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Background: Internal parasitosis is the most important parasitism in small ruminants in tropical region. Synthetic anthelmintics are usually used for their control. Due to the emergence of resistance in worm population, the use of alternative methods such as plants bioactive molecules are developed. This study aimed at assessing anthelmintic activity of nine varieties of Cajanus cajan, a taniferous plant cultivated in West Africa. Methods: Leaves of the nine varieties of Cajanus cajan were dried, ground and hydroacetonic extracts were obtained by cold maceration at a concentration of 60 mg/ml. Live adult of Haemonchus contortus were obtained from sheep's stomach and exposed, in triplicate, to the following solutions: hydroacetonic extracts (60 mg/ml), hydroacetonic extracts (60 mg/ml) associated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (50 mg/ml), Levamisole (20 mg/ml) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Worm death time was recorded for each treatment. Result: Worms exposed to Levamisole recorded the shortest death time about 9.73±1.77 min. The potent of the extracts induced worm death time of 64.83±4.73 min while the least efficient induced a death time of 156.50±23.20 min. Worms in the PBS solution were still alive after 24 hours of exposure. These results indicated that the four varieties of C. cajan used in this study have promising wormicidal. Besides that, the effect of tannins were not the only compound responsible for the anthelmintic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of gastrointestinal parasites in animals has become more challenging every year due to parasite resistance to conventional chemical control, which has been observed worldwide. Ovicidal or opportunistic fungi do not form traps to capture larvae. Their mechanism of action is based on a mechanical/enzymatic process, which enables the penetration of their hyphae into helminth eggs, with subsequent internal colonization of these. The biological control with the Pochonia chlamydosporia fungus has been very promising in the treatment of environments and prevention. When used in intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, the fungus promoted a high percentage decrease in the population density of aquatic snails. Secondary metabolites were also found in P. chlamydosporia. Many of these compounds can be used by the chemical industry in the direction of a commercial product. This review aims to provide a description of P. chlamydosporia and its possible use as a biological parasitic controller. The ovicidal fungus P. chlamydosporia is effective in the control of parasites and goes far beyond the control of verminosis, intermediate hosts, and coccidia. It can also be used not only as biological controllers in natura but also as their metabolites and molecules can have chemical action against these organisms. Key points: • The use of the fungus P. chlamydosporia is promising in the control of helminths. • Metabolites and molecules of P. chlamydosporia may have chemical action in control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In helminthosis, the main reaction of the immun system is manifested by allergic processes and an immune suppressive state. In helminths, the defense factors of the immun sistem are weak and the are not able to eliminate the parazites from the body. The immune response is more pronounced in facultative and tissue helmints, especially in the migration phase. In helminthosis, the role of antigens is played by helminth somatic antigens, some substances formed as a result of parasitic life activity, and antigens migration time from the changing the cover of surfs during migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals about how study the control measures against ascariasis, which is widespread among birds in the western zone of the republic. The best effective drugs against helminthiasis of birds are fenbendazole, nilverm, mebednazol, fenesal, filixan, hyperazine. These drugs should be given with feed or as a solution in water, in the dosage and order according to their instructions. The research work was carried out in the "Chinarli" peasant farm located in Shamkir region, in the laboratory of the "Epizootology, microbiology and parasitology" department of the "Veterinary Medicine" faculty. Mattresses and feathers of birds should be neutralized by biothermal or thermal methods, buildings and equipment should be disinfected regularly, a disinfecting place should be made at the entrance of birdhouses, and the place of birds kept in camp conditions should be changed every year. If helminths adapt to one of these drugs, deworming should be replaced by another drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rodents harbour a number of parasites of public health importance, thus, they threaten human health and livestock. Aims: The present study aimed to characterize two helminthic species found in commensal rodents and record histo-physiological alterations induced by them. Methods: A total of 300 synanthropic rodents of three species: Rattus rattus (n=201), Bandicota bengalensis (n=90), and Mus musculus (n=09) were live trapped and necropsied in different seasons during November 2017 to October 2019 at Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Results: Liver of two species B. bengalensis (72.22%) and R. rattus (65.67%) were found infected with two