segmentation". The accuracy of our method was assessed by comparing the ATL13-derived WSEs with direct water level observations at 10 different gauging stations on 37 different dates along the Lower Murray River, Australia. The concordance between the two datasets is significantly high and without detectable bias. In addition, we evaluated the effects of four methods for calculating the mean WSEs at VSs after auto-segmentation processing. Our results reveal that all methods perform almost equally well, with the same R2 value (0.998) and only subtle variations in RMSE (0.181–0.189 m) and MAE (0.130–0.142 m). We also found that the R2, RMSE and MAE are better under the high flow condition (0.999, 0.124 and 0.111 m) than those under the normal-low flow condition (0.997, 0.208 and 0.160 m). Overall, our auto-segmentation method is an effective and efficient approach for deriving accurate mean WSEs at river VSs. It will contribute to the improvement of ICESAT-2 ATL13 altimetry data utility on rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been three decades since pulsating heat pipes were first introduced and garnered more attention due to their uncomplicated structural design and superior heat transfer capabilities. The pulsating heat pipe of the original design is strongly affected by space orientation, which is connected with the influence of gravity. Even though more turns will hold pulsating heat pipe operational in any orientation, more space is needed to handle pulsating heat pipes, limiting its potential in space and the power electronics industry. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of pulsating heat pipe's progress based on the most recent findings of both experimental and theoretical investigations of parametric influence on pulsating heat pipe thermal performance in horizontal and top heating modes. It aims to identify research gaps in pulsating heat pipe functioning in different orientations. Additionally, a comparative analysis of pulsating heat pipe design features described in the existing literature is conducted to determine the most promising designs for orientation-independent pulsating heat pipe systems. It is concluded that the integration of design attributes, encompassing an uneven-turn design, a channel structure featuring alternating shapes and size of cross-section, and the utilization of nanofluids and binary mixtures as heat carriers are expected to serve as the basic reference for researchers aiming to achieve a stable pulsating heat pipe operation devoid of gravitational influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the availability of fuel, favorable kinetics, and high output energy, the deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reaction is dominantly used in thermonuclear fusion. This paper presents a detailed, step-by-step theoretical calculation of the D-T fusion cross-section within the framework of the phenomenological R-matrix method. The fundamental principles of the phenomenological R-matrix method are outlined. Nuclear and Coulomb interactions are addressed by the R-matrix formalism, which classifies the configuration space into internal and external regions, respectively. Precise Coulomb functions are utilized in the calculations, essential for the accurate determination of the penetration and shift factors. Precise Coulomb functions for the D+T, 4He+12C systems have been calculated. The penetration and shift factors for the D+T system for a given angular momentum have been obtained. Two different R-matrix models with parameters from recent scientific papers are employed to calculate D-T fusion cross-sections and reaction rates, which are then compared with those obtained from the ENDF/B-VIII.0 library data. Within a crucial low-energy range (from 0 to 0.1 MeV), important for fusion technology, our results show quite good agreement with experimental data, while in a high-energy range, the obtained results are slightly underestimated due to non-resonant 5He levels not being taken into account. These findings indicate that the models can be used for future thermonuclear fusion applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers two variants of the algorithm for optimizing excavation units. In recent decades, coal mining and mining of other minerals in underground conditions have begun to face growing challenges, such as increased labor costs, regulatory changes and the constant need to optimize processes. In this context, the introduction of modern technologies such as MICROMINE software provides unique opportunities for optimizing underground mining units. The dredging Unit optimizer determines the optimal combination of parent blocks that need to be mined in order to maximize the overall profit from the development of the field. At the same time, some technological limitations are taken into account. If, in the case of optimization of open-pit mining, technological limitations mean the angles of the slopes of the sides of quarries, then the minimum dimensions and shape of the excavation units are taken into account when optimizing the excavation units. An economic approach combining cost reduction, increased production and risk minimization makes MICROMINE an important tool in the mining industry. In this paper, the aim is to identify an algorithm for optimizing underground excavation units using MICROMINE software and highlight the advantages of using this software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prompt gamma rays of terbium emitted after (n,nʹγ) inelastic scattering reactions induced by irradiation of a terbium(III) hexahydrate (TbCl3·6H2O) sample with a beam of fission neutrons were investigated with the instrument FaNGaS (Fast Neutron-induced Gamma-ray Spectrometry) at an angle of 90° between neutron beam and detector. At sample position, the fast-neutron flux was 1.13 × 108 cm−2 s−1 and the neutron beam has an average energy of 2.30 MeV. We identified 124 prompt gamma lines from the 159Tb(n,nʹγ)159Tb reaction. Presence of prompt gamma rays from oxygen and chlorine was used for a concise verification of recently published results. Relative gamma-ray intensities, effective cross sections and fast-neutron spectrum-averaged partial production cross sections of the gamma lines are given including comparisons with available literature data. We found a reasonable agreement and the multitude of unreported lines adds decisive value to nuclear spectroscopy. Additionally, we estimated the detection limit of terbium as 1 