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In this paper, the effects of rice and shrimp farming on rice yield, water quality and farmer income were analyzed. An econometric model based on simplified form of crop yield was used to compare the differences and impact degree of rice and shrimp farming data in Jingzhou city from 2018 to 2020. The results showed that rice shrimp culture could significantly improve rice yield and farmers’ income, but had some effects on water quality, and the degree of impact increased with the increase of crayfish density. It is suggested that the government should strengthen the technical guidance and supervision of rice and shrimp farming, and promote the optimized cultivation mode of rice and shrimp rotational cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses significant challenges for countries in Northern Africa such as Morocco. Smallholder farmers are especially vulnerable to climate change because they experience several challenges in the adoption of climate-resilient practices. The sustainable and well-managed cultivation of the cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) could contribute to conservation agriculture (CA) in dry climates threatened by climate change. Due to its high-water-use efficiency and ability to withstand extremely dry conditions, the cactus pear is increasingly being recognised as a more sustainable alternative to traditional livestock foraging in dryland areas. Compared to many other common crops and fodder, the cactus pear is easy to establish, maintain, and has a wealth of uses. Two innovative cultivation techniques are being developed: (1) the use of mixed inoculum formulations containing AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) and PGPB (Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria) in the soil; and (2) intercropping between perennial (cactus pear) and short-term species (field crops). We propose to identify factors that could facilitate farmers' innovation adoption. We conducted face-to-face interviews with 24 smallholder cactus pear farmers in Morocco. We concluded that farmers do not yet have a comprehensive understanding of the principles of the innovations. The main aim of farmers was to increase production and income. Farmers, in general, pay little attention to the environment. The recommendations that are given in relation to these issues are that training and social networks are essential in innovation transfer, adoption needs to be facilitated by providing resources, an innovation transfer needs to be adapted to the current and future needs of farmers, and we need patience so that farmers can slowly learn the innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study uses field survey data from members of five farmer producer companies in the eastern Indian state of West Bengal and assesses the benefits of membership. The real income of member farmers increased by more than 30 per cent after joining farmer producer companies. The access to inputs like seeds, farm chemicals, and farm machines; to weather advisory and storage services; and also, to output markets, improved after joining farmer producer companies. The members were found to market 100 per cent of their produced food grains through farmer producer companies at minimum support prices. Member farmers were found to have stronger networks and greater temporal and informational efficiency. With nearly 40 per cent of members women, these farmer producer companies have emerged as instrumental in empowering them, improving their livelihood and incomes in the patriarchal and rural societal setup. However, even though these collectives are benefitting the rural economy, it was also found that more investment is needed to create local infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancing agricultural carbon emission efficiency and farmers' income simultaneously is crucial for the sustainable progress of agriculture. Our study centered on 31 provinces and cities in China and investigated regional variances and the dynamic evolution aspects of coordinated development in farmers' income and agricultural carbon emission efficiency, utilising panel data from 2005 to 2021. The analysis revealed the following trends: Firstly, China's overall agricultural carbon emission efficiency was steadily increasing, mainly because of technological advancements. Secondly, the correlation between farmers' income and agricultural carbon emission efficiency in China had notably improved from 0.318 to 0.775. Throughout the observation period, disparities in the levels of coordinated development were observed in various provinces with a diminishing fluctuation, indicating regional disparities as the primary instigator. Thirdly, the level of coordinated development highlighted positive clustering attributes, demonstrating an 'east high, west low' pattern; the evolution of coordinated development levels exhibited stability in maintaining the current status. This study holds significant value for developing countries in enhancing farmers' income and agricultural carbon emission efficiency in a coordinated manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural subsidy policy can improve the planting enthusiasm of rural households by increasing their income. It is of great significance to assess and summarise the effect of the soybean and cotton target price subsidy policy and to determine future policy direction. Using the national rural fixed-observation point socioeconomic survey data from 2009 to 2017, the study employed the difference-in-differences (DID) method to evaluate the impact of the target price policy (TPP) on rural household income in China. TPP had no significant impact on the total income of rural households. Specifically, TPP increased the farm income of rural households but simultaneously reduced the wage income and had no significant impact on the other income. Moreover, the impact of TPP on rural household income varied with the planting scale and income level; the effect of TPP was strong among the non-poor or scale operation rural households. TPP implementation affected rural household farm and wage income by affecting farmers' allocation of working time and cost input. Therefore, implementing TPP should consider farmers' participation in non-farm employment, further adjust the subsidy intensity and scope, and combine direct subsidies with the poverty reduction effect in poor areas. The contribution of this article is to explore the implementation effect of target price subsidy policies from the perspective of farmers' income, to deconstruct farmers' income, and explore the mechanism of policy action. This paper provides a theoretical basis and policy inspiration for China to improve and adjust the agricultural subsidy policy, mobilise farmers' enthusiasm to cultivate, and ensure national food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the guaranteed and purchasing price policy on agronomic crop cultivation patterns were investigated under three scenarios in the Qazvin plain of Iran. In all scenarios, the surface under cultivation of water-saving products, especially wheat, decreased and on the contrary, the surface under cultivation of water-taking products, such as alfalfa and tomato, increased. The average income of farmers in the region increases under all scenarios; the lowest increase is related to the second scenario in which farmers' income rises by 7.5–7.7%, and the highest increase is related to the third scenario in which farmers' income rises by 8.