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Background: Bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) is one of the devastating field carry over storage pest causing a huge crop loss, especially in greengram. The pre-breeding lines were developed by crossing between a cultivated variety, VBN (Gg) 2 and Vigna radiata var. sublobata, a progenitor species of greengram used as a resistant parent against bruchid. Methods: A total of 53 stabilized inter sub-specific lines along with parents were screened for bruchid resistance by ‘no choice’ method with two replications. Screening parameters were recorded for all the 53 lines and were statistically analysed. Damage assessment was carried out and the three resistant lines obtained during initial screening was further confirmed. Result: The low seed damage per cent was observed in three lines viz., GGISC-2 (18.00), GGISC-21 (20.00) and GGISC-49 (14.00). The susceptibility index was 0.048, 0.049 and 0.048 in GGISC-2, GGISC-21 and GGISC-49, respectively and hence, classified as bruchid resistant. Delayed adult emergence, uneven adult emergence, prolonged developmental period, small and malformed adults were the other parameters observed in resistant lines. The three resistant lines identified could be further utilized in the breeding programmes for the development of bruchid resistant varieties in greengram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulse production in Old Alluvial Zone, Malda is significantly low compared to their potentiality due to poor cultivation practices and adoption of traditional varieties by the farmers. Cluster Frontline Demonstration, which is a noble tool, was studied during 2017–2019 in two pulses viz. blackgram (var. PU-31) and greengram (var. PDM-139) to evaluate its impacts on technology adoption and bridge the gaps in yields among potential, demonstration, and farmers' plots. In this study, variation of technology index (TI) was observed between 23.6–32.33% and 26.07–31.67% for blackgram and greengram, respectively; whereas extension yield gaps varied by 458.0–522.0 kg ha−1 and 462.0–508.0 kg ha−1, respectively. It was inferred that blackgram and greengram productivity can be enhanced by 76.46–90.43% and 82.06–84.53%, respectively, by adopting an improved package of farm technologies. The BCR (benefit–cost ratio) of blackgram and greengram in demonstration plots varied between 1.99–2.18 and 2.03–2.61, respectively; whereas in farmers' plots they were 1.38–1.56 and 1.39–1.82, respectively, i.e., average BCR enhanced by 41.61% and 44.57% in demonstration plots over farmers' plots of blackgram and greengram, respectively, by adopting improved production technologies. During 2017–19, improved production technology in demonstration plots increased the average water usage efficiency of blackgram and greengram by 42.25% and 82.79%, respectively. The yield variations between farmers' plots and demonstration plots were statistically significant at p ≤.01 significance level. It is hypothesized that CFLDs are quite feasible and have enormous potential to enhance blackgram and greengram productivity in prevailing farming situations of socio-economically poor farming communities of this region in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Narrow genetic base and lack of exploitable variation have become a major constraint for yield improvement in greengram. Identifying genetically superior parents and breeding scheme to be adopted become a pre-requisite for the development of elite cultivars. Thereby, blending the knowledge on gene action and combining ability plays a key role. Materials: Combining ability analysis was carried out in twenty-five crosses derived out of Line x Tester mating design using 5 lines and 5 testers. The hybrids, parents and the check variety were evaluated in a RBD with two replications and ten quantitative characters were recorded. Result: Non-additive gene action was found to be prevalent for the quantitative traits observed. Exploring the per se and gca effects, COGG13-39 and VGG18-002 were adjudged as the best parents and the crosses involving above parents will be productive for synthesizing a dynamic population with superior recombinants. Meanwhile, exploring the per se, sca and heterosis, the best specific crosses identified for seed yield/plant and pods per plant were, V2709 x GAM5 and COGG13-39 x VGG16-058. They can be further exploited to obtain transgressive segregants for higher yield, bold seeds and bruchid resistance through appropriate breeding strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greengram Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, is an important legume crop that serves as a low-cost source of protein. The bruchid (Callosobruchus spp.) is a serious storage pest affecting greengram and other pulse crops. Thus, a study was designed to investigate bruchid resistance (Callosobruchus chinensis) in inter sub-specific derived lines of greengram and to identify chemical compounds responsible for resistance. Methods: The experimental material comprised of 200 inter sub-specific derived lines of F9 generation of VBN (Gg) 2 (susceptible to bruchid) x Vigna radiata var. sublobata/2 (resistant to bruchid) and a susceptible check variety. The bruchid screening experiment was carried out in completely randomized design and replicated twice with 50 seeds in each replication by adopting no choice test. Out of 200 lines evaluated for bruchid screening, seed damage due to bruchid was less than 20 per cent in 11 lines, identified as resistant. However, three resistant lines viz., GGISC 124, GGISC 140 and GGISC 150 were taken for further confirmation for bruchid resistance and GC-MS analysis to discover the chemical compounds conferring resistance (Clarus SQ 8C, Perkin Elmer). Result: In confirmation screening, seed damage due to bruchid (Callosobruchus chinensis) on 30th day was less than 20 per cent in three inter sub-specific lines viz., GGISC 124, GGISC 150 (17.00%) and GGISC 140 (18.00%), whereas the susceptible check [VBN (Gg) 2] reached 100 per cent adult emergence. The three inter sub-specific lines recorded susceptibility index of 0.046 (GGISC 124), 0.047 (GGISC 140) and 0.048 (GGISC 150) and classified as resistant. The susceptible check [VBN (Gg) 2] recorded the susceptibility index of 0.085. GC-MS study was carried out in resistant lines GGISC 124, GGISC 140, GGISC 150 and susceptible check VBN (Gg) 2. The results revealed that the existence of three compounds viz., 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester; Hexadecanoic acid, 1- (hydroxymethyl)-1, 2-ethanediyl ester and Hexadecanoic acid, 2-oxiranyl methyl ester in resistant lines conferred resistance against C. chinensis in greengram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pulses are important crop of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Among the pulses, mungbean is an important. Despite the multifaceted importance of this crop, its production could not be stabilized in the Uttar Pradesh as well as in the country due to several biotic constraints like diseases and insect-pests leading to considerable yield losses. Among several diseases affecting mungbean, cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by Cercospora canescens Ellis and Martin is one of the most important fungal diseases occurring regularly in the mungbean growing areas during the warm and humid weather. Methods: Experiments were conducted during two cropping seasons i.e. Kharif 2019 and 2020 to find out an efficient management strategy for this disease. In first experiment, 9 fungicides were assessed against CLS during both the seasons. In second experiment, 200 germplasm of mungbean were evaluated for resistance against cercospora leaf spot. Result: Among nine different fungicide treatments evaluated individually and as well as in combinations, spraying Carbendazim twice after first appearance of symptoms and second at 15 days' interval, gave maximum reduction in the incidence and severity of Cercospora leaf spot i.e. 45.57% and 58.45%, respectively along with significant enhancement (53.39%) in grain yield over the unprotected crop followed by treatment with Carbendazim + Mancozeb which resulted in 35.44% and 52.65% reduction in incidence and severity respectively and 44.88% enhancement in yield. Treatment with Captan + Hexaconazole was found to be least effective to reduce the disease incidence/severity as well as to increase the crop yield. In second field experiment out of 200 mungbean genotypes evaluated against cercospora leaf spot during two consecutive crop seasons, four genotypes viz., PDM 04-123, PDM 54, EC520034-1 and EC 520022 were found to be resistant against cercospora leaf spot disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is the third most important pulse crop. One of the main factors limiting its production and productivity is drought, in different growth stages of the crop. Drought stress at the seedling stage of greengram influences their adaptation at the early crop establishment phase. In this study, 200 pre-breeding lines derived from VBN(Gg) 2 X Vigna radiata var.sublobata/2 of greengram were evaluated for drought stress by in vitro screening, using Poly ethylene glycol (PEG 6000) at -0.5MPa stress level. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes, treatments and interactions for the evaluated seedling traits and stress indices, suggesting a high variability for drought tolerance in pre- breeding lines. A total of eleven tolerant and six susceptible lines were selected based on seedling vigour index, > 900.00 and < 220.00, respectively during initial screening and independent confirmation screening was carried out. The results of the present study revealed that the pre-breeding lines viz., GGISC 45, GGISC 41, GGISC 132, GGISC 125, GGISC 116, GGISC 55, GGISC 147, GGISC 17, GGISC 73, GGISC 49 and GGISC 37 were recorded with high seedling vigour index along with significant stress indices and identified as tolerant for drought. These identified tolerant lines can be further evaluated under rain-out shelter to assess their ability to withstand drought. Subsequently, the promising lines can be used for the development of drought tolerant varieties in greengram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intercropping maize with legumes can enhance diversity, stability, complementary sharing of resources, maintain soil fertility, productivity and livelihood of the farmers. The current study was aimed to develop the scientific knowledge of maize and pulse intercropping and their combinations in different planting structures. Methods: The field experiment consisted of seven treatments viz. sole maize, sole soybean, sole green gram and two intercropping ratios of soybean and green gram with maize at 1:1 and 1:2 row ratios and laid out in randomized block design in four replications during 2018-19 at Imphal. The intercropping, economic and competitive efficiency indices were calculated accordingly. Result: Intercropping of maize either with soybean or green gram in 1:2 ratio gave the best combination based on intercropping and economic efficiencies. Maize + soybean at 1:2 row produced the highest maize equivalent yield (82.65 q ha-1), system productivity (22.60 kg ha-1 day-1) and production efficiency (55.84 kg ha-1 day-1). Maize + green gram at 1:2 ratio had significantly higher land equivalent ratio (1.7) and land equivalent co-efficient (0.54) whereas maize + soybean at 1:2 ratio produced the highest area time equivalent ratio (1.27). Competition between the crops was higher under maize + green gram at 1:1 ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greengram is third most important pulse crop which is widely adapted and can improve soil fertility. The genetic variability and association studies help in selection which would increase the yield potential of greengram. Methods: Two hundred stabilized lines (F9) obtained from the cross VBN (Gg) 2 and Vigna radiata var. sublobata were evaluated. The yield and yield contributing traits were recorded to evaluate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance as % of mean and correlation among the yield and its component traits. Result: Analysis of variance exhibited significant differences among the lines for all the ten quantitative traits indicating the presence of genetic variability. The high GCV values were found for the traits viz., single plant yield (30.18) and the number of pods per plant (26.80). High heritability combined with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for the number of pods per plant (90.19, 52.43), single plant yield (89.58, 58.84), the number of pods per cluster (79.28, 22.70) and the number of clusters per plant (69.50, 30.22) which indicates additive gene effects. In the present study, the number of pods per plant had a high positive direct effect (0.919) on a single plant yield. Therefore, the selection for these characters would improve yield in greengram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercropping is growing two or more crop species simultaneously, different canopy architectures by row configuration, changing light interception, radiation utilisation, and increased yield. The present study aimed to evaluate different intercropping systems affected light interception per cent and radiation use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping with greengram (Vigna radiata L.) different ratios. Field experiments were conducted for Kharif 2022 and Rabi 2022-2023 seasons, which were laid out in a split-plot design and replicated three times. Three Nitrogen levels viz., N1 - 75 % RDN (Recommended dose of Nitrogen), N2 - 100% RDN, N3-125% RDN had taken as the main plot and three intercropping treatments were taken as subplot viz., M2G2 - replacement series (two row of maize and two row of Greengram), M4G2- replacement series (four rows of maize and two row of Greengram), M2G3-paired row system (two rows of maize and three rows of Greengram), and sole maize. Both light interception and radiation use efficiency were significantly affected by intercropping systems. Light interception per cent of the main crop (maize) was significantly higher (69.0, 75.5 and 71.0 % during Kharif and 60.1, 78.1 and 76.6 during rabi) at vegetative, flowering and maturity phases, respectively. The Kharif 2022 and Rabi 2022-2023 maximum Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) of Maize intercropping with green gram (maize + greengram) was higher in T12 (M2G3 paired row with 125 % Recommended Dose of Nitrogen) recorded as 2.46 (Kharif) and 1.43 (rabi). The outcome might be utilised to optimise the row configuration of intercropping design, explain the mechanism of intercropping on light utilisation, and improve radiation use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was undertaken to obtain information on the nature and extent of genetic diversity among 60 greengram genotypes for yield related traits and quality traits by using Mahalanobis's D2 statistics. The genotypes were grouped into eleven clusters. Cluster I was found to be the largest with 38 genotypes followed by cluster V with 13 genotypes and all the other clusters were found to be solitary, each containing a single genotype. Clusters VIII and XI had the maximum inter-cluster distance, followed by clusters IV and XI. Cluster XI had the highest mean values for yield and other yield attributing traits. Iron content contributed high towards total genetic diversity followed by protein content and test weight. Based on the mean performance and diversity studies, the genotypes COGG 18-17, LGG 460, Daftri vikas and IPM 1603-3 were found to be the best for further yield improvement in greengram. Utilizing the genotypes from the more divergent clusters as parents in breeding programmes will yield relatively good amount of heterosis in F1 and high frequency of transgressive segregants and genetic variability in subsequent generations can be acquired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phosphorus has been pointed out as one of the most important nutrient in pulse production which is responsible for vegetative growth, reproduction and consequently yield of greengram. Sulphur element is important for crop growth and development especially in pulses. At present, 42% of indian soils have been found to the sulphur deficient, sulphur is essential for synthesis of proteins, vitamins, in pulse crops. Methods: The field investigation was carried out at research farm of TCA, Dholi, muzaffarpur Bihar during summer season 2019. The treatment comprised 3 levels of phosphorus and 3 levels of sulphur along with absolute control. Result: The result revealed that application of 60 kg phosphorus/ha significantly increase the plant height, plant dry matter, crop growth rate and yield indices viz number of pods/plant, length of pod, number of grains/pod and 100 seed weight than 20 kg phosphorus/ha and control but was found at par with 40 kg phosphorus/ha. Sulphur levels also had significantly influenced on these growth and yield indices and recorded higher values 30 kg sulphur/ha found at par with 20 kg sulphur/ha and significantly higher over 10 kg sulphur/ha and control. Application of 60 kg phosphorus/ha significantly enhanced the grain and straw yield over 20 kg phosphorus/ha and control but was found at par to 40 kg phosphorus/ha. Among the sulphur levels grain and straw yield increased significantly up to 20 kg/ha sulphur further increase in sulphur level fail to caused significantly effect on grain and straw yields. All the phosphorus and sulphur level had significant impact on grain and straw yields over control. Similar trend was also observed with harvest index also. Optimum dose of phosphorus and sulphur for summer greengram was worked out to be 51 and 24.5 kg/ha respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Rhizobium are beneficial plant partners exhibiting mutual association with crop plants. Conventional carrier based formulation has lesser population and limited shelf life. Present study was aimed to evaluate and to assess the shelf life in new formulation as well as in coated seeds under storage. Methods: Three experiments are conducted in this study. Population of Rhizobium and AM fungi spore count were assessed in newer seed coat formulation under room temperature storage. Secondly survival of these organisms on the coated seeds of blackgram and greengram were evaluated. In third experiment the coated seeds stored for different duration were evaluated for germination, growth and vigour index. Result: Rhizobial population was maintained at 1011 g-1 and AM spore load was 900-1000 spores g-1 up to one year of storage. AM spore count was also found sufficient up to 9 months of storage in coated seeds of both