mg for a counting time of 12 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically study the state‐selected photo‐recombination process of highly charged ions using the close‐coupling approximation and the full relativistic Dirac R‐matrix method combined with the Dirac Atomic R‐matrix Codes (DARC). Focusing on the interference between the direct and indirect processes and the relativistic effects on the spin‐orbit splitting, we calculate the total and partial photo‐recombination cross sections of the H‐like Ne9+, Cl16+, Fe25+, and Kr35+ ions. The energies of the incident electrons are considered as in the KLL resonant regions, in which the initial state is the 1s ground state of the H‐like ions and the recombined states includes the ground state (1s2)1S0 and six lower excited states (1s2s)1S0,3S1, and (1s2p)3P0,1,2,1P1 of the He‐like ions. We utilize the multi‐configuration Dirac‐Fock method to calculate the target state wavefunctions, transition energies, and transition probabilities of both the one‐electron one‐photon (OEOP) and two‐electron one‐photon (TEOP) transitions from the resonant captured states to the recombined states. By analyzing the calculated atomic data, we identify all resonant peaks in each partial photo‐recombination process, and our results agree well with the available results in literature. Our study reveals a significant interference effect in the photo‐recombination cross sections, especially in the partial cross sections. Moreover, we present the eigenphase as a function of the electron energy for each partial photo‐recombination channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the methods and potential applications of terrestrial laser scanning technology. It also presents the preliminary results of scanning the Bijambare cave, where a georeferenced three-dimensional model of the cave's interior was created. This model, based on available data, stands as the first accurate 3D representation of a speleological object in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first section of the paper provides a brief overview of the Bijambare cave area and the laser scanning technology employed, highlighting its advantages over other geodetic measurement techniques. Subsequently, the text delves into the stages of the measurement processing, followed by an examination of the various products generated. The practical significance of these products is illustrated using the example of the Bijambare cave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical origins of the chiroptical response from nanostructures are highly demanded for chiral photonics. The chiroptical response of a nanoparticle, whether measured along specific incident directions of exciting waves (when immobilized onto a substrate) or in solution through averaging responses across all structure orientations, is believed to stem from the interplay between three key factors: geometrical chirality, far‐field chirality, and near‐field chirality. This study aims to understand the relationship among these factors using a rigorous quasinormal mode (QNM) expansion method. By decomposing circular dichroism (CD) spectra into individual QNM contributions, it is observed that the chiroptical response with respect to incident directions depends on the extent of field overlapping between the QNM and light. In contrast, the near‐field optical chirality (OC) is determined by the QNMs of the nanoparticle, independent of external excitations. As a proof‐of‐concept, a nanohelix metasurface is proposed that employs lossless gold and exploits the physics of bound states in the continuum to maximize the CD signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its start, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has helped advance both theory and experiment on the production and properties of the heaviest fundamental particle, the top quark. This review focuses on a selected set of measurements and associated searches for new physics, which have opened the door for unprecedented precision in this area of high-energy physics. Fundamental parameters of the theory such as mt, αS, Vtb, and yt are measured from top quark events with relative uncertainties that are smaller than 0.5%, 1.8%, 2%, and 10%, respectively, and that are expected to improve with more data, better experimental methods, and more accurate theory predictions. Several results, even if statistically limited, already significantly constrain the phase space of new physics: measurements of associated production with bosons, processes with four top quarks, and searches for rare decays, among others. It is expected that until the completion of the LHC program, top quark physics will keep providing unique insights regarding the consistency of the Standard Model and the energy scale of new physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal hair examination may provide valuable information on forensic investigations. However, there are limited data on the hair histology of Indonesian mammals for serving as a database for identification. The present study provides histological analyses of the dorsal guard hairs of the Indonesian Suidae species Sus scrofa, S. barbatus, S. verrucosus and S. celebensis, which were examined from the collections of Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, National Research and Innovation Agency. Comparative analysis was performed by light and scanning electron microscope. Different features of each animal species' hair were identified based on the morphology, cuticle scale pattern, type of medulla, pigmentation and cross-section characteristics. The results show that the cuticle scale pattern is an irregular wave in all species. The cuticle scale margin is rippled, and the distance between scales is close. The hair medulla is amorphous in all species. The hair pigmentation is yellowish-reddish in all species, but no pigmentation of hair is found in S. verrucosus. The cross-section shape of the hair shaft is different in all Indonesian Suidae species, which can be used for identifying the species of Indonesian Suidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of graphical and analytical processing of microstructures of multilayer fibrous composite materials are described. The results obtained with use of two software packages that make it possible to process the cross-section microstructure of a fibrous material are compared. The areas of fiber cuts are determined, from which the porosity of the cardboard is estimated. These