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the vast majority of Chinese farmers' income comes from factor income. The distortion of factor market affects the sustainable growth of farmers' income and the optimization of income structure to a certain extent. The development of factor market is particularly important to solve the problem of increasing farmers' income. Based on the panel data of 28 provinces (cities, autonomous regions) in China from 1997 to 2021, this study constructs a spatial panel model to empirically analyze the spatial impact of the three major factor market distortions on Farmers' income growth. The results show that Chinese farmers' income has a strong spatial dependence, and there is a significant spatial correlation effect in different regions. There are serious market distortions, which have significantly hindered the growth of farmers' income. The distortion of China's factor market not only inhibits the growth of farmers' income in this region, but also has a significant negative spatial spillover effect. The distortion of factor market restricts the improvement of farmers' income in adjacent areas. In the future, we need to further straighten out the influencing factors and give full play to the income increasing efficiency of various factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the impact of the expiration of the first round of subsidies in China’s sloping land conversion program (SLCP) on farmers’ income and subjective well-being (SWB) provides important empirical evidence for improving SLCP follow-up policies, improving farmers’ livelihood and formulating payment for ecosystem services (PES) in other developing countries. Based on cross-sectional data covering 473 farmers who participated in the first round of the SLCP in Hebei Province, China, this study uses an endogenous switching regression model (ESRM) and a mediation model to empirically investigate the impact of the expiration of the SLCP subsidy on farmers’ income and SWB. The main results are as follows. First, the expiration of the SLCP subsidy increased farmers’ overall income levels. Second, it decreased farmers’ SWB. Third, farmers’ income had a mediating effect on the relationship between the expiration of the SLCP subsidy and farmers’ SWB. Fourth, compared with high-income farmers, the expiration of the SLCP subsidy had a stronger negative impact on low-income farmers’ SWB, and the mediating effect of income was more obvious. Therefore, the relevant departments should broaden the number of income channels available to SLCP participants, strengthen their ability to earn income, promote the organic combination of the achievements of the SLCP and SLCP participants’ SWB, and improve SLCP follow-up policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population urbanization is the core of new urbanization in China and is an important task in the long term. Based on mediation effect models, spatial panel data econometric models, and coupling coordination models, this study attempts to identify the direct and indirect effects of the proportion of rubber-planted areas and the indications of population urbanization using panel data of counties on Hainan Island, explaining the mechanism. The results show that rubber plantations dominated by state-owned farms weakly impacted farmers' income in 1992-2002 (first phrase), and the effects became positive in the period of smallholding expansions from 2003 to 2013 (second phrase) at a statistically significant level of 10%. However, the effects became negative between 2013 and 2020 (third phrase) due to the continuously low prices of natural rubber compared to the second phrase; the regions with higher share of rubber plantations had less local fiscal revenues per capita--especially in the third phrase--mainly because of the short industrial chain of rubber in producing regions. Shares of rubber-planted areas in the city or county (defined as rubber-planted intensity, RPI) were negatively related to proportions of staff in the non-private sector (SNS) and nonrural employees (NRE) compared to people with jobs and census registered population urbanization rates (PUR). The reversed connections between RPI and NRE became weaker over time; a 10-percentage point increase in PRI might have led to a 10.3-percentage point decrease in NRE in the first phrase, but it reduced to 3.3 percentage points in NRE with no statistical significance in the third phrase. Conversely, the negative correlation of RPI with SNS and PUR became stronger from the first to third phrase; the farmers' income and local fiscal revenue could ease the negative relationships between RPI and SNS or NRE, but they turned to enhance the relation of RPI with PUR in the second and third phrase. The evidence from Moran's I and Geary's c indices proved the existence of obvious spatial correlations in the distribution of natural rubber and farmers' income and indicated that GDP per capita and other variables are also spatially related. The estimated spatial panel data models with adjacent, geographical and economical distance matrices indicated that the direct influences of RPI on SNS, NRE, and PUR were almost negative in all phrases, but the spillover and total effects can be positive in some situations, such as in the second phrase with adjacent and geographical distance matrices of PUR; this means that an increase in rubber-planted areas may promote nonfarm job market of adjacent regions mainly due to rural labor mobility. The coupling coordination degrees between the intensity of rubber planted and population urbanization of Haikou and Sanya reach 0.96 and 0.87, respectively, in the second and third phrases--much higher than those of other regions. Compared to the first phrase, the margin of increases in the degrees of coupling coordination in the second and third phrases are reducing from the east to west in Hainan Island. The key routes to mitigate the negative links are to improve labor productivity and extend the industrial chain of natural rubber along with the nonfarm job creation, and Hainan's population urbanization should consider many other possible angles across the island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is a major food crop and characteristic industry in Dingxi City. On the basis of summarizing relevant documents, the development situation of potato industry in Dingxi City was expounded. From the perspective of rural residents per capita disposable income, through partial correlation test and path analysis method, the effect of increasing farmers' income on the development of potato industry was revealed. The potato market price had a significant positive correlation with the per capita disposable income of rural residents, and direct path coefficient was 0.517 1; the labor input had a significant negative correlation with the per capita disposable income of rural residents, and the direct path coefficient was -0.411 7. The influence of the total potato yield and the potato production cost was secondary to the potato market price, with the direct path coefficients of 0.140 6 and 0.097 2, respectively. Finally, It was proposed to further