crops. Growth and vigour index were significantly enhanced in inoculated plants over uninoculated control. From the study, it was evident that these formulations can be stored upto one year at room temperature without any loss in viable count and can be used for seed coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) prepared by green synthesis method using Syzigium cumini leaf extract was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of green synthesized NPs measuring around 33 nm while SEM revealed its nearly spherical shape. Rhizobium species recovered from greengram nodules, identified by 16s rRNA gene sequencing as Rhizobium pusense produced 30% more exopolysaccharides (EPS) in basal medium treated with 1000 μg IONPs/ml. Compositional variation in EPS was observed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). There was no reduction in rhizobial viability and no damage to bacterial membrane was observed under SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively. Effects of IONPs and R. pusense, used alone and in combination on the growth and development of greengram plants varied considerably. Plants grown with IONPs and R. pusence , used alone and in combination, showed a significant increase in seed germination rate, length and dry biomass of plant organs and seed components compared to controls. The IONPs in the presence of rhizobial strain further increased seed germination, plant growth, seed protein and pigments. Greater protein content (442 mg/g) was observed in seeds at 250 mg/kg of IONPs compared to control. Plants raised with mixture of IONPs plus R. pusense had maximum chlorophyll content (39.2 mg/g FW) while proline content decreased by 53% relative to controls. This study confirms that the green synthesis of IONPs from S. cumini leaf possess useful plant growth promoting effects and could be developed as a nano-biofertilizer for optimizing legume production. [Display omitted] • Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle from leaf extract of Syzigium cumini. • Nanoparticles as nano-bioinoculant enhance the greengram production. • Phyto-interactive relationship of IONPs and Rhizobium improves phytocompounds. • IONPs cause no cellular destruction to rhizobial cell. • FTIR, SEM, CLSM and XRD reveal unique properties of IONPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was executed under field conditions that favour normal growth and expression for all descriptors. A collection of 40 mungbean genotypes were characterised for 21 agro-morphological traits during the summer 2021 and 2022. The experimental material was evaluated in three replications in RCBD and observations were recorded as per DUS guidelines. The phenotypic assessment showed polymorphism for the characters such as hypocotyl anthocyanin coloration, stem colour, leaf shape, leaf colour, leaf vein colour, petiole colour, flower petal colour, pod position, pod colour, pod curvature, seed colour, seed size etc. Some special character including yellow seed colour of local germplasm 'yellow-mung' diversified the crop. Furthermore, an increased number of leaflet viz. quadrifoliate and pentafoliate compound leaf variations were also observed rather than the normal trifoliate compound leaf of mungbean. The standard descriptors can be used as a marker to characterize the crop species for utilization of germplasm and conservation programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty four genotypes of greengram were investigated under four different environments in a randomised block design with three replications during the year 2021. Eberhart and Russell's model was carried out which revealed significant G × E interaction for all the traits, indicating the differential response of genotypes to changing environments. The linear and non-linear G × E components were significant for majority of the characters, suggesting the presence of both predictable and non-predictable components. The genotypes viz., VMG-66, VMG-39, VMG-79, VMG-97 and GM 6 were found to be stable and high yielding across the environments. These genotypes were also found stable for two or three other yield contributing component traits. It can be inferred from the stability analysis that none of the genotype was noticed to be ideal with greater adaptability for all the characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is an important edible bean in the human diet worldwide. However, its growth, development, and yield may be restricted or limited by insufficient or unbalanced nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization. Under intensive cropping systems, large amounts of K are removed, leading to serious depletion of soil K reserves. Therefore this study was conducted to generate the high yield and to improve yield components via effective and balanced fertilization. Methods: In this field experimentation during 2014-2016 different levels of potassium through soil application and foliar spray were studied. Three locations were selected on the basis dominance of the crops under rainfed condition. Result: In the present experimentation there was a significant effect of potash levels on plant height, number of pods per plant, 100- grain weight and grain yield. Significantly the highest grain yield (1120 kg ha-1) was recorded with 20 kg K2O ha-1, which was at par with 30 kg K2O ha-1. However, the grain yield with 20 kg K2O ha-1 was reported statistically equivalent yield with two foliar spray of muriate of potash (KCL) at flowering and pod filling stage. The pigments responsible for photosynthesis such as chlorophyll was favourably influenced by soil and foliar application of potassium. The K use efficiency parameters of AE, AR, ENUE and VCR were relatively high with potash application @ 20 kg ha-1 thereafter it declines. The positive balance of K is highly predominant in almost all the potassium applied plots which imply that the use of K fertilizers is optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress diminishes seedling germination and vigor by reducing water uptake, inhibiting plant growth and development. Most of the pulse growing areas are under rainfed ecosystems, which significantly reduces crop yield. Melatonin, a growthregulating compound, is widely used to mitigate the negative effects of abiotic stresses in pulses. With this background, a laboratory experiment was conducted to standardize the optimum melatonin concentration for seed treatment and foliar application in greengram, to minimize the ill effects of drought stress. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications for each treatment. The treatments consisted of soaking seeds with different melatonin concentrations, viz., 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µM. Seeds were sown in a perti dishes and the drought stress was imposed using poly ethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) @ - 0.4 MPa, and plates were maintained at room temperature (24-30 °C). After the seedlings emerged, various seedling growth parameters like germination percentage, shoot length, root length, vigor index, promptness index, germination stress tolerance index, fresh and dry weight of the seedlings, plant height stress index and root length stress index were recorded. The experimental results showed that drought stress significantly reduced germination percentage and other growth-related parameters in greengram seedlings compared to the melatonin treatments. Among the melatonin treatments, seeds treated with @ 100 µM concentration recorded the highest germination percentage (99.67 %), promptness index (98.80), vigour index (1631.68), shoot and root length (8.9 cm and 7.5 cm), fresh and dry weight of the seedlings (3.249 and 0.147 mg seedling-1) under PEG induced drought stress condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intensive rice cultivation for longer periods continuously resulted in poor soil fertility. Inorganic fertilizers along with integrated and judicious use of different organic sources like FYM, vermicompost, green manure etc. could be an effective choice for enhancing crop yield. A synergistic effect on crop yield is reported through common use of fertilizer and organics which also improve soil fertility. The residual effects of organic manures applied to the preceding crops can be available to succeeding crop. Therefore, this experiments was planned to throw light on the use integrated nutrients through organic and inorganic sources on rice and its residual effect on succeeding greengram. Methods: A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on rice-greengram cropping sequence at Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat during 2012-15. Five nutrient combinations were evaluated in randomized block design for rice and its residual effect on productivity on succeeding greengram was studied with three fertilizer levels in split plot design. Result: Application of general recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) to rice has increased growth, yield, quality, economics and improved soil properties and the residual effect to succeeding greengram have also gave significantly higher greengram seed yield and other important parameters and this was succeeded by application of 75% RDF through chemical fertilizer + 25% RDF through vermicompost. Among different levels of fertilizers to greengram, application of 100% RDF gave highest greengram