data are compared with the results of graphical and analytical processing with use of the ImageJ software package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prompt gamma rays of cerium and chlorine were investigated with the FaNGaS (Fast Neutron-induced Gamma-ray Spectrometry) instrument operated at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) in Garching. The gamma radiation was emitted from (n,n'), (n,p) and (n,α) reactions induced by the irradiation of a cerium(III) chloride (CeCl3) sample with a beam of fission neutrons. Additionally, a polyvinylchloride (PVC, (C2H3Cl)n) sample was irradiated to verify possible interferences between gamma lines of cerium and chlorine. We identified 87 prompt gamma lines of cerium and chlorine. From these, we assigned 58 lines to the (n,n') reaction in cerium (one for 136Ce, 41 for 140Ce and 16 for 142Ce), 23 to the (n,n') reaction in chlorine (15 for 35Cl and 8 for 37Cl), 5 lines to the 35Cl(n,p)35S reaction and 1 line to the 35Cl(n,α)32P reaction. We present relative intensities and fast-neutron spectrum-averaged partial cross sections of the aforementioned gamma lines and compare them with available literature data. Identification of new lines and discussion of possible errors adds important value to the literature data found to be consistent with our results. In addition, for a counting time of 12 h we estimate the detection limits for cerium and chlorine as 1 and 2 mg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross sections for the 141Pr(α,x) 144,143,141Pm, 138mPr, 141cum,140cumNd, and 139cumCe reactions were measured by the stacked foil technique at an alpha-particle range of 60 to 20 MeV. Most of the data were obtained for the first time. Experimental data were compared with earlier research and theoretical values from the TENDL-2021 database. Thick target yields of activation products were calculated. The reaction 141Pr(α,5n)140Pm (9.2 s)→140Nd was compared with other 140Nd production routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial surveying with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has been popularly employed in river management and flood monitoring. One of the major processes in UAV aerial surveying for river applications is to demarcate the cross-section of a river. From the photo images of aerial surveying, a point cloud dataset can be abstracted with the structure from motion technique. To accurately demarcate the cross-section from the cloud points, an appropriate delineation technique is required to reproduce the characteristics of natural and manmade channels, including abrupt changes, bumps, and lined shapes. Therefore, a nonparametric estimation technique, called the K-nearest neighbor local linear regression (KLR) model, was tested in the current study to demarcate the cross-section of a river with a point cloud dataset from aerial surveying. The proposed technique was tested with synthetically simulated trapezoidal, U-shape, and V-shape channels. In addition, the proposed KLR model was compared with the traditional polynomial regression model and another nonparametric technique, locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS). The experimental study was performed with the river experiment center in Andong, South Korea. Furthermore, the KLR model was applied to two real case studies in the Migok-cheon stream on Hapcheon-gun and Pori-cheon stream on Yecheon-gun and compared to the other models. With the extensive applications to the feasible river channels, the results indicated that the proposed KLR model can be a suitable alternative for demarcating the cross-section of a river with point cloud data from UAV aerial surveying by reproducing the critical characteristics of natural and manmade channels, including abrupt changes and small bumps as well as different shapes. Finally, the limitation of the UAV-driven demarcation approach was also discussed due to the penetrability of RGB sensors to water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River bank erosion within Murshidabad district is a tragedy, which happens haphazardly along the bank of the Padma River system. The main objective of the study is to analyze the changing river course and its impact on society. By comparing the toposheet and Landsat (5 and 8) images of the Padma River of the Murshidabad district from the years 1924, 1990, and 2020, it is clearly observed that there have been significant changes on the southern portion of the river since 1924 (Bhagawangola II, Raninagar II, and Jalangi Block), while less changes occur on the central part of the river, which is near the Lalgola block. But in the year 2020 significant changes have been found in the northern and middle portion of the district near Samserganj and Lalgola block. Those parts belong to a highly vulnerable zone of bank erosion. This study analyzed some factors, such as soil stratification of the river bank and human encroachment as an obstruction to the natural river flow, also responsible for bank failure. The river has been consuming the vast portions of the right bank every year due to its increasing sinuosity. The victims are mostly in the Samserganj, Lalgola, Bhagawangola II, Raninagar II and Jalangi blocks, who suffered greatly from 1924 to 2020 due to moving of river course by 27% on the right side, which is notified from cross sectional analysis. Additionally, the predicted erosional impact of the region highlights the socio-economic perspective of the research area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some isotopes such as 123I and 124I are useful in medical science, and thus, the production of these isotopes has great importance. Iodine-123 is the gamma-emitting radioisotope of radioiodine, and 124I is the long-lived positron-emitting radioisotope of radioiodine, and they have applications in diagnosis via both Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)/Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and radiotherapy. Therefore, many theoretical and experimental studies are performed for these isotopes. In this study, the cross sections of the 123Te(p,n), 124Te(p,n), and 124Te(p,2n) reactions up to 31 MeV, where 123I and 124I can be produced, are calculated by importing the Collective Semi-Classical Fermi Gas Model (CSCFGM) to the Talys 1.96 computer code. The predictions are compared with the default theoretical calculations of Talys 1.96 and existing experimental data taken from the EXFOR library. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data, and therefore, CSCFGM looks to be a useful tool for predicting the production reactions of some therapeutic isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We conducted an experiment to measure activation cross sections of alpha-particle-induced reactions on natural tungsten. • The stacked-foil activation technique and high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry were used for the measurement. • Production cross sections of 185,183m,183g,182gOs and 188g,186g,184g,183g,182g,181Re were determined up to 50 MeV. • The results were compared with the previous experimental data and the TENDL-2019 values. We measured activation cross sections of alpha-particle-induced reactions on natural tungsten targets. The stacked-foil activation technique and gamma-ray spectrometry were used. Production cross sections of 185,183m,183g,182gOs and 188g,186g,184g,183g,182g,181Re were determined. The results were compared with experimental literature data and the TENDL-2019 and TENDL-2021 values. The cross sections of the most reactions were determined for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variation in anatomical features of the culm wall namely the shape and size distributions of vascular bundles between different genera and species of bamboo is not well understood due to the cumbersome task of manual measurements. Using machine learning methodology, this work presents a universal vascular bundle detection model for rapid, reliable, and automatic characterization of vascular bundles in culm cross sections of 213 species across 23 genera of Chinese bamboos. The number of vascular bundles and the fiber sheath area have positive linear correlations with the outer circumference and the wall thickness, respectively. The distribution density of vascular bundles has a decay exponential correlation with the outer circumference and the wall thickness. The average fiber volume fraction was 35.2 % ± 7 % with relatively small variation between species. Bamboo species could be grouped into three categories based the endodermis to epidermis distribution pattern of radial and tangential length of vascular bundles, two categories of radial-to-tangential ratio and four categories of fiber sheath area distribution pattern. Implications on bamboo classification, structural and pulp/paper applications were discussed. The findings from this study provide groundwork for the establishment of a unified, authoritative and objective bamboo classification system based on the vascular tissue morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu), which is produced in cyclotrons or reactors, is a significant tracer in the human body. Bayesian regularized artificial neural networks (ANNs) algorithm, which is one of the ANN approaches, was used in analyzing the production cross sections of 61Cu, 64Cu, and 67Cu radioisotopes in p , α reactions in the present study. The production cross sections of 61Cu, 64Cu, and 67Cu radioisotopes in p , α reactions were assessed by making use of the ANN algorithm and TALYS 1.95 codes. The estimated cross section data were then compared to the data found in the TALYS-Based Evaluated Nuclear Reaction Library 2019 (TENDL) and Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data (EXFOR) Library. ANN results were shown to yield successful correlation coefficients of 0.99477, 0.98665, and 0.99313 for training, testing, and all processes, respectively. Furthermore, the mean square error (MSE) results of ANN prediction were calculated to be 3.6 (training) and 11.84 (testing) mb for all the (p, α .) reactions. It was concluded that the ANN algorithm yielded successful results since ANN estimations were suitable for experimental data, TALYS 1.95 calculations, and TENDL data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perfluoronitrile C4F7N is considered a promising SF6-alternative in high-voltage gas-insulated apparatus, thanks to its high dielectric strength and low global warming potential. However, a complete and consistent set of electron-neutral collision cross-sections of C4F7N is still lacking, which hinders relevant plasma modeling. In this contribution, the available electron-neutral collision cross-sections of C4F7N are first compiled and assessed. The initial cross-sections are adjusted iteratively by the electron swarm method to determine a complete and self-consistent cross-section set of C4F7N for the first time. The set is validated by a systematic comparison of electron swarm parameters between Boltzmann equation analysis and experimental measurements in pure C4F7N as well as C4F7N/N2 and C4F7N/Ar mixtures. The proposed cross-section set of C4F7N will be made available to the community in the LXCat database. It will be of particular importance for applications with an emphasis on the discharge mechanisms of this novel gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexoelectric polarization, which is caused by symmetry breaking in a distortion of material, was investigated in liquid crystalline elastomers composed of wedge-shaped mesogens prepared by cross-linking under horseshoe-shaped deformation. X-ray diffractometry suggested that splay distortion along the depth direction was induced in the pseudo-isotropic phase. While almost no electric charge was observed in the smectic A phase, an electric charge caused by polarization due to the flexoelectric effect appeared and reached −1367 pC/mm2 in the pseudo-isotropic phase. We tentatively conclude that the macroscopic polarization due to the flexoelectric effect emerged and was fixed in the liquid crystalline elastomers by cross-linking under horseshoe-shaped deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation cross sections of deuteron-induced reactions on natural gadolinium were measured up to 24 MeV. The stacked-foil activation technique and γ-ray spectrometry were used for the measurement. The production cross sections of 153,154m1,154m2,155,156,160,161Tb and 153,159Gd were determined. The cross sections were compared with previous experimental data and TENDL values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microscopic analysis of plant anatomy is a common procedure in biology to study structure and function that requires high-quality sections for accurate measurements. Hand sectioning of specimens is typically limited to moderately soft tissue while harder samples prohibit sectioning by hand and/or result in inconsistent thicknesses. Results: Here we present both a clearly