increase policy support, enhance the ability of industrial management organization to promote farmers' employment and income, strengthen scientific research and innovation, and explore the value of potato industry, so as to promote the development of potato industry in Dingxi City and increase farmers' income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is an important sector in the national economy, therefore the development priority is placed on development in the economic sector with an emphasis on the agricultural sector. Income in farming activities generally cannot be stable from time to time. The objectives of this study include (1) to determine the relationship between farmer characteristics and farmer income in farmer groups BPP Plumbon District, (2) to determine the relationship between the implementation of organic rice farming systems and farmer income in farmer groups BPP Plumbon District, (3) To determine the relationship between the characteristics of farmers and the implementation of organic rice farming systems with farmers' income in the BPP Farmer Group, Plumbon District. The research design used in this study was a quantitative research with a descriptive survey research technique. The results showed that: (1) there was a moderate relationship between farmer characteristics and farmer income in the BPP Farmer Group in Plumbon District, namely 0,703, (2) there is a moderate relationship between the application of organic rice farming systems and farmers' income in the BPP Farmer Group in Plumbon District, namely 0.643, (3) there is a significant relationship between farmer characteristics and the application of organic farming systems to farmer incomes. Based on the output that tarithmetic X1 = 7.551 and X2 = 5.252> ttable which is 1.998. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the harmless treatment and complete resource utilization of livestock manure, the Chinese government continues to promote the outsourcing livestock manure (OLM) services. Exploring OLM's impacts on farmers' incomes is of great significance to evaluate and improve the socialized service system. However, the economic effects of OLM still lack empirical support. This study collected data from 600 pig farmers and applied the ordinary least squares (OLS) method, endogenous switching regression, quantile regression, and mediation effect methods to analyze the influence mechanism of OLM on farmers' incomes. The results revealed that OLM significantly increases farmers' incomes, with those who adopt outsourcing services earning approximately 74,800 yuan more than those who do not. The main reason OLM has an income increasing effect is that it can promote large-scale farming and farming efficiency. As farmers' incomes grow, the income increasing effect of OLM has a clear inverted U shape, with the maximum effect occurring at the 50% income quantile. Meanwhile, with the increase of outsourcing degrees and expansion of the farming scale, the income increasing effect of OLM is also enhanced. After considering geographical characteristics, the analysis showed that OLM had a better income increasing effect in farms located between 500 and 1000 m above sea level. In conclusion, this study reveals the application performance of outsourced services in livestock manure treatment processing, which can help government departments to continuously promote and drive the recycling of livestock waste resources. • Examines the role of outsourcing livestock manure (OLM) on farmers' income. • OLM can promote farmers' incomes—large-scale farming and farming efficiency. • Farmers who adopt OLM earning about 74,800 yuan more than those who do not. • The maximum effect of OLM occurring at the 50% income quantile. • The income increasing effect of OLM has obvious heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using organic fertilizer to replace chemical fertilizer is an effective way to promote sustainable agricultural development. Based on survey data of 514 farmers from five provinces and cities in the Bohai Rim region of China, collected in 2019, organic fertilizer substitution's effects on farmers' technical efficiency were analyzed. The PSM method is used to solve the problem of farmers' self-selection. Considering the causal relationship between the substitution behavior of organic fertilizer and farmers' technical efficiency, the IV-Tobit model, 2SLS, and ML estimation methods are used to solve the endogenous problem. The study found that: (1) quality and safety awareness, part-time employment level, participation in insurance, and training significantly promote using organic fertilizers to replace chemical fertilizers; (2) the technical efficiency of farmers who use organic fertilizer to substitute the chemical fertilizers is 0.625, 9.46% higher than their counterparts; and (3) the promotion effect of organic fertilizer substitution on technical efficiency has heterogeneity, which has a significant role among small-scale farmer households with fewer and low-educated family laborers. Regarding the policy implications, it is necessary to strengthen agricultural subsidies by improving the accuracy of policy formulation and implementation, fully considering the heterogeneity of farmers for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latest published information is limited on agronomic responses of winter wheat to irrigation quantity and the necessity of irrigation at the anthesis stage. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate winter wheat yield, water use, assimilate redistribution and economic benefit with respect to water input and (2) quantify relationship between water input and yield to develop a standard for withholding irrigation at anthesis. A 4‐year long field experiment was conducted to evaluate winter wheat water use, yield formation pathway and farmers' income under three irrigation regimes: rainfed, irrigation at sowing and jointing (SJ‐W) and irrigation at sowing, jointing and anthesis (SJA‐W). The yield formation pathway was correlated with the water‐induced variation in assimilate redistribution and accumulation. Throughout the experimental period, wheat yield was 19–38% lower in rainfed than that under other irrigation treatments. Moreover, SJ‐W treatment substantially increased biomass accumulation at anthesis, accelerated assimilate redistribution in vegetative organs and eventually resulted in a similar wheat yield to that of SJA‐W. Simultaneously, the SJ‐W treatment had lower irrigation water, reduced additional irrigation cost, suppressed yield loss and obtained a similar farmer's net income to the SJA‐W treatment. Water‐induced variations in yield were determined by irrigation, rainfall and soil water storage. SJ‐W plots receiving 204–331 mm water input (rainfall + irrigation) before anthesis and holding 549–587 mm soil water during anthesis stage achieved higher irrigation water use efficiency and yield relative to the rainfed and SJA‐W plots. In contrast, water input under rainfed plots exceeded 200 mm before anthesis, limiting yield substantially even when seasonal soil water consumption exceeded 160 mm. Developing a standard for withholding irrigation at the anthesis stage should incorporate 204–331 mm of water input (rainfall + irrigation) before anthesis and 549–587 mm soil water storage at anthesis, which could achieve a high wheat yield and save water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The new urbanization strategies provide new opportunities for farmers to increase their income, and adjusting its action path according to the specific impact of the new urbanization can promote the growth of farmers' income more effectively.