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Emotion regulation plays a crucial role in well-being in everyday life. Effective emotion regulation depends upon adaptively matching a given strategy to a given situation. Recent research has begun to explore these interactions in the context of daily reports of perceived stress, affect, and emotion regulation strategy usage. To further understand these differences in strategy efficacy in an ecologically valid context, we examined responses to real world stressors in a young adult sample. We surveyed a range of emotion regulation strategies, including two forms of cognitive reappraisal (i.e., reinterpretation, which involves cognitively reframing one's emotional responses, and psychological distancing, which involves adopting an objective, impartial perspective). Participants reported strategy usage, momentary perceived stress, and affect in response to multiple ecological momentary assessments over a period of 7 days. Analyses of links between strategy usage and affect revealed that rumination was significantly negatively associated with more positive affect ratings. Further, a significant interaction between momentary perceived stress and reinterpretation usage was observed on affect, such that reinterpretation was more adaptive during situations perceived as less stressful. These results provide further insight into the importance of situational context in determining the effectiveness of particular emotion regulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avoidance is a kind of behavior that phylogenetically has helped humans to survive harmful situations. However, following a behavioral pattern based on avoidance is not always useful; it can render some relive from the reduction of discomfort but, in the long term, can bring suffering and destruction to the life of the person. At the same time, humans act according to a type of motivation named personal meaning, which can drive our behavior even when facing uncomfortable feelings and thoughts. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a contextual therapy that focuses on minimizing the pattern of avoidance and maximizing the pattern of meaningful actions, which in the long term can bring life satisfaction to the person. Various randomized controlled trials have showed that this type of interventions are effective for different psychological problems. Different experimental analogs have studied, in the laboratory, the effect of the specific ACT component of personal meaning, or values, on reducing avoidance. However, no systematic review has been found on this topic and this is the aim of the present review. The systematic search found nineteen experimental analogs and their results revealed that personal meaning is a useful tool to reduce avoidance, in the form of pain tolerance, and that psychological distancing complements effectively the positive impact of personal meaning. We discuss these results and the details of how the motivational protocols were implemented, trying to identify key elements that could help to promote more flexible behavioral patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive distancing is an emotion regulation strategy commonly used in psychological treatment of various mental health disorders, but its therapeutic mechanisms are unknown. Methods: 935 participants completed an online reinforcement learning task involving choices between pairs of symbols with differing reward contingencies. Half (49.1%) of the sample was randomised to a cognitive self-distancing intervention and were trained to regulate or 'take a step back' from their emotional response to feedback throughout. Established computational (Q -learning) models were then fit to individuals' choices to derive reinforcement learning parameters capturing clarity of choice values (inverse temperature) and their sensitivity to positive and negative feedback (learning rates). Results: Cognitive distancing improved task performance, including when participants were later tested on novel combinations of symbols without feedback. Group differences in computational model-derived parameters revealed that cognitive distancing resulted in clearer representations of option values (estimated 0.17 higher inverse temperatures). Simultaneously, distancing caused increased sensitivity to negative feedback (estimated 19% higher loss learning rates). Exploratory analyses suggested this resulted from an evolving shift in strategy by distanced participants: initially, choices were more determined by expected value differences between symbols, but as the task progressed, they became more sensitive to negative feedback, with evidence for a difference strongest by the end of training. Conclusions: Adaptive effects on the computations that underlie learning from reward and loss may explain the therapeutic benefits of cognitive distancing. Over time and with practice, cognitive distancing may improve symptoms of mental health disorders by promoting more effective engagement with negative information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflecting on stressors from a detached perspective – a strategy known as distancing – can facilitate emotional recovery. Researchers have theorised that distancing works by enabling reappraisals of negative events, yet few studies have investigated specifically how distancing impacts stressor appraisals. In this experiment, we investigated how participants' (N = 355) emotional experience and appraisals of an interpersonal conflict differed depending on whether they wrote event-reflections from a linguistically immersed (first-person) or distanced (second/third-person) perspective. Partly replicating previous findings, distanced reflection predicted increases in positive affect, but not reductions in negative affect, relative to immersed reflection. Linguistic distancing also predicted increases in motivational congruence appraisals (i.e. perceived advantageousness of the event), but did not influence other appraisal dimensions. We discuss how linguistic distancing may facilitate emotional recovery by illuminating the benefits of stressful experiences, enabling people to "see the good in the bad". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on two elements of the Passover Seder ritual and their connection to Piagetian education theory. After outlining Piaget's theory of genetic epistemology and its implications for education theory, it focuses on Sigel's distancing theory, which touts question asking as a tool for presenting information to students. This paper argues that the Jewish ritual of the Passover Seder was formulated with such pedagogical methods in mind, especially as it concerns the role of questioning. This paper also discusses storytelling's importance as an effective tool in pedagogical instruction, and how the Passover Seder also takes advantage of that modality to make the ritual more impactful for educational purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the distributional characteristics of the rural settlement in the Asir Region is considered very crucial for supporting the settlement and regional development plans, whereas the rural settlement in Asir Region has a special character that was hugely affected by the natural environment conditions that formed the general traits of its personality. This study aims at identifying the distributional characteristics of the rural settlement in the Asir Region, which may be done by reviewing: their distribution, sizes, spacing, density, patterns, and factors affecting their distribution. In order to fulfill these objectives, a range of spatial analyses was focused on in the GIS environment, starting from spatial diffusion analyses that aim at detecting the pattern of the geographical distribution of rural settlement in the Asir Region, which included Standard Distance analyses and Directional Distribution, as well as density analyses to illustrate the extent of change in the distribution density of rural settlement through applying Kernel Density analysis. The use of spatial pattern analyses to monitor the dispersion pattern and spatial spread of rural settlement was also considered, whereas the (Average Nearest Neighbor) analysis was used. Within this scope, the study was divided into four main topics; whereas the first topic deals with the distributional picture of the structure of rural settlement in the Asir Region. The second topic discusses the size distribution and density of rural settlement, while the third topic deals with the natural and human geographical