described hand-sectioning method and a novel microtome design that together provide the means to section a variety of plant sample types. The described hand-sectioning method for herbaceous stems works well for softer subjects but is less suitable for samples with secondary growth (e.g., wood production). Instead, the "Rapid-Tome" is a novel tool for sectioning both soft and tougher high-aspect-ratio samples, such as stems and roots, with excellent sample control. The Rapid-Tome can be 3D-printed in approximately 18 h on a mid-quality printer common at university maker spaces. After printing and trimming, Rapid-Tome assembly takes a few minutes with five metal parts common at hardware stores. Users sectioned a variety of plant samples including the hollow internodes of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), fibrous switchgrass roots containing aerenchyma, and woody branches of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). A comparative analyses with Rapid-Tome-produced sections readily revealed a significant difference in seasonal growth of sycamore xylem vessel area in spring (49%) vs. summer (23%). Additionally, high school students with no prior experience produced sections with the Rapid-Tome adequate for comparative analyses of various plant samples in less than an hour. Conclusions: The described hand-sectioning method is suitable for softer tissues, including hollow-stemmed grasses and similar samples. In addition, the Rapid-Tome provides capacity to safely produce high-quality sections of tougher plant materials at a fraction of the cost of traditional microtomes combined with excellent sample control. The Rapid-Tome features rapid sectioning, sample advancement, blade changes, and sample changes; it is highly portable and can be used easily with minimal training making production of thin sections accessible for classroom and outreach use, in addition to research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of quantum mechanical scattering in hyperbolic space is developed. General formulas based on usage of asymptotic form of the solution of the Shrödinger equation in hyperbolic space are derived. The concept of scattering length in hyperbolic space, a convenient measurable in describing low-energy nuclear interactions is introduced. It is shown that, in the limit of the flat space, i.e., when ρ → ∞ , the obtained expressions for quantum mechanical scattering in hyperbolic space transform to corresponding formulas in three-dimensional Euclidean space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid development of high-power electromechanical actuator, the conventional cooling technologies become hard to meet the requirement of heat dissipation, the minichannel heat sink using supercritical cryogenic propellant methane is proposed for high power electromechanical actuator's thermal control in flight vehicles, withstanding the extreme ambient of flight vehicles like gravity acceleration and replacing the air-cooled method under the rarefied atmosphere. However, the optimal working patterns especially considering both the factors of geometric and operation conditions need to be investigated thoroughly due to the complicated heat transfer mechanism of supercritical methane in minichannel of heat sink. Therefore, in the present article, based on the actual configuration of IGBT power module in flight vehicle actuator, the numerical models of minichannel heat sink under various cross sections with the same aspect ratio and hydraulic diameter, namely triangle, trapezoid, and rectangle, are established with the overall region of 50 mm × 100mm. The hydraulic diameter of fluid region in single channel is 1.5 mm, the size of solid region for computational domain is 3 mm × 5 mm (width × height) and the material is silicon. The overall channel number is 17, the inlet Reynolds number covers from 500 to 1500 and the operation pressure ranges 5 MPa to 7 MPa, while the ratio of mass flux to heat flux keeps constant. On this basis, the thermal performance, in especial the local heat transfer features of supercritical methane in minichannel heat sinks under three different geometric configurations of cross section is researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo is susceptible to moisture-induced dimensional instability and cracking. Combining traditional methods with vascular bundle detection, the coordinates and fiber sheath area of each vascular bundle was determined accurately. Based on data fitting, the change in the shape of cross-section was quantified and analyzed based on parameters such as radius, radian, and arc length. The changes in the total area and the areas of different types of fiber sheath, as well as the changes in the arrangement of vascular bundles were studied. The results showed that when the moisture content was reduced from 64% to 0%, the radius of the cross section was increased by 21%, while the radian and arc length decreased by 22% and 6%, respectively. The fibers shrunk by 15%, which was greater than that of the other tissues except bamboo fibers (9%). The gradient distribution of the fiber volume fraction contributed to its asynchronous dry shrinkage. Significant radial and tangential displacements were found in vascular bundles. This work further elucidated the dry shrinkage mechanism of bamboo, and was of great significance for the quantitative analysis of changes in bamboo structure from a combination of micro and macro perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the hydrological observation data since the Wanjiazhai Reservoir was put into operation, the operation process of the reservoir, the temporal and spatial distribution of the sedimentation amount, and the morphological changes of the sedimentation delta were analyzed, and the evolution characteristics of erosion and deposition in the Wanjiazhai Reservoir were summarized. The results show that since the Wanjiazhai Reservoir is put into operation, the reservoir area has experienced continuous deposition and scouring processes. By 2019, the accumulated deposition amount is 333 million m³. The deposition along the route is concentrated below the WD42 section, and the deposition along the elevation is concentrated below the flood limit water level of 966 m. Above the WD56 section, there are characteristics of scouring and silting adjustment along the journey. The distribution of scour during the precipitation scour period is consistent with the concentration of siltation, and the storage