【Method】Based on the urban panel data of the Pearl River Delta region from 2010 to 2021, the kernel density estimation was used to analyze the dynamic evolution trend of farmers' income, and the fixedeffect model was used to empirically analyze the impact effect of the new urbanization level on farmers' income.【Result】 The results show that during the research period, the farmers' income level in the Pearl River Delta region has increased significantly, the sources of farmers' income are diversified, income from wages and salaries is still the main component, income from property such as housing rental has been an important source, the absolute gap between farmers' income levels between cities is expanding, and the income levels between the urban areas spread to the high value area and the spatial agglomeration characteristic is obvious, and the economic urbanization has the strongest effect on farmers' income. However, at present, the new urbanization development in the Pearl River Delta region still has some problems, such as low quality of urbanization, mismatch between supply and demand, large income gap between urban and rural areas, and shortage of land resources. 【Conclusion】It is suggested that when pushing the people-centered urbanization strategy in the Pearl River Delta cities. it should focus on improving the quality of urbanization of agricultural migrants and promoting the integration of agricultural migrants into cities; insist on optimizing the local industrial structure, vigorously developing non-agricultural industries such as modern service industry, and creating more jobs to maximize the farmers' income effect of urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

⑴ Background——Poverty and ecological civilization construction are the realistic problems that all countries in the world need to face in their development. China has put forward the concept of green development and implemented the major strategy of targeted poverty alleviation. Ecological poverty alleviation is the combination of poverty alleviation and development and ecological protection measures in order to achieve sustainable development in poor areas. Forestry ecological poverty alleviation is an important part of ecological poverty alleviation policies in China. It is of great significance to discuss the impact of forestry ecological poverty alleviation on farmers' income for the evaluation of policy effect. ⑵ Methods——The western region of China has overlapping characteristics of ecological vulnerability and poor mountainous areas. Based on the statistical panel data of 12 provinces(municipalities, autonomous regions) in western China from 2009 to 2020,the index system of forestry ecological poverty alleviation is established by using principal component analysis (PCA) and entropy method. T he fixed effects regression model established through empirical research is used to study the impact of forestry ecological poverty alleviation on farmers' income. ⑶ Results——The regression results show that the coefficient of forestry ecological poverty alleviation is significant at 1% level, that is, forestry ecological poverty alleviation promotes the improvement of farmers' income level. When forestry ecological poverty alleviation changes by 1%,farmers' income will increase by 1.92%, and it has long-term effects. Third, the industrial effect of forestry ecological poverty alleviation has greater impact on farmers' income than the ecological effect and employment effect. The industrial effect is significantly positive at 1% level, while the ecological effect and employment effect are not significant. Fourth, since 2015, the intensity of forestry ecological poverty alleviation in China has been enhanced and the income effect has been significant. The analysis of the trend of forestry ecological poverty alleviation indexes shows that before 2015,forestry ecological poverty alleviation(average) fluctuated steadily at about 0.17.After 2015,the growth rate was more obvious, peaking at 0.25 in 2019.Taking 2015 as the dividing line, the panel data is divided into two groups. The regression of the two groups of data shows that the income effect from 2015 to 2020 was significant. Fifth, forestry industry upgrading has a significant positive moderating effect on the impact of forestry ecological poverty alleviation on farmers' income. The coefficient of forestry ecological poverty alleviation is significantly positive at 1% level, and the interaction term is significantly positive at 5% level. ⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——First, forestry ecological poverty alleviation should take into account the dual objectives of ecology and economy, and deal with the relationship between development and protection according to local conditions. It is necessary to implement ecological compensation, employment assistance and industrial drive, promote the rational utilization of forestry resources, and expand the income channels of farmers. Second, optimize the forestry industry structure, upgrading the industrial value chain, cultivate forestry products with high value-added forestry products and explore a new path for poverty alleviation through integrated development of forestry primary, secondary and tertiary industries to improve the effectiveness of forestry ecological poverty alleviation. Third, improve the ecological compensation mechanism, gradually expand its coverage and raise the compensation standards, and explore diversified compensation methods. Fourth, coordinate the relationship between “government dominance” and “market vitality”, he government should give full play to its public service function and improve its ability of ecological governance. At the same time, the vitality of efficient markets should be stimulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural transportation infrastructure is an important foundation for rural economic development and plays an important role in the process of rural industrial integration to increase farmers' income. Based on China's inter-provincial panel data from 2014 to 2019, this paper classifies rural transportation infrastructure from the perspective of external connection level, and empirically analyzes the role of the scale, type, and structure of rural transportation infrastructure in the process of rural industrial integration to increase farmers' income. It is found that in China, rural industrial integration is conducive to increasing farmers' income. In the process of rural industrial integration to increase farmers' income, the overall scale of rural transportation infrastructure has played a synergistic role; Different types of rural transportation infrastructure play different roles. Township-village transportation infrastructure mainly shows synergy, while city-township transportation infrastructure mainly shows substitution. Optimizing rural transportation infrastructure structure is conducive to strengthening rural industrial integration and increasing farmers' income. When the ratio of township-village