factors affecting the distribution of rural settlement. The fourth topic discusses spatial statistical analyses to study the pattern of the geographical distribution of rural settlement in the study area. The study recommends submitting the obtained results to the decisionmakers to be implemented in the settlement and regional development plans of the Asir Region in line with the Kingdom's Vision 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the living statues method as a prime medium in expressive art therapy and particularly in drama therapy. It describes the method, its specific characteristics and their meaning, and shows how a public performance can be a space for a creative, art-based, therapeutic process. Two vignettes from practice illustrate how the living statues method can be applied to work with teenagers with behavioral problems and the elderly. It also highlights the relationships between this nonverbal, creative, "body–mind–spirit" performance-oriented method and humanistic psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a new method to more effectively plan the use of beaches by combining indices and artificial vision systems. The Overcrowding Index (I ocr) measures the number of people on the beach in relation to its surface area, while the Distancing Index (I dis) evaluates the spatial distribution and distance between beachgoers. Both indices are combined to generate an overall index called the Occupancy Index (I ocu). The proposed methodology uses cameras and computer vision algorithms such as YOLOX and ByteTrack to automate the counting of people and measure distances. This allows for continuous monitoring of the quantity (carrying capacity and density) and distribution of beachgoers (degree of social distancing), as well as a functional prototype in which the indices are calculated in real time. It was observed that as density increased, Iocr showed an inverse trend, being close to 0 when approaching maximum density. The calculation of the distance between groups validated that, even with medium densities, close to the shoreline, the reference distance of 2 m was not accomplished, obtaining a very low I dis (0.18). The resulting I ocu was 0.31, validating the appropriate integration of both indices. Overall, the system's effectiveness for accurately monitoring the number of users and their distribution, and calculating the defined indices for beach management, is demonstrated. The proposed approach provides a valuable tool, allowing a more efficient management of beaches according to their actual occupancy and user distribution. [Display omitted] • Users position themselves at a maximum distance from the shoreline regardless of the beach's width. • Beach overcrowding is reached in July and August between 10-13h and 17–19h. • Despite not occupying the entire beach surface, distancing is less than recommended. • The proposed methodology applies to any type of beach and season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a recent corpus drawn from the French-speaking written press, this article deals with a dimension of euphemisms that has been little taken into account by research: their close links with the reported speech. Specifically, the focus is on cases where journalists do not assume the euphemisms they report, mentioning them in the form of « textual islets ». After deepening the relationship between the notions of euphemism and textual islet, the study examines the marks of otherness of the latter, as well as its effects of divergent polyphony. The enunciative discordances and the confrontations of points of view associated with such a divergent polyphony are then analysed. Particularly, we show how depending on the context it manifests a reservation, a disapproval or a rejection of journalists about the euphemisms mentioned. Finally, the article identifies the main motivations that lead the press speech to resort to polyphonic textual islets in its critical treatment of euphemisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social distancing is a central (un)word of the pandemic year 2020. Now, music culture thrives on performative 'liveness'—even in classical music, where live experience has become the core of the musical artwork in the age of its mechanical reproduction. At the same time, the history of music can be read as a history of the dissolution of boundaries: from the body (voice), to mechanical instruments, to electronic extensions. Accelerated by regulations in response to the COVID-19 crisis, music culture passes another media transformation, entering new virtual stages. In fact, crisis always implies changes and chances too: economists call it 'creative destruction', artists call it innovation. And indeed, 'social distancing' in interaction with accelerated digitalisation also holds media-aesthetic potential. With the support of new media, and this is the hypothesis of this essay, the contemporary music scene in particular can form new dramatic forms that go far beyond the classical one-way stream: by enabling virtual participation instead of physical co-presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: : Over the past years, electroencephalography (EEG) studies focused on task‐related activity to characterize cortical responses associated with emotion regulation (ER), without exploring the possibility that regulating emotions can leave a trace in the brain by affecting its oscillatory activity. Demonstrating whether the effect of regulation alters the brain activity after the session and whether this reflects an increased cognitive regulatory ability has great relevance. Methods: : To address this issue, 5 min of electrical brain activity at rest were recorded before and after (1) one session in which participants perceived and regulated (through distancing) their emotions (regulation session, ReS), and (2) another session in which they only perceived emotions (attend session, AtS). One hundred and sixty visual stimuli were presented, and subjective ratings of valence and arousal of stimuli were recorded. Results: : Behavioral results showed the efficacy of the regulation strategy in modulating both arousal and valence. A cluster‐based permutation test on EEG data at rest revealed a significant increase in theta and delta activity after the ReS compared to the AtS, suggesting that regulating emotions can alter brain activity after the session. Conclusions: : These results allowed us to outline a comprehensive view of the neurophysiological mechanisms associated with ER, as well as some possible implications in psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Indonesian government continuously strives to carry out handling and prevention of pandemic cases, both globally and nationally or regionally. Behavior change is a person's action which can change behavior related to oneself and others which refers to better actions, in this case referring to healthier behavior, especially during the current pandemic. Purpose: This study aims to examine in depth about physical distancing. Method: This research method uses a qualitative descriptive method. The data that will be obtained is varied because it focuses on individual opinions. Results: Physical distancing or what is often called physical distancing and also self-quarantine has a very big role in preventing Covid-19, so that it can slow down the transmission of Covid-19 People have a psychological impact where they are worried about being infected with Covid-19. This condition causes the community to have to take precautions, namely by following health protocols and improving a healthy lifestyle. Conclusion: Public knowledge about physical distancing can be said to be almost evenly distributed. This is evidenced by the opinion of respondents who are good about physical distancing and have implemented physical distancing as an effort to break the chain of spread of Covid-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms among people living with HIV (PLWH) are not well described. Setting: Longitudinal survey within the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS) of PLWH compared with similar HIV-seronegative (SN) individuals. Methods: Telephone-administered survey of MWCCS participants at 13 clinical research sites across the United States addressing COVID-19 symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 testing, and pandemic impact on social distancing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use. Primary data collection occurred during May (wave 1), June–July (wave 2), and August–September, 2020 (wave 3). Results: One-third of MWCCS participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection; 10% was tested ≥2 times. Similar proportions of PLWH and SN participants were tested, but SARS-CoV-2 positivity was higher among PLWH than among SN individuals (9.4% vs 4.8%, P = 0.003). Odds of SARS-CoV-2 positivity remained higher among PLWH after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and study site (adjusted odds ratio = 2.0, 95% confidence interval = 1.2 to 3.2). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was not associated with CD4 cell counts among PLWH. Among SARS-CoV-2 positive participants, 9% had no symptoms, 7% had 1–2 mild symptoms, and 84% had ≥3 symptoms. Most of the (98%) participants reported physical distancing during all survey waves; self-reported ART adherence among PLWH was not adversely affected during the pandemic compared with the previous year (similar adherence in 89% of participants, improved in 9% of participants, and decreased in 2% of participants). Conclusions: Despite similar SARS-CoV-2 testing and physical distancing profiles by HIV serostatus among MWCCS participants, PLWH who reported SARS-CoV-2 testing were more likely to have a positive test result. Additional studies are needed to determine whether and why PLWH are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central to the still-nascent normative literature on counterspeech is the widespread belief that citizens should engage discursively with haters and the effects of hate speech. It is also increasingly clear that discursive engagement with intolerant members of society should be understood as a continuous and extended series of different and connected actions. Much less has been said about the ways that attempts in persuasion and direct responses to hate speech relate to one another and about when specific counterspeech actions should happen. This essay advances a more expansive and refined account of counterspeech, which is understood as a combination of continuous discursive engagement with intolerant members of society and acts of distancing from haters (shaming, correcting falsehoods, "Not in my name" campaigns, protests, and forms of discursive exit). After reconsidering discursive agency distribution (that is, who is an active participant, how, and when) around public hate speech, I show that continuous discursive engagement with intolerant members of society should be interrupted by visible acts of distancing when haters make hateful representative claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion regulation (ER) can be implemented by different strategies which differ in their capacity to alter emotional responding. What all strategies have in common is that cognitive control must be exercised in order to implement them. The aim of the present preregistered study was to investigate whether the two ER strategies, expressive suppression and distancing, require different amounts of cognitive effort and whether effort is associated with personality traits. Effort was assessed subjectively via ratings and objectively via pupillometry and heart period. In two studies, N = 110 and N = 52 healthy adults conducted an ER paradigm. Participants used suppression and distancing during inspection of positive and negative pictures. They also had the choice to reapply either of the strategies at the end of the paradigm. Although distancing was more effective in downregulation of subjective arousal (Study 1: p <.001,ηp2 =.20; Study 2: p <.001, ηp2 =.207), about two thirds reapplied suppression, because it was perceived as less effortful. Effort was rated significantly lower for suppression compared to distancing (Study 1: p =.042, ηp2 =.04; Study 2: p =.002, ηp2 =.13). However, differences in effort were not reflected in pupillary data or heart period. Broad and narrow personality traits were neither associated with the preferred strategy nor with subjective or physiological effort measures. Findings suggest that people tend to use the ER strategy that is perceived as less effortful, even though it might not be the most effective strategy. Our research on subjective and physiological effort of two emotion regulation strategies adds a new perspective on emotion regulation choice. We provide evidence that the choice of which emotion regulation strategy to apply is not primarily based on its effectiveness, but on the perceived cognitive effort. This may have negative consequences for individuals when the least effortful strategy is not the most effective one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the intersection of death geographies and animal geographies, the topic of animal death offers crucial insights for how we understand death and how we define human/nonhuman boundaries. This review piece brings rich discussions of animal death across anthropology, critical animal studies and the environmental humanities into conversation with work in geography. This article takes a two‐pronged approach; first, in recognition of the intensely spatial nature of death, this article explores where animal death takes place. This section observes how spaces of animal death are physically concealed and how this spatial distancing is aided by verbal concealment and dismemberment of the animal body, as well as how justifications for killing are organised along spatial lines. This helps to make animals killable in these spaces. The second section focuses on who is killed and made killable as well as who kills. The degree of being killable or grievable is highly uneven amongst animals, as it is amongst humans. Moreover, those individuals who routinely inflict animal death are subject to discrimination and vulnerability due to this proximity. Finally, the article concludes with reflections on what the topic of animal death can contribute to the death geographies and animal geographies literatures, and how we can move towards more animal‐centric approaches to animal death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 Advisory Sub-group on Education and Children's Issues is a sub-group of the Scottish Government COVID-19 Advisory Group, a group of experts established by the Scottish Government similar to, and designed to augment, the advice of the UK Scientific Advisory Group on Emergencies (SAGE). It is drawn largely from universities and includes people like Scotland's Chief Medical Officer. This paper on physical distancing in early years and childcare settings was written a year ago, and reflects the state of knowledge as Scottish education was about to start a new academic year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In epidemiology, the effective reproduction number R e is used to characterize the growth rate of an epidemic outbreak. If R e > 1 , the epidemic worsens, and if R e < 1 , then it subsides and eventually dies out. In this paper, we investigate properties of R e for a modified SEIR model of COVID-19 in the city of Houston, TX USA, in which the population is divided into low-risk and high-risk subpopulations. The response of R e to two types of control measures (testing and distancing) applied to the two different subpopulations is characterized. A nonlinear cost model is used for control measures, to include the effects of diminishing returns. Lowest-cost control combinations for reducing instantaneous R e to a given value are computed. We propose three types of heuristic strategies for mitigating COVID-19 that are targeted at reducing R e , and we exhibit the tradeoffs between strategy implementation costs and number of deaths. We also consider two variants of each type of strategy: basic strategies, which consider only the effects of controls on R e , without regard to subpopulation; and high-risk prioritizing strategies, which maximize control of the high-risk subpopulation. Results showed that of the three heuristic strategy types, the most cost-effective involved setting a target value for R e and applying sufficient controls to attain that target value. This heuristic led to strategies that begin with strict distancing of the entire population, later followed by increased testing. Strategies that maximize control on high-risk individuals were less cost-effective than basic strategies that emphasize reduction of the rate of spreading of the disease. The model shows that delaying the start of control measures past a certain point greatly worsens strategy outcomes. We conclude that the effective reproduction can be a valuable real-time indicator in determining cost-effective control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Recent studies