capacity of some channel has been restored. The longitudinal section of the reservoir area is in the form of delta deposition. During the deposition process, the delta is gradually advanced to the front of the dam, and the apex retreats during the period of sediment discharge. The location and elevation of the apex have a good relationship with the accumulated deposition in the reservoir area. The delta shape is no longer obvious after the 2018 precipitation washing away the sand. The application practice shows that the application of sediment discharge in Wanjiazhai Reservoir can wash away the sediment deposited in the reservoir area, and strengthening the scheduling of precipitation and sediment washing is an effective way to maintain the flood control storage capacity of Wanjiazhai Reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emission of prompt gamma rays following (n,n'), (n,p) and (n,α) reactions induced by irradiation of a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) sample with a beam of fission neutrons was investigated with a modified version of the FaNGaS (Fast Neutron-induced Gamma-ray Spectrometry) instrument operated at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) in Garching. The neutron spectrum has an average energy of 2.30 MeV and at sample position the fast neutron flux was (1.13 ± 0.04) × 108 cm−2 s−1. The measurement was performed at an angle of 90° between neutron beam and detector. In total, we claim the identification of 38 prompt gamma lines, from which we have assigned 12 to the (n,n') reaction in calcium (7 for 40Ca, 1 for 42Ca and 4 for 44Ca), 1 to the 12C(n,n')12C reaction, and 2 to the (n,n') reaction in oxygen (1 for 16O and 1 for 18O). The other observed gamma lines are attributed to the 40Ca(n,p)40K reaction (20 lines) and to the 40Ca(n,α)37Ar reaction (3 lines). Relative intensities and fast neutron spectrum averaged partial cross sections of the gamma lines are presented and compared with available literature data. Our results were found to be in good agreement with available literature data but also improved and complemented it, as we have pointed out possible errors and identified new lines. Additionally, for a counting time of 12 h the detection limits of calcium, carbon and oxygen were determined as 5, 13 and 64 mg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation cross sections of alpha-particle-induced reactions on natural rhenium were measured. The stacked-foil activation technique and high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry were used to derive the cross sections. The production cross sections of 190g, 189g, 188g, 187g, 186g, 185, 184Ir, 185Os, and 184g, 183gRe were determined up to 50 MeV. The cross sections of 185,184Ir were measured for the first time. The experimental results were compared with previous experimental data and theoretical calculations in the TENDL-2021 library. • The excitation functions of alpha-particle-induced reactions on natRe up to 50 MeV were measured. • The stacked-foil activation technique and gamma-ray spectrometry were used to derive the cross sections. • The production cross sections of 190g, 189g, 188g, 187g, 186g, 185, 184Ir, 185Os, and 184g, 183gRe were determined. • The results were compared with the previous experimental data and the TENDL data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the build-up of gamma rays within materials used as shields is of great importance to accurately assess radiation doses and design effective protective barriers. Taylor's formula was studied to calculate gamma-ray build-up factors, whose application is limited to a specific group of energies and a large number of parameters. The aim of this study is to improve Taylor's formula by developing mathematical formulas to calculate the parameters at each energy to include a wider range of energy and a small, fixed number of parameters. The results demonstrated that the difference between the gamma radiation dose build-up factors calculated according to the two empirical formulas (the previous traditional formula and the current improved formula) remains very small, and the values are more or less identical. In general, it is observed that the accumulation factor decreases with increasing gamma-ray energy and increases with increasing shield thickness. Researchers also explored the intricate impacts of gamma rays on aluminum shields and the subsequent reactions within the material. A number of potential interactions have been found in one of the world's leading laboratories. One of these reactions is selected in this study. It was found that increasing the gamma-ray build-up factor in aluminum is accompanied by an increase in its cross sections. This, in turn, indicates an increased probability of secondary reactions and subsequent gamma-ray emission. • A new formula to compute the gamma ray buildup factor in aluminum was developed. • This formula uses a fixed number of variables for various energies, unlike the traditional Taylor formula. • The new formula can be applied to any material for calculating the buildup factor. • Secondary reactions that occur during gamma ray absorption need to be considered for shielding purposes. • The study examines the impact of these secondary reactions on the shielding process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emission of prompt gamma rays in lanthanum and praseodymium nuclei triggered by (n,n’γ) inelastic scattering reactions of fission neutrons was investigated with the instrument FaNGaS (Fast Neutron-induced Gamma-ray Spectrometry) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ). We identified 125 gamma lines (54 for lanthanum and 71 for praseodymium), for which we give the relative intensities and production cross sections. Presence of oxygen and chlorine in the samples was exploited to verify previous measurements. Our results are consistent with available literature data but also enhance it as we detect new lines and recognize a few false assignments. In addition, for a counting time of 12 h we estimated the detection limits of lanthanum and praseodymium as 0.6 and 0.4 mg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross sections for production of the medical isotope 225Ac by the 226Ra(p,2n) reaction have not previously been measured in fine steps over the relevant energy region, and no measurements are presently available in the literature for the actinium contaminant isotopes created by the adjacent 226Ra(p,n)226Ac and 226Ra(p,3n)224Ac