seed yield, economics and soil parameters over other two levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greengram is the fourth dominant pulse crop grown in India and is highly susceptible to bruchids and yellow mosaic virus. Ricebean belonging to the tertiary genepool of greengram shows resistance to this pest and disease. Ricebean being a minor pulse crop has limited SSR markers. Hence, the present study was conducted to test the cross-species amplification of SSR markers derived from related species which could be helpful in studying the molecular diversity available in each crop and for molecular confirmation of the inter-and intra-specific hybrid developed from the crosses. Methods: Molecular diversity analysis was carried out using 30 genotypes belonging to two species of Vigna (V. radiata and V. umbellata) based on 20 SSR primers derived from adzukibean, commonbean and greengram. Result: Cross species amplification was observed for all the SSR primers pairs used. The number of alleles detected varied from one (VJ 31122A) to four (CEDAAG 001 and MB 91) with an average of 2.55 alleles per primer. Allele size varied from 100 to 292 bp. The PIC value ranged from zero to 0.611 with an average value of 0.377. Dendrograms constructed based on UPGMA and Neighbour-Joining tree method, grouped the genotypes into five clusters and five groups, respectively. The V. umbellata genotypes were grouped in separate cluster from the V. radiata genotypes in both the methods. The obtained DNA polymorphism at intra- and inter-specific level will facilitate the application of molecular breeding approaches for greengram improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to determine the genetic relationships and diversity among 20 genotypes of greengram. Ten randomly chosen decamers in total were screened, and all of them were amplified. There were 1071 amplified bands in total, 110 of which were polymorphic, 10.27 percent polymorphism was the average. The band size of the final PCR-amplified products varied from 100 bp to 1000 bp. According to the presence or absence of unique alleles were found in sixteen genotypes of greengram. The values of the Jaccard's similarity coefficient for RAPD primers ranged from 0.0 to 0.5. The majority of the genotypes were divided into six major clusters based on the dendrogram produced by using the UPGMA method. The genetic distance between genotypes VRM-1 and MH 421 was the smallest, while the genetic distance between genotypes CO 1 and CO 8, VBN 3 and CO 2 (99%) was the greatest.Hence, these findings provides valuable information for molecular classification and marker-assisted breeding for crop improvement in the Vigna germplasm pool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cotton production is labour intensive in almost all the developing countries where it is picked by hand. However, due to acute labour shortage in recent times, mechanized harvesting is gaining momentum. Mechanized harvesting requires the application of defoliants, which reduces the cost of labour used for picking cotton and maximum cotton can be picked in a single pick (one picking) and providing timely sowing of next crop. So, farmers can get benefit of two crops instead of one single long duration cotton crop. Researchers have conducted various studies on defoliation in cotton using different chemicals and different defoliation methods. However, in India their usage could not be exploited much due to their limited availability. Methods: A field experiment entitled "Studies on defoliants in high density planting cotton-greengram sequence" was conducted during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 on clay soils at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla. Crop diversification of cotton with pulses (Greengram) is an alternative cropping system for monocropping of cotton to get higher returns and high land use efficiency. Result: Total cotton equivalent yield was highest with dropp ultra @ 250 ml ha-1 (D1) which was on par with Etherel @ 3000 ppm (D3) in 2018 and in pooled data. 80% boll opening recorded maximum total cotton equivalent yield, which was on par with node above cracked boll. Land use efficiency and production use efficiency were highest in late sown (80% boll opening) plots. The highest net returns and returns per rupee investment were noticed with application of defoliant dropp ultra @ 250 ml ha-1 (D1) and at 80% boll opening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greengram crop is grown round the year as a catch crop in different cropping systems of the uplands of the Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh. The practice of application of pre emergence herbicide like pendimethalin is very popular with the farmers for the control of weeds in the uplands, both in kharif and rabi seasons. Further spraying of a selective post emergence herbicide is also practiced by farmers. However, some of the weeds of kharif viz., Phyllanthus maderaspatensis and rabi viz., Chrozophora rottleri could not be controlled with these herbicides due to their late emergence or due to development of partial resistance to these herbicides. Certain new pre (PE) and post emergence (PoE) herbicides viz., pendimethalin 30% + imazethapyr 2%, acifluorfen sodium 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8%, fomesafen 11.1% + fluazifop -p-butyl 11.1%, are recommended in crops like soybean and groundnut. However, there is need to test these herbicides available in market for their suitability to control the weeds in greengram. Methods: A field experiment was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, with an objective to evaluate selected PE and PoE herbicide mixtures in greengram managing the major weeds of greengram grown in vertisols of Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh during kharif and rabi seasons of 2018 under upland conditions. Result: Among the two PE herbicides tested on greengram, pendimethalin 30% + imazethapyr 2% @ 0.75 + 0.05 kg/ha was found to be more effective in reducing the weed density and dry matter compared with pendimethalin 30% @ 0.75 kg/ha. The PoE herbicide mixtures tested viz., fomesafen 11.1% + fluazifop -p-butyl 11.1% @111g/ha, propaquizafop 2.5% + imazethapyr 3.75% @ 50+75 g/ha were on par with imazethapyr 10% @ 50g/ha in controlling the weed population without having any adverse affect on the growth and yield of greengram during kharif and rabi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maize followed by summer pulses is the emerging cropping system in many places in India. Herbicides are the efficient tools for checking weed infestation and their usage is increasing throughout the globe due to increased labour cost and quick weed control. Some herbicides do not degrade quickly and may remain in the soil for weeks, months or years after application and may inhibit the growth of succeeding crops. Methods: Field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) during rabi and summer seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 to know the residual effect of different herbicides applied in maize on succeeding greengram. Result: The present study revealed that lower density and dry weight of total weeds and higher yield attributes and yield was recorded with the practice of adopting two hand weedings at 15 and 30 DAS, which was however, at par with atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb one HW at 30 DAS, atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb topramezone 30 g ha-1 as PoE and atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 as PoE, without any significant disparity among them. Herbicides applied in maize did not alter statistically the enzyme activity and microbial count in the soil at harvest of succeeding greeengram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important crop grown extensively in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Despite the multifaceted importance of this crop, its production could not be stabilized in the Uttar Pradesh as well as in the country. There are several biotic and abiotic constraints hampering the production of mungbean crop. Among the diseases, anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the most important fungal diseases of mungbean in India. In recent past, it has become a major threat for mungbean cultivation particularly in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh during the Kharif crop season. Field experiments were conducted during July to September in 2019 and 2020 to find out a suitable management option for anthracnose in mungbean. Nine different fungicides and 190 mungbean germplasm were assessed against anthracnose. Twice sprays of Carbendazim at 1st appearance of symptoms at15 days interval gave the maximum reduction in incidence and severity of anthracnose i.e. 51.12% and 64.56%, respectively along with significant enhancement (53.39%) in grain yield during both the crop seasons. The second best effective fungicide for reduction of incidence and severity was combination of Carbendazim + Mancozeb followed by Azoxystrobin and Tebuconazole. Out of 190 mungbean germplasm, evaluated for resistance against anthracnose disease during two crop seasons, four genotypes viz., Pairy Mung, PMG-991, MGG-295 and Kopargaon were found to be moderately resistant against anthracnose disease. None of the germplasm were found to be