on immersion (first-person perspective) and distancing (third-person perspective) in psychotherapy have shown the potential of both perspectives in the treatment of depression. High levels of change were associated with transitions between immersion and distancing, suggesting that a dynamic pattern between them may result in a more adaptive view of reality. This study aimed to assess if higher flexibility between these perspectives, during clientś reflection on negative experiences in the intermediate phase, is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms at the end of treatment. Method: We analyzed the flexibility through frequency and magnitude of transitions between immersion and distancing, in representative sessions of the intermediate phase of therapy in 17 cases with depression. Results: The results showed that the higher frequency and lower magnitude in the intermediate phase predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms at the end of treatment. Conclusion: Immersion and distancing seem to work as dynamic processes, and greater flexibility between them in intermediate phase of therapy, characterized by frequent and fast transitions between the two perspectives, may be an adaptive pattern due to its effect on post treatment depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to understand not so much the poetic and stylistic features of Osip. E. Mandelstam's poetics, which has been of great interest to philologists and thus sufficiently studied to date, as the philosophical–culturological aspects of his work. To fill this lacuna, it is vital that we compare Mandelstam's poetic works with his prose, theory, criticism, and polemics. The poet's statements in these genres largely clarify his attitude toward culture. In particular, this article examines the question of the poet's interest in philosophy and the natural sciences, which is expressed both in his poems and in his attitude to culture. His publications on theory also shed light on his experiments in poetry. Drawing parallels between his contemporary culture and other cultures that exist or had existed in history, Mandelstam's whimsical culturological associations avoid any detailed narrative development, highlighting only individual features and producing a number of apparently necessary details. This is precisely what testifies to the specific features of Mandelstam's own poetry. Such a technique requires a sort of co-authorship and cocreation on the reader's part, the very kind that a contemporary postmodernist aesthetic calls for. The present article also highlights the issue of theoretical and philosophical understanding of the poet's Acmeism as an independent poetic system in relation to other artistic trends that existed in the first decades of the twentieth century, above all in relation to Symbolism and Futurism, which influenced Mandelstam's own work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinterpretation and distancing are two cognitive reappraisal tactics, used to regulate one's emotions in response to emotion-eliciting stimuli or situations. Relatively less is known about their (differential) lasting effects on emotional responding and related neural correlates. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated 85 healthy females, participating in a 2-day cognitive emotion regulation experiment. On the first day, participants were instructed to passively look at, reinterpret or distance from repeatedly presented aversive pictures. One week later, they were re-exposed to the same stimuli without regulation instruction, in order to assess lasting effects. The main outcome measures comprised ratings of negative feelings and blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses. Lasting effects for reinterpretation compared with looking at aversive pictures during passive re-exposure 1 week later were reflected in stronger activation of the left amygdala, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and reduced negative feelings. Neither distancing compared with looking at aversive pictures nor reinterpretation compared with distancing did result in significant effects during re-exposure. These findings indicate that reinterpretation leads to reduced negative feelings 1 week later, which might be mediated by inhibitory vmPFC activation or stronger positive emotions during re-exposure. However, the missing difference compared with distancing questions the specificity of the results and the mechanisms underlying these two cognitive reappraisal tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the concept of human quality and deep human quality which, according to Catalan epistemologist Marià Corbí, expresses what was previously called spirituality. Deep human quality is a constitutive dimension of the human being, an anthropological fact that does not depend on religions. The text shows, in consonance with the axiological epistemology theory elaborated by Corbí, that spirituality is associated with ways of knowing that date back to pre-industrial period anthropologies. The wisdom traditions were born and constituted from a pattern that is no longer recognized in modern knowledge societies. The way of proceeding and acting in pre-industrial societies with all their cultural creations is framed by the idea of submission. In other words, deep human quality has to do with free inquiry and is therefore associated with modern knowledge societies, incompatible with beliefs, orthodoxies, and homogeneity. It demonstrates the role of speech and its function of grasping the relative dimension to our needs and another dimension not limited to our needs, i.e., the absolute dimension. As unfounded beings, the condition of speakers allows human beings to create their collective axiological projects, full of meanings of reality, values, interpretation of the world, and forms of survival. Speech, in this context, is a consequence of the human need for survival, a biological event, which allows the human-animal to develop its communication system without modifying its genetic programming or its morphology. Finally, the paper discusses the circumstances of deep human quality development in modern knowledge societies. Deep human quality, for Corbí, is usually defined by unconditional interest, distancing, silencing, and by free inquiry, community, and service. All-access to the absolute dimension as well as the cultivation of the deep human quality passes through unconditional interest, distancing and silencing, and free inquiry, community, and service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with a variety of unforseen psychosocial consequences. Many health care providers (HCP) report experiencing stigmatisation and perceived changes in the quality and quantity of emotional and social connections with peers, community and family. Perceived feelings of emotional and social distancing may contribute to lower morale among HCP. We designed a brief internet survey based on findings of studies examining this phenomenon in Ebola epidemics in Africa. We circulated this study among various categories of HCP in a tertiary training hospital in North India. Quantitative and qualitative data were obtained and analysed. 574 HCP responded to the survey. A majority of respondents across different categories of HCP experienced the social and emotional impact of working in a health care setting in the COVID-19 pandemic. This was experienced at the workplace, community and family (in decreasing order). The phenomenon of the social and emotional impact as manifested as distancing in HCP from peers, community members and family needs to be better recognised and studied. Specific measures to counter this are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to study the expressive part of game performance in soccer by introducing the concept of theatricality to describe a special form of expression. The aim is to contribute to the understanding of game performance by looking into the appearance, role and value of theatricality. The main argument of the paper is that theatricality can describe an important, but rarely noticed performance aspect, as it provides a unifying concept for expressive distancing in four dimensions of the players’ life-worlds: the subjective, intersubjective, collective and institutional. By explicating the value of this kind of expression in soccer the paper can provide a philosophical basis for including theatricality in performance and development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We challenge the common interpretation of targets' immediate