reactions. We report thin-target cross-section measurements for production of 224Ac and 225Ac by protons of 15.1–16.8 MeV incident on radium. An upper limit for the 226Ac cross section is also reported. • Optimal cyclotron-based production of the medical isotope 225Ac requires knowledge of the 226Ra(p,xn) reactions. • We report thin-target cross-sections for production of 224Ac and 225Ac by protons of 15.1–16.8 MeV on radium. • An upper limit for the 226Ac cross section is also reported. • Production of 225Ac is observed to peak for a higher proton energy than predicted by commonly used simulation codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current article, the spectral properties and electron collision (total and magnetic) excitation cross sections of ions taking placed in quantum plasmas are investigated. These cross sections are further used to study the polarization and angular distribution characteristics of the de-excitation radiation X-ray spectra, which play an important role in basic theoretical research, the diagnosis of the plasma environment, and the design of optical devices. To do so, a distorted wave method within the relativistic Dirac–Coulomb atomic structure scheme is suggested. The effective interaction potential between electrons and particles in hot quantum plasmas in the method is determined using a quantum approach that incorporates the influence of effective plasma screening effects caused by collective plasma oscillations. This potential replaces the traditional Coulomb interaction potential and is used in solving the modified Dirac equation to obtain the bound and continuum electron wave functions. Higher-order relativistic effects, such as the Breit interaction and the dominant quantum electrodynamics corrections, are added to enhance the accuracy of the method. Detailed calculations for the relativistic atomic structure and collision excitation dynamics process are carried out, taking the highly stripped H-like O 7 + ion of astrophysical importance as an illustrative example. Detailed investigations are also conducted on the variation of energies, collision cross sections, and fluorescence polarizations as functions of the plasma parameters. Our results suggest that the joint effects of shielding and plasma coupling lead the energies, cross sections and fluorescence polarizations decrease (compared with the isolated case). The angular distribution of the X-ray fluorescence emission shows large change, suggesting their sensitivity to these effects. This study not only offers a valuable approach to investigating the plasma shielding and plasmon coupling effects in quantum plasmas but also holds significant relevance for applications in controlled nuclear fusion, astrophysical plasmas and so on. • Electron–ion collision and fluorescence radiation in hot quantum plasmas are studied. • A relativistic distorted wave method is suggested. • This study has implications for astrophysical objects, inertial confinement fusion, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical studies of charged particle induced reactions are important to improve and study the radioisotope production, especially in reactions where the experimental data are incomplete or insufficient. In this study, cross section of alpha induced of 92,94,95Mo isotopes are calculated and analyzed by using different alpha optical model potentials and nuclear level density models with TALYS code. The effects of alpha optical model potentials and nuclear level density are analyzed separately and together for each reaction. To determine the best combination of models, chi-squared values are calculated for all combination cases. The commonly used program is TALYS to calculate the reaction cross section. For the calculations, the latest version of TALYS nuclear code version 1.96 is used. The experimental data are taken carefully for all reactions from experimental nuclear reaction data base (EXFOR). The obtained results are compared with these data and discussed. A good agreement between the calculated and experimental data is clearly presented for all analyzed reactions. It is seen from the results that alpha optical model potentials and nuclear level density models have an effective role on cross section calculations of alpha induced reactions. • The calculated cross section are compared with the EXFOR data. • Different alpha optical model potentials and nuclear level density models are used to calculate the reaction cross section. • The latest version of TALYS computer code is used in the calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The excitation functions of alpha-particle-induced reactions on natLa up to 50 MeV were measured. • The production cross sections of 139,138m,142Pr, and 141,139Ce were determined. • The results were compared with the previous experimental data and the TENDL data. • The physical yield of the medical radionuclide 142Pr was derived from the measured cross sections. We performed experiments to measure the activation cross sections of α-particle-induced reactions on natLa up to 50 MeV. The production cross sections of the medical radionuclide 142gPr and simultaneously formed 139,138mPr, and 141,139gCe were obtained. The stacked-foil activation method and the high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry were employed for the measurements. The results were compared with previous experimental data and theoretical values deduced by TALYS (TENDL library). The production cross section data for 139gCe and 138mPr were determined for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand on the wood market makes it necessary to use all secondary resources, including the wood branches and spindles. The properties of deciduous branches and softwood spindles were evaluated in order to create wood panels, highlighting the transverse texture with high value added. The research analyzed the properties of the wood from deciduous (beech, maple) branches and from conifer (spruce, fir) spindles. The methodology of obtaining panels with transversal structure was also presented. The production of minor wood (branches or spindles) was 254 m3 /ha/year in the case of beech (branches) and 109 m3 /ha/year in the case of spruce (spindles). The proportion of compression wood for spruce had an average value of 40.6%. A similar value of tension wood for beech was obtained. The modulus of elasticity for pine spindle wood was 71.7% lower than the modulus of elasticity for bending strength in the trunk. The quality