helminthic parasites Taenia taeniaeformis, and Calodium hepaticum. These endoparasites were present either alone (4.33-6.33%) or as mixed infection (65.55%). The level of total proteins and liver marker enzymes including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were found significantly higher in the liver of rodent species infected with single and mixed infection compared to those with no infection. In histopathological assay, granulomatous liver lesions and necrosis of hepatocytes were seen which were associated with eggs and adults of C. hepaticum and inflammatory reaction in hepatic parenchyma adjoining to cysts of T. taeniaeformis. Based upon scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identification and molecular characterization using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) region, the metacestodes in whitish cysts were confirmed to be of T. taeniaeformis for the first time in Punjab, India. Conclusion: The study highlights an alarmingly high infection of rodents with zoonotic parasites and suggests immediate pest (rodent) control to check the dissemination of zoonotic diseases by helminth species under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is continued reliance on conventional veterinary drugs including anthelmintics, to some of which resistance has developed. Loss of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) from societies affects the opportunities for utilization of ethnopharmacological practices unless properly documented. This study was conducted to identify common traditional practices using medicinal plants against helminthosis and other livestock diseases in Mpigi and Gulu districts of Uganda. Methods: Seven focus group discussions with ten farmers per group plus 18 key informant interviews were held in each district from August to November 2011. Ranking was used to quantify disease burdens and to identify priority livestock and breeds. Samples of each plant were submitted to Makerere University herbarium for identification and documentation. The local name, relative availability and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status were recorded. Results: Seventy six farmers in Mpigi and 74 in Gulu were interviewed. Theileriosis and helminthosis were the most common disease conditions in cattle and goats, respectively. Forty plant species within 34 genera from 22 botanical families were identified, with 20 of these used against helminthosis. Other plants treated wounds and ecto-parasites, theileriosis, retained placenta and bovine ephemeral fever. Non-plant practices (7) and plants cited were used in combinations depending on availability. Males older than 40 years had most ethnopharmacological knowledge. Most plants (75%, n = 40) were common, but 10 were rare. IUCN status was not evaluated for 95% of these plants. Conventional and traditional drug use in Gulu and Mpigi districts was different (χ² = 24; p < 0.001). The scientific, English, Luganda and Acholi names of all plants and their availability within the communities are documented herein. Conclusion: This is the first detailed livestock-related ethnopharmacological study in Gulu district. Farmers in Uganda are still using a variety of practices to treat livestock ailments. Scientific validation and evaluation of conservation status are urgently needed to ensure future availability and knowledge about these plant resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From July 2010 to December 2011, an epidemiological survey on the main cattle helminthosis was conducted and involved a total of 821 cattle slaughtered at the abattoirs of Ain El Assel and Bouteldja. The results indicate that fasciolosis, hydatidosis and oesophagostomosis dominate with prevalences of 52.4%, 30.9% and 31.3% respectively. Coexist with these pathologies: paramphistomosis, haemonchosis, dictyocaulosis and monieziosis with prevalences of 19.2%, 17%, 15.4% and 11.1% respectively. Overall, the intensity of these parasitic entities is low. The origin of cattle does not affect significantly the prevalence of these pathologies (p≥ 0.05). However it is noted that Ain El Assel and Bouteldja are the most affected areas. Females and cattle over 5 years are the most infested, except for oesophagostomosis where young males (1-3 years) seem the most infested. In addition, all entities are observed throughout the year except for haemonchosis and monieziosis which disappear in December, dictyocaulosis which is absent in January and paramphistomosis which is not observed in January and February. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helminthosis in livestock has been a problem from time immemorial. Local farmers have ancient methods of controlling helminth parasites which had limited applications and success. Modern methods of controlling helminths are more effective if properly and strategically administered in such a way as to ensure adequate control of helminths and at the least possible cost to the farmer. Many factors militate against the control of Helminthosis in developing countries. Some of these factors are the literacy level of farmers, government funding and problems associated with experts in the field who are supposed to be involved in the control of Helminthosis. In this review some solution is proffered against these factors so as to ensure maximum helminth control and greater productivity of livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]