confrontation in reaction to discrimination as self‐serving behavior and propose different underlying motivations for this phenomenon. In five online scenario studies (Noverall = 1,447), we demonstrate across different samples and contexts that targets indicate a distinct pursuit of the following self‐reported confrontation goals: individual‐benefit (e.g., perpetrator apologizes); group‐benefit (e.g., prejudice reduction); and distancing (e.g., demonstrating that one is different from typical group members). Furthermore, meaningful associations of the pursuits of individual‐benefitting goals and group‐benefitting goals with group identification, disidentification, and further collective action intentions indicate that they represent different confrontation motivations: Individual‐benefitting confrontation serves to cope with the individual mistreatment of discrimination, whereas group‐benefitting confrontation represents a form of collective action. Distancing goals were associated with disidentification and—unexpectedly—group identification. Our results show that the phenomenon of confrontation in reaction to discrimination can be the result of different underlying psychological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sublime is an enduring concept in Western aesthetic discourse and is often portrayed such as in Edmund Burke's A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful of 1759 as a delightful horror, a kind of enjoyment based on negative emotions. In the current article, the relationship between sublimity and fear was explored using behavioral and physiological measures. In 2 studies (total N ≈ 120), photographs of nature were selected (Study 1: 192 photographs and Study 2: 72 photographs), rated on sublimity, beauty, fear, happiness, and arousal, before being assessed against facial muscle movement (fEMG) and skin conductance (SCR). In line with philosophical theories, ratings of sublimity showed positive associations with subjective fear ratings in both studies. Looking at fEMG data (Study 2), sublimity was in fact associated with a decrease of corrugator supercilli (frowning) reactions, indicating reduced emotional negativity. Furthermore, sublimity did not change activation levels of the zygomaticus major (smiling/positive emotional valence), nor did it influence movements of the medial frontalis (inner brow raise/fear). Increased ratings of fear increased corrugator supercilii and medial frontalis activations, and decreased zygomaticus major activation, replicating past findings. SCR activation was not predicted by any variable. The discrepancy between behavioral and physiological results likely results from a combination of false appraisal and distancing mechanisms, and thus encourages the reconsideration of generalizations made over the sublime in its relation to fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author explores how continuous violations of a child's subjectivity may influence his or her defensive strategies and maintenance of identity in adult life as well as how this may be supported through the use of interpersonal relationships. Effects of potential developmental disruptions are addressed along with the resulting formation of the false self. Defensive strategies in the form of clinging and distancing as a means of maintaining internal object relations, along with the symptomatic self, are described. In addition, the function of the internalized bad object is considered along with the importance of the individual's attachment to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic that causes Covid-19 disease is the greatest aggression to our individual and collective health of the 21st Century. The disease has produced so many affected, sick and deceased and a number of consequences including the following. It forces us to reflect on our way of life and especially on our National Health System. Economic investment in Preventive Medicine and Public Health, greatly abandoned in previous decades, saves lives in epidemics. Primary disease prevention must be upheld as a basic standard involving health education teaching. The final consequence is that population listen to messages that can save their lives and that the practitioner can also change their behaviors and habits in relation to the use of masks if they really believe that they serve to help curb the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Positive reappraisal and distancing are two distinct cognitive reappraisal strategies for emotion regulation. Critically however, research examining the impact of elevated trait anxiety on cognitive reappraisal has often conflated these strategies. Thus, the present study investigated whether high-trait-anxious (HTA) women can effectively utilize positive reappraisal and distancing to regulate emotional responses to negative stimuli.Methods: Twenty-six HTA women and twenty-seven low-trait-anxious (LTA) women were investigated in a self-generated reappraisal paradigm. Subjective measures of emotional regulation and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants were instructed to passively view neutral or negative pictures, or to reinterpret negative pictures in a positive way (positive reappraisal) or a detached and unemotional way (distancing).Results: HTA women, as compared to LTA women, reported smaller reductions in negative affect after positive reappraisal and smaller reductions in emotional arousal after distancing. Though ERP data did not reveal corresponding differences in the centro-parietal late positive potential during emotion regulation, data did reveal HTA women exhibited enhanced recruitment of cognitive control during positive reappraisal and greater preparatory processing before engaging in distancing.Limitations: Future research should examine the generalizability of the present results in clinical anxiety individuals, male sample and other reappraisal strategies.Conclusions: Overall, HTA women appeared to recruit more cortical resources, suggestive of compensatory mechanisms, to achieve a similar performance as LTA women when engaging in positive reappraisal and distancing strategies to regulate negative emotions. Therefore, the findings demonstrate that HTA women are characterized by the inefficient implementation of positive reappraisal and distancing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new era marked its beginning with the first global pandemic universally known as COVID-19. Marked by stringent lockdowns, social distancing, and quarantine measures, social work initiatives aimed at resolving mental health problems and increased gender violence, facilitating the patients requiring health care, and providing social work services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the quality of conflictual discussion between intimate partners and their emotional experience subsequent to emotion regulation (ER) manipulation. It differentiated between integrative ER (IER), which involves an interested stance to emotional experience, and two types of regulation aimed at minimizing emotions: emotional distancing (minimization of emotional experience) and suppression of expressive behavior (minimization of emotional expression). The sample included 140 intimate couples randomly assigned to one of four conditions (IER, distancing, suppression, and control). Following the selection of a specific relational conflict to discuss, one of the partners received manipulation instruction; the other (naïve) partner was oblivious to the instruction. During a 10-min discussion, the naïve partner's skin conductance level was continuously assessed. The partners' self-reported perceptions of quality of experience and discussion were measured after the discussion. In general, the results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that taking an interest in one's emotional experience during a conflictual discussion results in better communication and higher perceptions of discussion productivity. Furthermore, in contrast to the IER condition, in the emotional distancing condition, the naïve partners' physiological arousal increased as the discussion progressed. Hence, the results support the hypothesis that taking an interest in and accepting one's negative emotions promote adaptive communication in conflictual discussions between intimate partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Anterior cingulate and insular cortices are activated by extinction and reappraisal. • Activation in sensory and emotion processing regions is observed in fear extinction. • Cognitive reappraisal