index was 36.7% lower in the case of spindles than in the case of pine trunk, and the value of the quality ratio in branch maple wood was 2.61% lower than in trunk wood. Thus, even if it is not the only efficient solution, wood in the minor portions can be used to make high value-added panels such as those that highlight the transverse structure [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the calculation framework of the response deformation method in the current codes, this article uses the secondary development interface of the universal finite element software ABAQUS to develop an efficient automatic calculation software ARCS (ABAQUS⁃Response deformation method of Cross⁃section System, abbreviated ARCS) for the shield tunnel cross⁃section response deformation method.The calculation software first calls the self⁃developed one⁃dimensional seismic response equivalently linear analysis program to calculate the nonlinear seismic response of the site, and then constructs finite element model of the tunnel cross section, assigns the information such as the relative deformation of the site, the inertial force of the structure and the shear force between the structure and the surrounding soil to the model and submits it for calculation, and finally outputs the internal force diagram of the structure after completion. The whole process can be done automatically. Among them, to realize the integration of ARCS, this article presents solutions for the implementation of mixed programming in Python and Fortran in the ABAQUS environment, automatic definition of nonlinear springs in ABAQUS, and direct output of internal force diagrams of tunnel structures by ABAQUS.This article takes a typical subway shield tunnel as an example to verify the performance of the software, and the results show that the calculation software can correctly and efficienctly solve the problem through the response deformation method.This article is not only conducive to the widespread promotion of the response deformation method in practice, but also has reference value for the application of ABAQUS secondary development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prompt gamma rays induced by inelastic scattering of fast neutrons on aluminum, titanium and copper were measured at an angle of 90o between fast neutron beam and detector of the instrument FaNGaS, operated by Jülich Centre of Neutron Science at Heinz-Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum in Garching. The fast neutron flux was 1.40 108 cm−2 s−1 with the average energy of 2.30 MeV. Intensities and neutron spectrum averaged isotopic partial cross section for production of 214 gamma lines (22 for aluminum, 72 for titanium and 120 for copper) are presented. The results are consistent with the literature data. However, the new sets of gamma lines are recommended to replace the old datasets from fast neutrons reactors with several new lines also recognizing a few false identifications. Additionally, the detection limits of aluminum, titanium, copper, iron and indium were determined as 1.0, 0.4, 0.9, 0.5 and 1.3 mg, respectively, for a counting time of 12 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both experimentally and theoretically, neutrino physics thrives to be the most active and volatile area of research. The Beyond Standard Model physics of electroweak interactions became evident with the plethora of sophisticated neutrino detectors across the globe. Neutrino interaction with detector constituents plays a critical role in neutrino physics which concerns the cross section measurements. Neutrino cross sections are an essential constituent in neutrino experiments to study neutrino properties and their sources. With the advent of new precision experiments and intense neutrino sources constructed to investigate neutrino oscillations, the seemingly small neutrino interaction cross section demands precision measurements for a better understanding. We have presented a survey on neutrino interactions and cross sections in a concise format. We have also discussed the detection principle of neutrino detectors around the globe till date. Efforts have been made to discuss the neutrino interactions and cross sections based on the target element in the detector rather than interactions across the energy scale so as to understand the working principle and interaction mechanism in prospective neutrino detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higgs pair production provides a unique handle for measuring the strength of Higgs self interaction and constraining the shape of the Higgs potential. Including radiative corrections to the trilinear couplings of CP -even Higgs, we investigate the cross section of the lightest neutral Higgs pair production in gluon fusion at the Large Hadron Collider in the supersymmetric extensions of the standard model. Numerical results indicate that the correction to the cross section is about 11% in the B-LSSM, while is only about 4% in the MSSM. Considering the constraints of the experimental data of the lightest Higgs, we find that the gauge couplings of U (1) B â€" L and the ratio of the nonzero vacuum expectation values of two singlets also affect strongly the theoretical evaluations on the production cross section in the B-LSSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Setting out from König & Smith [Acta Cryst. (2019), B75, 788–802; Acta Cryst. (2021), B77, 861], we present an analytic description of nominal wurtzite‐structure nanowire (NWire) cross sections, focusing on the underlying geometric–crystallographic description and on the associated number theory. For NWires with diameter dWire[i], we predict the number of NWire atoms NWire[i], the bonds between these Nbnd[i] and NWire interface bonds NIF[i] for a slab of unit‐cell length, along with basic geometric variables, such as the specific length of interface facets, as well as widths, heights and total area of the cross section. These areas, the ratios of internal bonds per NWire atom, of internal‐to‐interface bonds and of interface bonds per NWire atom present fundamental tools to interpret any spectroscopic data which depend on the diameter and cross section shape of NWires. Our work paves the way for a fourth publication which – in analogy to König & Smith [Acta Cryst. (2022). B78, 643–664] – will provide adaptive number series to allow for arbitrary morphing of nominal w‐structure NWire cross sections treated herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]