and city-township transportation infrastructure scale is less than 1.921, rural industrial integration fails to increase farmers' income; When the ratio of rural-village and urban-rural transportation infrastructure is between 1.921 and 7.808, the promotion of rural industrial integration on farmers' income increase begins to be significant; When the ratio of rural-village to urban-rural transportation infrastructure is greater than 7.808, the promotion of rural industrial integration on farmers' income will further increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the industrial structure and development of different regions in Anhui Province, the factors affecting farmers’ income in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2019 were analyzed by factor analysis method, and the influence of various factors on farmers’ income was analyzed by regression model. The results show that there is a positive spatial autocorrelation in the change of farmers’ income level, and the distribution characteristics of high and low agglomeration are formed in space. Regional economic development factor and tertiary industry development factor play a positive role in farmers’ income, but the relationship between agricultural machinery development equilibrium factor, local infrastructure and agricultural support factor and farmers’ income is not obvious; the improvement of urbanization rate and service industry in tertiary industry have positive effect on increasing farmers’ income. Accordingly, suggestions are put forward to narrow the income gap among regions: changing the imbalance of regional economic development in a regional-led way; build a sound employment training system to promote the development of rural services; promoting urbanization by tertiary industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is viewed as the main obstacle to agricultural development in developing countries. The high dependence on agriculture and allied sectors makes many countries vulnerable to the climate change phenomenon. There is a gap in macro and micro-level understanding of climate change. Thoughtful farmers' perceptions and impacts of climate change on farming are fundamental for developing various mitigation and adaptation strategies. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to understand the pattern of climate variability, farmers' perceptions about climate change, and farmers' adaptation strategies based on their socio-cultural background in the villages of Goa, on the west coast of India. The results reveal that about 62% of the sampled farmers have experienced climate change in terms of meteorological indicators such as increased average temperature, decreased total rainfall, delayed onset of monsoon, and an increase in the length of the summer season. The temperature trend analysis (0.009 °C/year) validated farmers' perceptions, while the perception of rainfall differed (−1.49 mm/year). Farmers are convinced that climate change has affected their farming (declining crop and livestock productivity, water depletion, and other related farm operations). They strive to adapt to climate change through crop diversification, an integrated crop-livestock system, contingency crop planning, and the adaptation of new crops and varieties. This study could be helpful for policymakers to establish a climate-resilient agriculture system by ensuring timely availability of farm inputs, accurate weather forecasting, and encouraging insurance products for crop and livestock enterprises, which will help farmers cope with the changing climate to enhance their income and economic wellbeing. Further, adaption of integrated farming, agroforestry, and indigenous technical knowledge is imperative to combat the ill effects of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether farmland transfer can produce farmers’ income growth is an issue that has been widely concerned by society. However, previous empirical studies are quite different. This paper believes that the neglect of the heterogeneity of the impact of farmland transfer has led to these different conclusions. Thus, using the China Family Panel Survey (CFPS) data during 2010-2018, this paper analyzed the impact of farmland transfer on different types of farmers and different sources of income. The basic empirical results showed that: Firstly, farmland transfer did increase the income of farmers, but it was mainly on transfer‑out farmers, and the impact on the net income of transfer ‑in farmers was not obvious. Secondly, the impact of farmland transfer on different sources of income of the transfer‑in farmers and transfer‑out farmers was inconsistent. The growth rate of wage income of transfer‑out households was much higher than the decline rate in operating income. And wage income contributed 80% of the growth in net income of transfer‑out households; as for transfer ‑in households, the growth in operating income could not compensate for the decline in wage income, which eventually could not increase their total income obviously. The above empirical results did not change after a series of model sensitivity analyses such as the difference‑in‑differences model and the treatment effect model, indicating that the basic conclusions were robust. Furthermore, we analyzed the reasons for income heterogeneity and found that the key mechanism was on the labor resource allocation decision. Actually, for transfer‑out households, farmland transfer could increase the probability of migrant work and business opportunities, as well as the labor input for non‑agricultural production. On the other hand, for transfer‑in households, they would invest more labor in agricultural production and increase agricultural inputs. Further policy discussions also found that due to the weak dependence of transfer‑out farmers on technological improvement, the transfer‑out farmers only needed to ensure that they could find alternative jobs to obtain a higher income; but for the transfer ‑in farmers, due to lack of sufficient technical assistance, their land production improvement was limited. Thus, it was difficult to produce the optimization of resource allocation mentioned in the theory of land retention, which might limit the further expansion of the farmland transfer market. In summary, the research in this paper provides certain theoretical and empirical evidence for optimizing the land transfer policy, increasing the participation rate of land transfer, and finally realizing the improvement of the social welfare of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of Hainan International Tourism Island, one of the national strategies in China, implemented in January 2010. A common concern is whether the policy has managed to raise farmers' income and reduce the income gap between urban and rural residents. Therefore, this study aims to make counterfactual causal inferences based on data from 2005 to 2018 on Hainan Province. This study applies both the generalized principal component analysis method and the synthetic control method. According to the model results, the policy did not increase farmers' income in Hainan or narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas in the first five years. However, after 2014, the result reversed. The increasing farmers' income and narrowing gap indicate that the tourism-related Kuznets curve hypothesis