resistant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Being an efficient N-fixer, mungbean improve the soil fertility status and can thereby serve as a useful component in any viable cropping system in the country. PROM has to be a better source of phosphate application. Indian soils are deficient in organic carbon. Sulphur is mostly applied to oilseed and pulse crops found to benefit more than one crop in a sequence due to its significant residual response. Methods: The investigation was conducted during kharif season of 2019 comprising five levels of phosphorus sources (Control, 16 kg P2O5/ha through DAP, 16 kg P2O5/ha through PROM, 32 kg P2O5/ha through DAP and 32 kg P2O5/ha through PROM) and three levels of sulphur (Control, 15 and 30 kg/ha) making 15 treatment combinations replicated three times in factorial randomized block design. Result: Application of 32 kg P2O5/ha through PROM recorded significantly higher growth, yield attributes, yields as well as net returns (...50440) with B:C ratio 2.93 as compared to 16 kg P2O5/ha through DAP, 16 kg P2O5/ha through PROM and 32 kg P2O5/ha through DAP. With regard to sulphur levels application of sulphur up to 30 kg/ha recorded significantly higher growth, yield attributes, yields as well net returns (...46723) with B:C ratio 2.96 over control and 15 kg S/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Green gram is one of the important pulse crops of chief protein source, with ability to fix nitrogen. Erratic rainfall, while it's grown as rainfed crop, leads to the yield loss due to water stress. Plant root system architecture is plastic and is important sink of photosynthates. In general, the ability of plants to change its root distribution for exploiting water deeper in soil profiles can be an important mechanism to avoid soil water stress. Identification of genotypes based on root traits under water stress conditions will aid in development of drought tolerant varieties for yield exploitation. Methods: The experiment was conducted during Rabi, 2018-19 with five green gram varieties as main treatment and irrigation intervals as sub treatments in three replications in factorial RBD in root structures. Observations were recorded on root parameters at flowering stage. The root structures were dismantled during flowering stage and all the plants removed from the soil without damaging the roots by using water with jet pump. Five representative samples were collected under different stress level. Root studies were performed with Delta T automatic root scanner. The SPAD chlorophyll meter was used to measure canopy leaves and average of the three readings was taken as SCMR value. Result: The present study results on root studies revealed that genotype, MGG-295 recorded highest mean plant height under three stress conditions and same genotype also produced longer root length under mild water stress conditions, higher SCMR values under non-stress and mild stress. Genotype, MGG-347 recorded highest root diameter under non- stress and mild stress. MGG-385 produced highest root length under control and severe stresses, highest SCMR values under severe stress, root dry weight under mild and severe water stresses and total plant dry weight under control and mild stress. MGG-360 recorded higher shoot fresh weight under severe stress and same genotype also recorded significant superior values for total root area under mild and severe water stress and root tip count under non-stress, mild stress and severe stress. MGG-351 recorded shoot fresh weight under non stress and mild stress situations and the same genotype recorded highest values for root diameter and total plant dry weight under severe stress. The identified genotypes can be used as water stress resistant genotypes in future drought proof breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and spotted pod borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer) are important pod boring insects infesting the greengram, [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] throughout the India. A number of synthetic insecticides are known to be effective against these borers but most of them have been phased out as a result of high toxicity to the pollinators and other biotic fauna, therefore, a group of new chemical insecticides with biopesticides have been tested for bioefficacy against these insect pests. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Rajasthan during kharif, 2018 in randomized block design (RBD) with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The observations were recorded of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and spotted pod borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer) borers one day before and 1, 3, 7 and 15 days after application of insecticides and biopesticides in each the spray from ten randomly selected and tagged plants/plot. From the data recorded per cent reduction in population over control was calculated. The per cent pod damage was calculated by counting damaged pods out of healthy pods of greengram. Result: The spinosad 45 SC (0.01%) proved to be most effective, indoxacarb 14.5 SC (0.01%) followed by fipronil 5 SC (0.01%), whereas, treatments of neem leaf extract (10.00%), Beauveria bassiana 1.15 WP 1X108 spore/l proved to be least effective. The maximum seed yield of 9.13 q ha-1 was obtained in the plots treated with spinosad 45 SC (0.01%) followed by indoxacarb 14.5 SC (0.01%) (8.89 q ha-1), fipronil 5 SC (0.01%) (8.60 q ha-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is known as one of the important crop of the Vigna group. In order to determine morphological traits of mungbean, multivariate analysis will provide important advantages in the selection phase of future breeding programs. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to determine and classify these traits. Multivariate analysis, that includes principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), is considered the best tool for selecting promising genotypes in the future breeding programs. Methods: Eighteen landraces and two species were used to classify morphological traits in this study. Nine different morphological traits were observed during the research period. These are; days to 50% flowering (DFT), plant height (PH), branches per plant (BPP), clusters per plant (CPP), number of pods per cluster (PPC), seed yield per plot (SYPP), biomass yield per plot (BYPP), harvest index (HI), 1000 seed weight (SW). Result: Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a high level of variation among the genotypes. Therefore, high variability was observed in DFT (36-59 day), PH (39-76 cm), BPP (3-7), CPP (4-21), SYPP (231-824 g), BYPP (3300-10300 g), HI (6.77-11.25%) and 1000 SW (19.95-50.50 g). According to cluster analysis, landraces with the least genetic diversity distance between them in terms of morphological traits examined were determined as 2 and 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mungbean is one of the most important legume crop with high nutritional value and is consumed in various forms in different parts of India. In order to meet its growing demand, there is a need to increase the yield through adoption of breeding approaches like heterosis breeding and breeding for high yielding varieties. This demands a critical study of the gene action involved in regulation of yield and yield attributing traits which can be achieved through generation mean analysis. Methods: In the present study, generation mean analysis was undertaken using five parameter model to estimate the nature and magnitude of gene action of yield and its component traits in six crosses of greengram. Result: Magnitude of dominance gene effect was reported to be higher than additive gene effect in most of the crosses. Either one or both the interaction components were found significant for all the traits besides number of branches per plant and hundred seed weight. It was evident from the study that the yield components could be improved by exploiting both additive and non-additive gene effects. The transgressive segregants thus produced will prompt the development of desirable high yielding genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rise in temperature and expected changes in erratic rainfall patterns projected under future climates are going to affect the performance and productivity of most crops, especially under rainfed condition. But, extent of adverse effect would vary from location to location and crop to crop. Greengram is an important Kharif season crop of Northern Transition Zone (NTZ) of Karnataka mainly grown under rainfed conditions. Methods: Calibrated and validated DSSAT-CROPGRO model was used to study response of greengram to climate change in NTZ of Karnataka. A combination of three temperature (control, +1°C and +2°C) and three rainfall (control, -10% and -20%) scenarios resulting nine combinations were used to simulate phenology, yield and total biomass using weather data for the period of 32 years (1985-2016). Result: Model based seasonal analysis showed that the greengram is more sensitive to change in rainfall than temperature. Rise in temperature by 1-2°C, reduced days to physiological maturity by 2 to 3 days and yield by 1.7 to 3.5%. On the contrary, reduction in 20% rainfall alone reduced grain yield and total biomass by 9.5% and 10.48%, respectively. Combined effect of reduced rainfall (-20%) and elevated temperature (2°C) resulted in 16.36 and 21.16% reduction in grain yield and total biomass, respectively. This indicates that, rainfall plays greater role on kharif greengram yield in NTZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is one of the highly consumed legumes and has the ability to withstand wide environmental conditions. Sixty greengram genotypes were evaluated for genetic relatedness with 11 quantitative traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, the number of primary branches per plant, the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per cluster, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, pod length, hundred seed weight and single plant yield. The data were subjected to variability, genetic advance, heritability, correlation and path analysis. In this study, the phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was found to be high for the number of clusters per pod and the number of pods per plant. High heritability was noticed for single plant yield, plant height and hundred seed weight. The genetic advance was found to be very high for the number of pods per plant. Association studies revealed that the single plant yield was significantly correlated with the number of pods per plant (0.75) followed by the number of pods per cluster (0.60), the number of clusters per plant (0.58) and the number of seeds per pod (0.49). The direct and positive effect was recorded for the traits viz., days to maturity (1.44), the number of pods per cluster (0.67), pod length (0.46) and plant height (0.24). Phenotypic selection of traits contributing to grain yield exhibiting high heritability and genetic advance would help in the selection of superior genotypes for the improvement of grain yield in greengram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, most efficient salinity stress tolerant Rhizobium strain named Rhizobium pusence strain KHDEB5 was identified from root nodules of OUM-11-15 out of fifteen endophytic isolates from root nodules of four (PDM54, SML668, Pusa Baisakhi and OUM- 11-15) green gram cultivars from five different locations of Khordha district of Odisha, India and after a series of evaluation. Its 16S rRNA sequence was provided with accession number KY679150 by NCBI. Nodulation behavior of R. pusense strain KHDEB5 was evaluated under different levels of salinity stress (NaCl concentrations) by bioinoculation with green gram (cv. OUM-11-15) seeds. In seed germination bioassay (green gram cv. OUM-11-15) with five nodulating rhizobium strain, R. pusense strain KHDEB5 recorded (31%) higher seedling dry weight with salinity stress upto 500 mM of NaCl when compared with the other strains. The strain R. pusense strain KHDEB5 was found to be most tolerant to salinity (up to 1000 mM NaCl) and also could tolerate up to pH 8.5. In pot culture study, with same seed, Rhizobium pusense strain could enhance N concentration in green gram with salinity stress upto 1000 mM of NaCl. Bioinoculation of most efficient endophyte R. pusense strain KHDEB5 could enhance 112% to 137% N concentration in green gram without salinity stress and 31% with salinity stress upto 1000 mM of NaCl in pot culture studies. R. pusence strain KHDEB5 could be considered most resistant native rhizobium to enhance root nodulation even at salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important pulse crops in India. It is a protein rich staple food which contains about 25 per cent protein; It belongs to family leguminaceae so it has the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Soil application of nutrients is often not enough to meet the growing crop demand particularly in short duration crop like greengram. Therefore, it is hypothesized that foliar nutrition in addition to soil application in commensuration with prevailing weather particularly rainfall will go a long way in meeting crop nutrient need and thereby may help in enhancing poductivity. Foliar application of nutrients using water soluble fertilizer is on the possible ways to enhance the productivity of pulses like greengram. The importance of foliar application of micronutrients i.e., Zinc is essential for enzymes that are involved in many metabolic reactions, necessary for chlorophyll production and for starch formation aids in seed formation. Iron is essential for maintainance of chlorophyll and also an essential component of haemoglobin molecule. Manganese has a role of formation of plants naturally occurring antifungal compounds helping to fight disease infection. It is involved in the enzyme the growth may have biological reactions in plant tissue. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during Zaid season 2019-2020 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, (U.P.) India. To study the "Effect of foliar applied micronutrient on growth and yield of Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)". The present investigation was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) consisted of 9 treatments replicated thrice. Result: The results revealed that the maximum growth attributes such as plant height (42.42 cm), dry matter accumulation (113.39 g/m2) and crop growth rate (1.69 g/m2/day) was recorded with RDF + Fe 0.5% + Zn 0.5% + Mn 0.5% at 30 DAS, whereas maximum number of nodules/plant (11) was recorded with RDF+ Fe 0.5% at 30 DAS. However, higher yield and yield attributes i.e. Number of pods/plant (58.40), number of grains/pod (9.73), 1000 grain weight (38.38 g), seed yield (1384.33) kg/ha, stover yield (2253.33) kg/ha and harvest index (42.44 %) was recorded with RDF + Fe 0.5% + Zn 0.5% + Mn 0.5% at 30 DAS. Similarly, higher net returns (Rs 59912/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.51) was also recorded with RDF + Fe 0.5% + Zn 0.5% + Mn 0.5% at 30 DAS as compared to control (RDF + water spray). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 'Rain' plays a very important role since most of the agricultural productivity is rainfall dependent. However at the same time unpredictable and untimely rainfall are also responsible for crop loss. In India, our North-eastern region receives the highest amount of rainfall. Even in pre-monsoon season, our region receives very high amount of rainfall which hampers the crop production, especially the summer season greengram. Hence, an effort had been made to screen some genotypes of summer greengram, tolerant to waterlogging condition. A study was carried out during the summer season to evaluate the physiological performance of some greengram genotypes as influenced by waterlogging condition of varying duration imposed at early vegetative stage of growth. Methods: From an initial screening of forty genotypes in laboratory condition, five genotypes were selected based on germination percentage, seedling length and vigour index. These five genotypes were further evaluated in a pot experiment with four treatment combinations comprising of control (T1), waterlogging for 4 days (T2), waterlogging for 8 days (T3) and waterlogging for 12 days (T4). Waterlogging conditions were created in the pots at the time of sowing. Result: Water logging caused adverse effect on growth and development of all the genotypes, with the longest waterlogging showing severe deleterious effect. The parameters viz. germination percentage, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, plant height, nitrate reductase activity, number of seeds pod-1, pods plant-1, root length, number of root nodules plant-1 and harvest index were found to decline under waterlogged condition whereas, lipid peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity showed higher values under waterlogged condition. The performance of the genotype Sadiya Local was found to be the best from the point of view of tolerance as indicated by higher seed yield followed by AKM 12-28. The better performance of this genotype appeared to be related to the higher values for some traits viz. germination percentage, leaf chlorophyll, nitrate reductase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, number of pods plant-1 and harvest index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of presowing seed treatment, sowing windows and seasons on seed yield and quality of greengram by sowing the treated seeds on two dates each in summer and kharif. The treatments viz., 8 hours of water soaking; priming with 100 ppm MnSO4, 1% neem leaf extract, 5 ppm GA3, 1% KCl; coating with 10 ml linseed oil, 50 gm rhizobium, 4 g Trichoderma per kg seed; combination of neem leaf extract priming and rhizobium coating, combination of linseed oil and rhizobium coating. Seed quality and yield was highly influenced by seed treatments, dates and seasons; treatment and seasonal effects being greater than sowing dates. GA3, KCl and MnSO4 primed seed found most effective for enhancing the seed quality and yield. Summer season was better than kharif season for both seed quality and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among the pulse crops mungbean is one of the richest sources of protein. There is great loss in the yield of mungbean due to various reasons may be biotic or abiotic constraints. To overcome the yield loss various physiological activities are studied. Physiological activities of the plant are greatly influenced by the source manipulation, plant growth regulators and chemical in mungbean. In correspondence to this, an