recruits the dorsal fronto-parietal network. • Reappraisal differences with extinction partially depend on the regulation strategy. Cognitive reappraisal and fear extinction learning represent two different approaches to emotion regulation. While their respective neural correlates have been widely studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), few direct comparisons between these processes have been conducted. We conducted a meta-analysis of fMRI studies of reappraisal and fear extinction, with the aim of examining both commonalities and differences in their neural correlates. We also conducted independent analyses that focused on specific reappraisal strategies (reinterpretation, distancing). Overall, we observed that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the bilateral anterior insular cortex (AIC) were similarly consistently engaged by reappraisal and extinction. Extinction was more consistently linked to activation of sensory and emotion processing regions, whereas reappraisal was more consistently associated with activation of a dorsal fronto-parietal network. Interestingly, the amygdala was preferentially deactivated by distancing. These results suggest that the dACC and the AIC are involved in domain-general regulatory networks. Differences between extinction and reappraisal could be explained by their relative processing demands on visual perceptual versus higher cognitive neural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The potential benefit or harm of immersion (egocentric perspective) and distancing (observer perspective) on negative experiences are unclear and have not been empirically investigated in therapy. This is a first exploratory study aimed to analyze and compare the perspectives adopted on reflection (immersion and distancing) of negative experiences across therapy and the relationship between them and depressive symptoms in contrasting therapeutic outcomes of emotion-focused therapy (EFT). Method: Three good-outcomes cases and three poor-outcomes cases of EFT, diagnosed with mild to moderate depression at the beginning of therapy, were randomly selected. Immersion and distancing on negative experiences were analyzed using the measure of immersed and distanced speech. The depressive symptoms were assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Results: Significant differences across sessions were only found in the good-outcome cases which showed a significant decrease of immersion and an increase of distancing, and this evolution pattern was found related to the reduction of symptoms. Moreover, at the beginning of therapy, distancing was higher in the poor-outcome cases rather than in the good-outcome cases. Conclusion: The progressive and significant evolution from higher immersion at the initial phase to higher distancing in the final phase may be helpful in EFT for depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological distancing, a form of cognitive reappraisal, involves construal of emotionally valenced stimuli in an objective manner, or with perceived spatial and temporal distance. Prior work suggests that in appropriate contexts, reappraisal broadly, and distancing specifically, is related to adaptive mental and physical health outcomes. Additionally, recent research suggests that shifting language to be more distant (i.e., linguistic distancing [LD]) can have adaptive emotion regulatory effects. The present study addressed whether LD is also associated with adaptive health indicators. Participants transcribed their thoughts while viewing negative or neutral stimuli in one of three ways: (a) by implementing objective language, (b) by implementing spatially and/or temporally far away language, or (c) by responding naturally. Across psychological distancing groups, LD was associated with lower negative affectivity (lower perceived stress and depression symptoms), better general well‐being (better emotional well‐being and energy and vitality), and better emotion regulation (ER; greater reappraisal frequency and fewer difficulties in implementing ER). Participants who used more LD in the objective group had lower negative affectivity, better general well‐being, and better ER, and those in the far group had better ER. The results reveal linguistic mechanisms underlying ER and its relationship to health indicators, suggesting future examination of LD interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acts that put negative stimuli at a distance such as particular techniques like Clearing a Space have buffered effects on negative emotions. This study investigated the effects of psychological distance on repetition of thoughts and emotional reactivity, as well as the mediating role of repetition between psychological distance and emotional reactivity. In Experiment 1, all participants read a negative scenario and those in the near condition imagined they were at home, whereas those in the distant condition imagined they were at a library 62 miles from their home. Results showed that emotional reactivity and repetition of thoughts were attenuated in the distant condition relative to the near condition. In Experiment 2, all participants recalled their stressful event and those in the near condition imagined they reexperienced that event a week later, whereas those in the distant condition 10 years later. Results showed that emotional reactivity and repetition of thoughts were attenuated in the distant condition relative to the near condition. Furthermore, Experiments 1 and 2 also provided evidence repetition was found to mediate the link between psychological distance and emotional reactivity. Finally, the implications, limitations, and future directions of this study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyzes different readings of the 3pl impersonal pronoun (3pl IMP) from the Cognitive Grammar (CG) perspective. While the well-known taxonomy established for 3pl impersonals in European languages by Siewierska & Papastathi (2011) highlights contextual features of different readings of the pronoun, CG is able to focus on what has been neglected in this approach and offers a more adequate analysis of the 3pl IMP as an important means of portraying the agent. In the article the impersonal agent is presented as unspecified and, as such, defocused to various degrees. Evidence is provided for a set of four prototypical readings of the pronoun - the corporate, the vague, the specific and the universal - constituting reference points within a continuum and differentiated as to the agent portrayal. Establishing such portrayals is seen as a phenomenon rooted in the cognitively basic mechanism of distancing, which in the case of the 3pl IMPs means approaching the perceived object by the conceptualizer, as in the schema underlying the difference between a count noun and a mass noun. The mechanism is illustrated by language data taken from English and Swedish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Distancing is an effective and versatile method of emotion regulation. • We relate distancing to construal-level theory of psychological distance. • We propose a taxonomy of distancing and emotion regulation. • We offer a preliminary neurocognitive model of distancing. • We present a meta-analysis of fMRI studies of distancing in support of this model. Abstract Distancing is a type of emotion regulation that involves simulating a new perspective to alter the psychological distance and emotional impact of a stimulus. The effectiveness and versatility of distancing relative to other types of emotion regulation make it a promising tool for clinical applications. However, the neurocognitive mechanisms of this tactic are unclear, and inconsistencies in terminology and methods across studies make it difficult to synthesize the literature. To promote more effective research, we propose a taxonomy of distancing within the broader context of emotion regulation strategies; review the effects of this tactic; and offer a preliminary neurocognitive model describing key cognitive processes and their neural bases. Our model emphasizes three components—self-projection, affective self-reflection, and cognitive control. Additionally, we present results from a supporting meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of distancing. These efforts are presented within the overarching goals of supporting effective applications of distancing in laboratory, clinical, and other real-world contexts, and advancing understanding of the relevant high-level cognitive functions in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide is a public health problem in Uganda among indigenous societies, and different societies manage its aftermath differently. Aim: To explore how the Acholi in Northern Uganda manage the aftermath of suicide. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study in Gulu district, a post-conflict area in Northern Uganda. We conducted a total of four focus group discussions (FGDs) and 12 key informant (KI) interviews. KI interviews were conducted with community leaders, while the FGDs were conducted with members of the general population. We analysed the data by means of Grounded Theory. Results: Our findings indicate that rituals form a large part in managing suicide among the Acholi. Study communities practised distancing (symbolically and physically) as a way of dealing with the threat of suicide. Conclusion: Distancing was organized into two broad themes: affect regulation and securing future generations. It is recommended that public health interventions should utilize cultural institutions in the prevention of suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies prospectively examined the role of maternal anxiety and depressive disorders for early infant psychosocial stress responsivity.Aims: To investigate the role of lifetime maternal anxiety and depressive disorders for various early infant interaction behaviors during the Face-to-Face Still Face Paradigm (FFSFP) at 4 months postpartum.Study Design/subjects: Prospective-longitudinal study among n = 251 mothers (and their infants) from early pregnancy until 4 months postpartum.Predictor: Cumulated lifetime diagnoses of maternal anxiety and depressive disorders, repeatedly assessed with the CIDI-V from early pregnancy until 4 months postpartum.Outcome Measures: Infant positive and negative facial expressions and vocalizations, distancing behavior, self- and object-touch, observed during the FFSFP at 4 months postpartum.Results: As indicated by fractional logit models, higher proportions of object-touch were seen among infants of mothers with anxiety only (still face: 7.8%) and comorbid anxiety and depression (still face: 7.9%; reunion: 2.9%) vs. no anxiety and no depression. Higher proportion changes in object-touch were found among infants of mothers with anxiety only (play to still face: 6.4%) and comorbid anxiety and depression (play to still face: 7.2%; play to reunion: 2.7%) vs. no anxiety and no depression. Higher proportion changes in distancing behavior were seen among infants of mothers with comorbid anxiety and depression (still face to reunion: 1.1%; play to reunion: 1.3%) vs. no anxiety and no depression.Conclusions: Particularly mothers with anxiety only and comorbid anxiety and depression and their infants might profit from targeted early interventions to foster favorable interaction behaviors in early infancy and thereafter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:Some studies have suggested that a decrease in immersion (egocentric perspective on personal experiences) and an increase in distancing (observer perspective on personal experiences) are associated with the resolution of clinical problems and positive outcome in psychotherapy for depression. To help clarify how this change in perspectives relates to clinical change, the present study compared changes in immersion and distancing across therapy with progress in one client’s assimilation of her problematic experiences.Method:We analyzed all passages referring to the central problematic experience in a good-outcome case of emotion-focused therapy for depression using the Measure of Immersion and Distancing Speech and the Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale.Results:Results showed that immersion and distancing were associated with different stages of assimilation. Immersion was associated with stages of emerging awareness and clarification of the problem and in the application of new understandings to daily life. Distancing was associated with problem-solving and attaining insight.Conclusion:The decrease of immersion and increase of distancing associated with therapeutic improvement should not be taken as a recommendation to avoid immersion and encourage distancing. Immersion and distancing may work as coordinated aspects of the processes of psychotherapeutic change. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The concept of social work as a profession is inseparable from the development of capitalist social relations, and does not constitute a homogeneous bloc. According to Netto, the corporate projects in dispute for the maintenance or transformation of the existing social structures are expressed in professional projects. In this way, this work seeks to contribute to the analysis of the construction of social work in Portugal, grasping the meaning attributed by fascism to the profession in the process of institutionalization, from 1930 to 1950. It is also intended to identify social workers2 who have been involved in movements of opposition and resistance to the regime and to perceive how, in the 1960s and 1970s, the profession was distanced of the initially attributed meaning, from the corporatist trade union organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 'Art and Objecthood' (1967), Michael Fried articulates an uncompromising rejection of the theatre. His critique reaches as far as to expel the theatre from the realm of the arts and excludes it from the Modernist project. However, he exempts two theatre vanguardists from his argument, Bertolt Brecht and Antonin Artaud, who in his view developed anti-theatrical strategies as part of their aspirations to reform the theatre. This article examines whether Fried's inclusion of Brecht into his anti-theatrical paradigm was justified or whether it was mere appropriation. It furthermore probes into Fried's category of anti-theatricality within the conceptual framework of Brecht's dramaturgical reflections and its validity as a key marker of Modernism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion regulation comprises all extrinsic and intrinsic control processes whereby people monitor, evaluate and modify the occurrence, intensity and duration of emotional reactions. Here we sought to quantitatively summarize the existing neuroimaging literature to investigate a) whether different emotion regulation strategies are based on different or the same neural networks; b) which brain regions in particular support the up- and down-regulation of emotions, respectively; and c) to which degree the neural networks realising emotion regulation depend on the stimulus material used to elicit emotions. The left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), the anterior insula and the supplementary motor area were consistently activated independent of the regulation strategy. VLPFC and posterior cingulate cortex were the main regions consistently found to be recruited during the up-regulation as well as the down-regulation of emotion. The down-regulation compared to the up-regulation of emotions was associated with more right-lateralized activity while up-regulating emotions more strongly modulated activity in the ventral striatum. Finally, the process of emotion regulation appeared to be unaffected by stimulus material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Non-Pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) were implemented widely in New York City to curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2. • The odd of testing positive for most viral pathogens, other than SARS-CoV-2, were decreased compared to pre-pandemic years in our cancer center. • Recent respiratory seasons showed ongoing reduction but slowly increasing back to pre-pandemic levels. • The observed monthly positivity rates were decreased compared to forecasted, expected month rates for all viruses. • The decrease in incidence and positivity rates were not observed for adenovirus. In March 2020, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) including face coverings and social distancing were adopted to curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Over the course of the pandemic, adherence to these NPIs has varied and eventually became optional in most non healthcare settings. We investigated the impact of relaxation of NPI on the incidence of respiratory viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 at a tertiary cancer care hospital. This was a retrospective cohort study of respiratory viral panel results performed at between 08/01/2014–07/31/2022. Only one viral target result per patient per year was included. Poisson