is valid for the policy. The results of a placebo test verify the robustness of this conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the research is to determine the impact of setting the lowest unit price of Arabica coffee on increasing farmers' income in North Toraja Regency. The study was conducted in Buntu Pepasan Subdistrict, North Toraja Regency. Research data were collected carried out for three months, from June 2019 to September 2019. Sampling (respondents) of this study was conducted on farmers and key informants involved in the policy of setting the Lowest Unit Price for Arabica coffee commodities through the value added approach in Toraja Regency North. Research data were collected by conducted a survey using data collection techniques, such as interviews by using a questionnaire. Data analysis is descriptive quantitative. The results showed that with the determination of the Lowest Unit Price, the impact on farmers 'income increased by IDR. 7,009,280 / farmer and farmers' income per hectare, which was IDR. 3,721,741 / Ha. In addition, the determination of the Lowest Unit Price aims to improve the welfare of coffee's farmers such as increasing the productivity of coffee fields, increasing the quality of beans and increasing regional income without harming other parties, namely the collecting traders and the Home Industry / Coffeshop (which also has a role as inter-island traders even exporters at the time of the study). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research work investigated farmers' level of use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in accessing cocoa beans market information in Cross River State, Nigeria. Sixty farmers were selected using random systematic sampling technique. Pertinent information was collected with structured questionnaire. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Results reveal that 90% of the respondents used mobile phone while 85% used radio to access cocoa beans market information. Frequency of use for mobile phone (75%) and radio (35%) were on weekly basis. The major market information used for ICTs were cocoa beans sales price (88.3%), quality (85%), value addition (78.3%) and certification (75%). Cocoa beans sales price was accessed regularly, while certification of cocoa beans was occasional. Major constraints to the utilization of ICTs were poor electricity supply and internet services. Income (r=0.279, p=0.021), cocoa farm size (r=0.300, p=0.020) and age (r= -0.301, p=0.019) correlated significantly with extent of using ICTs in accessing cocoa market information by farmers. Efforts should be made by internet providers to ensure optimum internet connection for improved ICTs used by farmers in sourcing cocoa market information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the research performed, the agricultural sector is the major water consumer. Therefore, reducing the demand and the use of water in this sector has an effective role in solving the problems related to water scarcity. In this study, a hybrid TOPSIS-agent-based model has been developed to find a solution for this problem in the six management regions of Doroudzan irrigation and drainage network, in Fars province, Iran. Two main groups of agents consisting of the government and stakeholders were considered. All farmers who lived in the same village assumed as an agricultural agent. Some influential parameters such as neighbors’ impacts, training, penalties and incentives were considered in the agent-based model (ABM). In some previous ABM models, the same coefficients applied for all agents. However, without considering the stakeholders’ characteristics and conditions of each agent and region, there might be the threat of making unfeasible theoretical decisions. Therefore, in this study, the TOPSIS method was linked to ABM to determine the uniqueness of these coefficients for each agent. The ABM coefficients were determined by TOPSIS method through the use of the demographic, social, economic and cultural variables and expert’s viewpoints. Water demand requested by farmers was calculated based on the existing cropping pattern and the reduction of that was determined by the developed model in different climatic conditions (wet, normal and drought). The results showed that the water requested by the farmers, before applying the ABM, were 7.6, 18.2 and 45%, and after that they were 1.37, 3.5 and 1.09% more than the allocatable water in wet, normal and drought conditions, respectively. In order to reduce the water demand requested by farmers and maintain the effect of management tools (training, penalties and incentives), a cropping pattern optimization model with regard to deficit irrigation was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the construction of ecological civilization, the development of under-forest economy has been paid more and more attention. This paper uses DEA model to measure the development of under-forest economy. The results show that the development of the under-forest contributes to the increase of the output value, and thus promotes the growth of the farmers’ income. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Since 2008, a breeding flock of Kyrgyz indigenous goats has been developed by a Kyrgyz non-government organisation (NGO) in the mountainous region of Osh Province in southern Kyrgyzstan, to preserve, select and distribute improved cashmere goats to villagers to increase their income from selling fine white cashmere. The NGO has trained farmers in 31 villages on better goat management and cashmere harvesting, established and advises 22 villages in a community-based breeding program with the foundation of improved sires and females from the NGO's nucleus flock. This report provides the initial characterisation of the phenotypic, genetic and socio-economic value of this cashmere landrace. Live weights for females were (mean±s.d., kg): 1-year old, 27.4 ± 3.0 (n = 54); adult 6-years and older, 37.8 ± 4.8 (n = 58); and for males: 1-year old, 28.8 ± 3.2 (n = 40); 3-year old, 55–60 (n = 3). Using measurements (means±s.d.) taken on one-year old goats born between 2017 and 2021, shows cashmere weight (CW) 123 ± 56 g (n = 240), mean fiber diameter (MFD) 14.9 ± 1.2 µm (n = 332) and cashmere length (CL) 30.1 ± 6.7 mm (n = 200). Applying a linear animal model including birth year, birth type and sex we calculated heritabilities and their sampling errors (s.e.) as 0.12 ± 0.12, 0.58 ± 0.16 and 0.50 ± 0.24 for CW, MFD and CL, respectively. Genetic correlations between CW and both MFD and CL resulted rather low (−0.22 ± 0.54 and 0.16 ± 0.57) and between MFD and CL rather high (0.48 ± 0.25). Similarly, phenotypic correlations between CW and both MFD and CL resulted low (0.12 ± 0.07 and 0.22 ± 0.09) and between MFD and CL high (0.49 ± 0.06). Cashmere weight has increased 2.6 g per year (P = 0.017) while cashmere MFD has not decreased significantly (P = 0.066). There has also been no significant increase in cashmere length (P > 0.3). Changes in the average selection index since 2019 indicated additional economic worth of 10% (P = 0.017). Various body dimensional characteristics were measured. Heart girth measurement accounted for 80% of the variance in live weight indicating girth would be a useful field measurement method in remote regions. Given the positive phenotypic correlation