experiment was conducted to study the physiological parameters in greengram. Methods: A factorial randomized block design in two respective years, i.e. 2016 and 2017 to study the response of source manipulation (nipping, 25% defoliation and 50% defoliation), plant growth regulators (GA3 and NAA at 25 and 50mg/l respectively) and chemical (Thiourea 500 and 1000mg/l) on the physiological parameters like Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) and Leaf Area (LA) in greengram at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS/harvest at Regional Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. Result: From the obtained results it can be proposed that the physiological parameters like crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate increased with the increasing phase and decreased at harvesting stage. While leaf area increased significantly at each growth phase. The treatment of nipping M2 was noted significantly higher value for CGR i.e., 8.42, 16.17 and 11.48 g/cm²/day/10, for RGR i.e., 0.544, 2.967 and 1.290 g/day, for NAR i.e., 0.466, 2.959 and 1.484 mg/cm²/day and for LA i.e. 96.87, 218.94, 381.88 and 588.78 cm². While the treatment S2 GA3 25 mg/l was noted significantly higher value for CGR i.e, 8.60, 16.67 and 11.69 g/cm²/day/10, for RGR i.e., 0.568, 2.938 and 1.202 g/day, for NAR i.e., 0.372, 3.043 and 1.529 mg/cm²/day and for LA i.e., 96.61, 224.75, 382.20 and 580.42 cm² contributing to the higher seed yield under M2 nipping treatment i.e., (1719.7 kg/ha) and S2 treatment i.e., GA3 25 mg/l (1714.1 kg/ha). Thus, GAM-5 had a better source-sink partitioning efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate 44 greengram genotypes using correlation, path analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis based on ten morphological traits. Basic descriptive statistics showed considerable variance for all the traits. Association analysis indicated that, number of pods per plant, number of pod clusters per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of branches per plant showed significant positive association with seed yield per plant. Path analysis specified that the highest positive direct effect on single plant yield was exerted by days to 50% flowering, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed 79.12 per cent of the variability by the first five components. PC1 was associated mainly with seed yield per plant, number of pod clusters per plant, number of pods per plant and number of branches per plant. The Wards method of hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the accessions into six major clusters. The clustering of greengram genotypes based on different morphological traits would be useful to identify the promising genotypes for effective utilization in future breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greengram variety VBN 4 is derived from PDM 139 x BB 2664. The average yield of VBN 4 is 1024kg/ha. It is 16.8 and 21.3 per cent yield increase over VBN (Gg) 3 and CO 8, respectively. It matures in 65 - 70 days. It recorded seed yield of 1251kg/ha under irrigated condition. It is 27.5 and 31.2 per cent increase over VBN (Gg)3 and CO 8, respectively. In rainfed condition, this variety recorded seed yield of 936kg/ha. It is 12.0 and 15.7 per cent increase over VBN (Gg) 3 and CO 8, respectively. Special traits of this variety are multi bloom, non-shattering type, moderate resistance to Mung bean Yellow Mosaic Virus and powdery mildew diseases and resistance to urd bean leaf crinkle virus disease. It is suitable for cultivation in Adi, Puratasi, Markazhi/Thai and chithirai pattam in Tamil Nadu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effect of seed inoculation treatments with biological agents on seed germination, field emergence and its effect on seed during summer season. Seeds of green gram variety Pratap (SG-1) were treated with microbial formulations of seven treatments which consisted of-Rhizobium (T1), Trichoderma harzianum (T2), Trichoderma viride (T3), Bacillus megaterium (T4), Trichoderma harzianum + Trichoderma viride + Bacillus megaterium (T5), Rhizobium + Trichoderma harzianum + Trichoderma viride + Bacillus megaterium (T6) and Control (T7). Shoot length, root length and seedling dry weight were recorded after 20 days of sowing, observations on nodulation, yield and yield contributing characters were recorded at maturity and germination characteristics of the seeds were studied in the laboratory. It was observed that seeds treated with combined inoculation of Rhizobium @ 4 g + Bacillus megaterium @ 5ml/1000 ml of water + Trichoderma harzianum @ 5ml/1000 ml of water + Trichoderma viride @ 5ml/1000 ml of water (T6) recorded significantly higher field emergence (91.25%), speed of emergence (42.14), seedling dry weight (1.67mg), shoot length (25.48 cm), seed yield (992 kg ha-1), Stover yield (1870 kg ha-1), number of pods plant-1 (37), number of seeds pod-1 (13.25), 100 seed weight (3.63g) root length (9.22 cm) and nodulation (15). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain yield is a polygenically controlled trait which depends on many other component characters. But all the component characters are not directly associated with seed yield. Trait based yield improvement is always convenient for the plant breeders. In the present investigation, association analysis was carried out with five greengram genotypes (VGG 15-030, VGG 16-029, VGG 16-046, VGG 16-058 and VBN (Gg)2) of different duration, pod length and seed weight categories. Among the five genotypes, VGG 16-058 an extra early (55 days) and bold seeded (5.24g). VGG 15-030 was small seeded (2.94 g) genotype with small pod length (7.8 cm). Association analysis revealed that, in all the duration, pod length and seed weight categories, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant and number of pods per cluster was positively correlated with seed yield per plant. Genotype (VGG 16-029) with long pod (10.1 cm) and medium sized seed (4.4 g) alone had positive and significant association of all the yield traits with seed yield per plant. Besides, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, the other yield attributes also can be considered like long pod (>10 cm) and medium sized seed (3.0-5.0 g) category as important parameters for the improvement of greengram yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted to study the nature of inheritance of MYMV among intra-specific crosses among three MYMV susceptible and five MYMV resistant genotypes of green gram. The molecular screening and hotspot evaluation is carried out in fifteen F1 progenies and 8 F2 families, respectively. The yellow mosaic-affected leaf samples gave positive results with MYMIV specific primer pairs YFP1/YRP1 and YFP2/YRP2 amplified fragments having size of 704bp and 648 bp, respectively. Coat protein gene sequence analysis revealed that the identified virus is homologous to MYMV. The inheritance study based on F2 data indicated the ratio of MYMV resistant plants and susceptible plants showed a good fit to expected 3:1 (Susceptible: Resistant) suggesting a typical monogenic recessive gene governing resistant reaction to MYMV besides resting the susceptibility from the susceptible parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mean performances of F5 progenies obtained from an interspecific cross between greengram (Vigna radiata cv (VBN(Gg)2)) and blackgram (Vigna mungo cv (Mash 114)) showed some of progenies viz., 7-6, 12-13, 12-24, 5-3 and 30-70 recorded significant superiority on seed yield per plant and also with some other yield traits too. Based on the leaf shape, the F5 progenies were grouped as lobed and ovate respectively as the green gram VBN(Gg)2 is lobed and blackgram Mash 114 is ovate to know the key component besides the superiority on yield and yield components among the segregating progenies as enormous variations were observed. The association analysis among the progenies based on the leaf shape groups revealed that the association among both the leaf group on seed yield per plant and its component traits are similar except for 100-seed weight as same as the parents. Hence the association confirmed that the variation has been governed by the blackgram genome to the green gram genome. Hence, the selection indices for ovate leaf group, emphasis should be given to 100-seed weight in addition to other traits viz., plant height, the number of branches per plant, the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per clusters, the number of pods per plant, pod length and the number of seeds per pod. However, the selection indices for lobed leaf group to be given to all the traits except 100 - seed weight. In general, among the traits studied the first and foremost importance has to be given for the number of pods per plant, the number of clusters per plant and the number of branches per plant followed by other yield traits while framing the selection procedure for the interspecific progenies. Further selection is to be based on MYMV disease resistance and yield attributes for developing superior performing varieties among the derivatives of green gram and blackgram interspecific cross. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea, blackgram and greengram are important rabi pulse crops grown in Andhra Pradesh. Adoption gaps were identified in these crops indicating the need for the demonstration of the improved crop management practices. In chickpea the variety NBeG47, blackgram TBG 104, greengram variety WGG 42 were introduced in farmers fields in rabi season. Along with the varietal introduction the whole package of improved management practices were demonstrated. A total of 50 FLDs each in chickpea, blackgram and greengram were organized for two consecutive years 2016-17 and 2017-18 in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. Highest yield of 27.50 q/ha was recorded with NBeG-47 in the demo fields with an average yield of 25.50 q/ha. In blackgram a highest yield of 17.25 q/ha was recorded in the demo with an average yield of 14.59 q/ha as againstcheck with an average yield of 11.50 q/ha. In greengram a highest yield of 16.50 q/ha was recorded in the demo fields with an average yield of 15.12 q/ha as against check with an average yield of 10.00 q/ha. Paired t test of the economics of demo and check showed significant positive difference between improved practice and farmers practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out at National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban during Rabi 2017-18 season to assess the extent of genetic variability among the newly developed 49 greengram genotypes based on the yield and yield contributing traits. Observations were recorded on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), the number of branches per plant, the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per cluster, the number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), the number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg/ha). The analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant variation for all the characters studied except for the number of seeds per pod. In general, the PCV values were higher than the GCV values indicating the influence of environment in controlling these traits. Among the estimates of genetic parameters, heritability along with genetic advance are normally more helpful in predicting the gain under selection. In the present investigation, plant height, the number of branches per plant, the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight and seed yield have recorded a high heritability coupled with high genetic advance. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance indicated that the selection may be effective for these traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted in Line x Tester mating design using 40 hybrids 14 parents to estimate the combining ability effects and heterosis for yield and yield attributing traits in greengram. Combining ability analysis indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action for all the traits studied. Considering the per se performance and gca effects VBN 2 and ADT 3 (Lines) and IPM-02-03, Pusa 0871 and EC 398897 (Testers) were adjudged as best parents and crosses involving these are expected to throw desirable segregants. Considering the per se performance, significant sca effects and desirable heterosis, the hybrids ADT 3 x IPM-02-03, ADT 3 x IPM-02-14, ADT 3 x PDM 139, ADT 3 x TM-11-34, IPM-409- 04 x EC 398897, SML 1074 x PUSA 0871, VBN 2 x EC 398897 and VBN 2 x PUSA 0871 were found to be superior for number of pod clusters per plant, number of pods per plant and single plant. These hybrids can be utilized to develop high yielding varieties with desirable traits. Gene action analysis revealed preponderance of both additive and non-additive genes for yield and its contributing characters. Hence, these combinations are the best for the current study and they can be directly utilized for realizing improved greengram yield without much compromise on other desirable traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low productivity is mainly due to fact that green gram is grown under rainfed environments with vagaries of monsoon. Hence stability of green gram genotypes was analysed during three years in rainfed condition in this study to identify stable genotypes. Among the 15 genotypes along with three checks studied the genotypes G14, G5 and G7 were stable genotypes with high mean yield. These three genotypes show stability for number of pods per plant. The genotype G14 also recorded the lowest value for days to 50 percent flowering with high stability showing early maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study one hundred and seven greengram genotypes screened at Department of Pulses, TNAU, Coimbatore using AICRP pest susceptibility scale. It was observed that RME-16-3, RME-16-12, MLT-GG R-16-007, MLT-GG R-16-009, COGG 1319 (rabi-greengram) were highly resistant (HR) to Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus (ULCV). None of the greengram genotype is highly resistant in kharif season. Resistance in each case were associated with lower incidence, lower spread and milder symptoms relative to the susceptible cultivars. KEM 16-1, KEM 16-8, KEM 16-20, KME -33, MLT-GG K-16-01, MLT-GG K-16-05 (kharif-greengram) and RME-16-10, MLT-GG R-16-008 (rabi-greengram) were highly susceptible (HS). In susceptible cultivars of greengram, the disease is characterized by enlargement of trifoliate leaves and crinkling of the leaf lamina. However, severity of the symptoms varies in different cultivars. Early infected greengram plants showed complete sterility. The affected plants become stunted and gave a bushy appearance and no pods were formed in severely affected plants. Better understanding of resistance of genotypes will help in improvement of varieties resistant to viral diseases will certainly brighten the prospects of plant virus control in the coming decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bacterial strain RV9 recovered from greengram nodules tolerated 2400μg/mL of hexaconazole and was identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis as Bradyrhizobium japonicum (KY940048). Strain RV9 produced IAA (61.6μg/mL), ACC deaminase (51.7mg/(protein·hr)), solubilized TCP (105μg/mL), secreted 337.6μg/mL EPS, and produced SA (52.2μg/mL) and 2,3-DHBA (28.3μg/mL). Exopolysaccharides produced by strain RV9 was quantified and characterized by SEM, AFM, EDX and FTIR. Beyond tolerance limit, hexaconazole caused cellular impairment and reduced the viability of strain RV9 revealed by SEM and CLSM. Hexaconazole distorted the root tips and altered nodule structure leading thereby to reduction in the performance of greengram. Also, the level of antioxidant enzymes, proline, TBARS, ROS and cell death was increased in hexaconazole treated plants. CLSM images revealed a concentration dependent increase in the characteristic green and blue fluorescence of hexaconazole treated roots. The application of B. japonicum strain RV9 alleviated the fungicide toxicity and improved the measured plant characteristics. Also, rhizobial cells were localized inside tissues as revealed by CLSM. Colonization of B. japonicum strain RV9 decreased the levels of CAT, POD, APX, GPX and TBARS by 80%, 5%, 13%, 13% and 19%, respectively over plants grown at 80μg/(hexaconazole·kg) soil. The ability to detoxify hexaconazole, colonize plant tissues, secrete PGP bioactive molecules even under fungicide pressure and its unique ability to diminish oxidative stress make B. japonicum an attractive choice for remediation of fungicide polluted soils and to concurrently enhance greengram production under stressed environment. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variability studies were carried out in the present study for eight quantitative traits such as days to first flowering, plant height, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, total number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and single plant yield. Significant variability did exist among F2 of two crosses for all the eight quantitative characters recorded. The variation was recorded to be the highest for plant height followed by number of pods per plant. Highest GCV and PCV estimates were observed for number of pods per plant in all the three crosses. Hence direct selection based on these traits would be effective. Based on heritability and genetic advance, most of the traits except plant height and single plant yield recorded high heritability coupled with low genetic advance in all these crosses. These findings revealed presence of dominance and epitasis gene effect and the selection based on these traits may not be rewarding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mutation breeding, occurrence of chlorophyll deficient mutants is the best index to assess efficient dose of mutagen in producing genetic variability. The seeds of three greengram varieties viz., CO(Gg)7, CO5 and VBN(Gg)3 were irradiated with 550Gy and 600Gy dose of gamma rays. In M2 generation, totally 2957 mutant lines of three varieties were raised in plant to progeny basis. Five different types of chlorophyll deficient mutants viz., albino, xantha, chlorina, viridis and variegated leaf mutants were observed in mutated population of three greengram varieties in M2 generation. Frequency of occurrence was more in lower dose, 550Gy irrespective of the varieties. Among different chlorophyll deficient mutants, albino occurred more frequently followed by xantha and variegated leaf mutants. Chlorophyll deficient mutants were observed only in M2 and M3 generation but not in further generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]