regression models were used to compare 2019–2020, 2020–2021, and 2021–2022 incidence of respiratory viruses to those of 2014–2019. Interrupted time series analysis was performed using autoregressive integrated moving average models in order to compare expected and observed positivity rates. A large reduction in the odds of testing positive for a respiratory virus was observed for most respiratory viruses when comparing results from 2019 to 2020 group to the corresponding period in 2014–2019. Subsequent seasons showed ongoing reductions in the odds of testing positive while slowly increasing over time back toward pre-pandemic levels. A time interrupted series analysis showed that the monthly positivity rate for all respiratory pathogens were reduced after 03/01/2020, when compared to the expected values forecast, except for adenovirus. This study provides valuable data that could be used to guide public health practices and support the efficacy of NPIs in curtailing the spread of novel and endemic respiratory viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws upon discourse analytic techniques and discursive psychology to examine how care workers build accounts of viewing the BBC Panorama programme ‘Undercover Care: The Abuse Exposed’, which graphically documented the abuse of people with learning disabilities in a residential care setting. A total of 56 interviews were conducted as part of a project concerning adult safeguarding. The analysis considers how care workers report their reactions and the interactional strategies they use to construct themselves as shocked and disbelieving, and thus as oppositional to the extreme practices in the programme. Their role as care workers, and therefore as ‘insiders’ of the industry that allowed such abuse to happen, makes matters of stake and agency live issues for this particular group; and constructions of ‘shock’ and ‘disbelief’ are potential ways for participants to distance themselves from the abuse shown in the programme. More broadly, these data show how the invocation of mental states contributes to the management of other discursive business, namely, that of fending off any association with the aforementioned extreme practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In classes that examine entrenched injustices like sexism or racism, students sometimes use 'distancing strategies' to dissociate themselves from the injustice being studied. Education researchers argue that distancing is a mechanism through which students, especially students of apparent privilege, deny their complicity in systemic injustice. While I am sympathetic to this analysis, I argue that there is much at stake in student distancing that the current literature fails to recognize. On my view, distancing perpetuates socially sanctioned forms of ignorance and unknowing, through which students misrecognize not only their complicity in injustice, but also the ways that injustice shapes the world, their lives, and their knowledge. Thus, distancing is pedagogically problematic because it prevents students from understanding important social facts, and because it prevents them from engaging with perspectives, analyses, and testimonies that might beneficially challenge their settled views and epistemic habits. To substantiate this new analysis, I draw on recent work on epistemologies of ignorance, especially José Medina's account of 'active ignorance.' In order to respond to student distancing, I argue, it is not sufficient for teachers to make students aware of injustice, or of their potential complicity in it. Beyond this, teachers should cultivate epistemic virtue in the classroom and encourage students to take responsibility for better ways of knowing. The article ends by outlining several classroom practices for beginning this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a cognitive procedure similar to montage, this paper aims, by overlapping images, to interrogate the meanings produced by narrative movies’ characters gaze at the viewer, by means of concepts as strangeness and distancing. Considering its frequent relationship with photography, cinema and exposure value, represented by the figure of the prostitute, such gaze, as we understand, activates the viewer’s sensibility. The exposure of the body as an exposure value and as object of desire to our eyes, intermediated by the camera, reveals the viewer to himself as subject of desire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumination has been consistently associated with the development and maintenance of a variety of psychological disorders. While recent research has investigated a number of strategies to counter rumination and its negative effects, few have investigated their efficacy outside of a clinical or laboratory context. The current study used a daily diary methodology to compare the efficacy of three such strategies in the everyday lives of a highly ruminative sample. Over the course of 10 days, participants (N = 154) were asked to apply one of three perspectives (distanced, immersed, or distraction) to their thoughts and emotions about the most stressful event of the day and then to write a short narrative about the event. Over the 10-day period, immersion was associated with an average increase in negative emotion from before to after the narrative, whereas distancing was associated with little reactivity, and distraction was associated with a decrease in negative emotion. Participants in the distanced condition showed less ruminative, unproductive processing and used fewer negative emotion words in the narratives than those in the immersed condition. These differences were maintained over the 10-day study period. In targeted analyses of the days with the highest level of ruminative processing and/or event-related stress for each individual, the distanced and immersed groups reported similar levels of negative emotion reactivity and word use, but the distanced group showed less ruminative processing in the narratives. An interaction emerged suggesting that ruminative processing was only associated with an increase in negative emotion in the immersed group and not in the distanced group. The findings are discussed in the context of decreasing risk for depression and related disorders by targeting emotion regulation strategies on a daily level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the concept of ‘austerity localism’, (Featherstone et al., 2012) this paper explores the impact of recent spending cuts and a revitalisation of the localism agenda on the work of locally embedded third sector organisations who work with marginal communities in the north east of England. In three key areas there exists a problematic relationship between the progressive language of empowerment, as set out in contemporary localist discourse, and the experiences and perceptions of service providers and service users. These relate to involvement in decision-making processes about the allocation of squeezed funding; the ability and desirability of voluntary groups to become autonomous; and the restricted resourcefulness of third sector organisations in a context of austerity. What comes through our data in all these cases are forms of social and spatial distancing, between third sector organisations and local decision makers, between organisations and their service users and also across the sector itself. Such distancing is facilitated by contexts in which resources, trust and empathy are undermined. The paper concludes that understanding the challenges faced by marginalised communities, and the third sector agencies working with them, requires recognition of the existing capacities within places, the importance of situated power relationships as well as wider connections of dependence and responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the radical right-wing scene, which is generally regarded as a maledominated interaction space, women are imperfectly perceived as independent actors. The result is a restricted view of realities within right-wing scenes and thus also of violence committed by radical right-wing women. Based on the analysis of biographical case reconstructions, this article expands stereotyped images in respect of female rightwing radicals and discusses the meaning of violence in their entry and exit processes. It is shown that violent behaviour and attitudes towards violence are shaped by a person's overall biographical history, and serve different purposes that cannot be explained in terms of gender alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]