between cashmere production and MFD continuing objective measurement of cashmere production and MFD are essential for future improvements in economic benefits for farmers. • Kyrgyz indigenous goats selected for improved cashmere since 2008. • Cashmere production and economic value increased. • Community based breeding scheme implemented in 22 villages. • Farmer training programs delivered to 31 villages. • Widespread adoption within participating villages. • Physical characterisation and production attributes quantified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural land system reform is an essential part of China’s rural economic system reform. In recent years, China’s rural land system becomes gradually diversified, and is developing towards market and benefiting people, which is favorable for improving the rural economy. Through more than 40 years of reform and opening up, China’s rural land system reform has been continuously deepened and sectionalized, which has also affected the income of farmers. Rural land reform provides great opportunities for farmers to increase their income and contribute to the realization of land asset income and interests. However, the rural land system reform also has some drawbacks, which limit the increase of farmers’ income. This paper attempts to analyze the internal logic of land system reform and farmers’ land interests, and accordingly comes up with recommendations for deepening the rural land reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the issues concerning agriculture, farmers and rural areas are increasingly prominent, and the demand of rural economic reform is increasing. In view of current development situation of rural areas, with reference to successful experience of Tangyue Village Model, this paper analyzed functions of rural stock cooperatives to agricultural development, farmers' income increase, and rural prosperity. Finally, it came up with feasible recommendations for rural reform and the issues concerning agriculture, farmers and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice paddies production in Malaysia, as in other parts of the world, is extremely vulnerable to weather changes and extreme conditions such as drought and flooding. Such situations forced Malaysia to maintain a protectionist regime with respect to its rice industry to better ensure food security for the country. In this study, a crop simulation model (DSSAT) and system dynamics approach were used to assess the impact of climate change on future rice production, self-sufficiency level of rice, and farmers’ gross income in Malaysia. Results from the DSSAT model show that during the main and off growing seasons, increase in temperature and changes rainfall pattern can be expected to reduce the rice yield by 12 and 31.3%, respectively, until the year 2030. Based on the system dynamics’ results, the reduction in rice yield was expected to reduce farmers’ gross income and the rice self-sufficiency level of the country. The study suggested two different policy scenarios to overcome these adverse effects. The overall policy implication is that the Malaysian rice industry cannot be sustained if government takes no action to change its current policies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Optimization of industrial structure in agriculture is an important way to promote efficiency and increase farmers' income. After analyzing theories on industrial structure in agriculture, we focus on both the overall growth and the resources of agricultural growth in Western China. We collect per capita net income of rural residents, data on the measurement of agriculture industrial structure, energy efficiency indicators in ten provinces in Western China from 1985 to 2008, and establish a panel data model to explore the influence of agricultural structure on farmers' income in western rural areas, as well as the relationship between agricultural structure and energy efficiency. The empirical results show that optimization of agricultural structure has positive effects on farmers' income and energy efficiency in western rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water resource allocation is greatly influenced by the land use, agricultural productivity and farmers’ income. Therefore analyzing the impacts of land use changes on agricultural productivity and subsequent effects on farmer’s income is an important basis of the further study on the management mechanism and optimal water resource allocation. Taking the Huang-Huai-Hai River Basin as the study area, this study examined the impacts of conversion from cultivated land to built-up land from 2000–2005 and 2005–2008. Then the agricultural productivity was estimated with the Estimation System for Agricultural Productivity model, and the changes in agricultural productivity caused by land conversion were analyzed. Thereafter, Simultaneous Equations Model was used to analyze the impacts of the conversion from cultivated land to built-up land on the agricultural productivity and subsequent effects on farmer’s income. The results showed that: (1) The agricultural productivity was stable during the whole period, reaching about 2.84 ton/ha, 3.09 ton/ha and 2.80 ton/ha on average in 2000, 2005 and 2008, respectively, but the conversion from cultivated land to built-up land had important influence on the spatial pattern of agricultural productivity. (2) The land productivity, total power of agricultural machinery and the conversion from cultivated land to built-up land had an overall positive effect on the agricultural productivity. (3) The agricultural productivity and gross domestic product had positive influence on the farmers’ income, while the cultivated land area per capita and percentage of farming employee had negative influence, indicating that the farmer’s income was mainly contributed by non-agricultural income. These results in this study showed that optimal land use management can play an important role in promoting virtuous ecosystem cycle and sustainable socioeconomic development, which can also lay an important foundation for further research on the optimal allocation of water resources in the Huang-Huai-Hai River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviewed the main components and contents of agricultural support policy system in China. By using the fundamental definition and measuring method from OECD, the research studied the relation between agricultural support level and farmers' income from 2003 to 2012. The aim of the paper is to discuss the effect of agricultural support policy on farmers' income, and provide policy suggestions for the policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural fundamental and productive fixed-asset investment not only makes active influence on the changes of farmers' operational, wages and property income, but it also has an optimal scale range for farmers' income increase. From the perspective of farmers' income increase, this article evaluates the optimal scale of rural fixed-asset investment by setting up model with statistic data, and the results show? that the optimal scale of per capita rural fixed-asset investment is 76.35% of per capita net income of rural residents, which has been reached in China in 2009. Therefore, compared with the adding of rural fixed-asset investment, a better income increase effect can be achieved through the adjustment of rural fixed-asset investment structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the paper is to analyse the impact of the EU accession on the New Member States' agriculture with special regard to production, employment, farmers' income and intra-EU trade in agricultural goods on the basis of the latest statistical data of Eurostat. According to our findings, accession has provided incentives to agricultural production and to utilize natural endowments (mainly agricultural land); however, agricultural employment decrease could not be halted. Nevertheless, the economic situation of the farmers improved due to increasing incomes. Though the enlarged EU provided markets for the NMS agricultural products, the competition on their domestic markets increased significantly, resulting in massive import penetration. Consequently, most of the NMS agricultural trade balance deteriorated considerably. Concerning future prospects, it highly depends on the reformulation of the Common Agricultural Policy, the new budget of the EU and the domestic economic and agricultural situation of the NMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Climatic conditions and hence climate change influence agriculture. Most studies that addressed the vulnerability of agriculture to climate change have focused on potential impacts without considering adaptation. When adaptation strategies are considered, socio-economic conditions and farm management are often ignored, but these strongly influence current farm performance and are likely to also influence adaptation to future changes. This study analysed the adaptation of farmers and regions in the European Union to prevailing climatic conditions, climate change and climate variability in the last decades (1990–2003) in the context of other conditions and changes. We compared (1) responses in crop yields with responses in farmers’ income, (2) responses to spatial climate variability with responses to temporal climate variability, (3) farm level responses with regional level responses and (4) potential climate impacts (based on crop models) with actual climate impacts (based on farm accountancy data). Results indicated that impacts on crop yields cannot directly be translated to impacts on farmers’ income, as farmers adapt by changing crop rotations and inputs. Secondly, the impacts of climatic conditions on spatial variability in crop yields and farmers’ income, with generally lower yields in warmer climates, is different from the impacts of temporal variability in climate, for which more heterogeneous patterns are observed across regions in Europe. Thirdly, actual impacts of climate change and variability are largely dependent on farm characteristics (e.g. intensity, size, land use), which influence management and adaptation. To accurately understand impacts and adaptation, assessments should consider responses at different levels of organization. As different farm types adapt differently, a larger diversity in farm types reduces impacts of climate variability at regional level, but certain farm types may still be vulnerable. Lastly, we observed that management and adaptation can largely reduce the potential impacts of climate change and climate variability on crop yields and farmers’ income. We conclude that for reliable projections of the impacts of climate change on agriculture, adaptation should not be seen anymore as a last step in a vulnerability assessment, but as integrated part of the models used to simulate crop yields, farmers’ income and other indicators related to agricultural performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The interface between environment, agriculture and society needs more attention to improve nature conservation in rural landscapes. The present paper attempts to identify the conditions on which ecological landscape plans can be implemented in agricultural practice, considering the prevailing conditions of agricultural policy. The case study was carried out in a local authority area in Saxony (Germany). Calculation of variable margins indicated that most of the measures proposed by the landscape plan (such as planting hedgerows, reduction of land use intensity, establishment of field margins rich in arable weeds) can be realised without loss of farmers’ income. That is 6% of the agricultural area can be withdrawn from cultivation without any negative financial effect for the farmers. In addition, a certain proportion of arable fields and grassland can be managed less intensively. Nevertheless, the attitude of farmers towards nature conservation was an obstacle in the realisation of ecological measures, even with generous economic incentives. The method applied was adequate to show that agriculture in this area is dependent on payments from agri-environmental programmes. It is proposed to strengthen the link between such subsidies and more effective agri-environmental measures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Random rewards have a positive effect on optimising farmers' income from live streaming sales. • We find a threshold to provide farmers with normative guidance on price discounts. • We identify the mechanism by which random rewards maximise the farmer's income from live streaming sales. Increasing farmers' income is one of the objectives of rural revitalisation in China. As a direct selling channel, live streaming has become immensely popular and demonstrated unprecedented growth worldwide. Farmers were able to increase their income by selling farm products on live streaming sales platforms, especially after the COVID-19 outbreak. With the support of online payment and smartphone technology, promotion methods are constantly innovated, among which random rewards are widely used on live streaming sales platforms. This study aimed to examine if and how random rewards optimise farmer's income from live streaming sales. We observed that random rewards have a positive effect on optimising farmers' income from live streaming sales, which was verified by mathematical proof and numerical analysis. The results show that there is a threshold that provides a normative guide to farmers on whether they should sell at a discounted price in live streaming sales with random rewards. More importantly, we found the mechanism of how random rewards maximise farmer's income from live streaming sales. This study also provides suggestions of concrete actions for farmers and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a major agricultural province, Yunnan has always attached great importance to food production, and the proportion of the growing area of food crops to the growing area of total crops is more than one half in Yunnan Province, but the grain production efficiency has been low in recent years. Therefore, under the guidance of stabilizing food production and adjusting structure proposed by Yunnan provincial government, we analyze the impact of the growing area of food crops on farmers' income, based on the recent trends of the growing area of food crops. Finally we put forth the following recommendations: developing the food production based on market; rationally making overall arrangement of planting structure; paying attention to the agricultural science and technology progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]