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Dans l'incapacité où nous sommes de comprendre le sens que donnaient les chasseurs-collecteurs paléolithiques à leur art pariétal, nous sommes réduits à porter sur lui un regard extérieur, tentant seulement d'en déchiffrer la structure, telle qu'elle ressort des choix quantitatifs et des modalités formelles. C'est notre seule façon de nous en approcher, en anthropologues de la société dans laquelle vivait l'homme de la préhistoire et d'aborder les questions existentielles qu'il se posait. L'art est un puissant moteur qui permet de créer une unité culturelle entre des groupes éloignés. En apportant une dimension non utilitaire aux réseaux d'échange qui jouaient un rôle vital, l'art a développé un modèle de relations sociales dans lequel les hommes et les femmes ont appris à partager des idées, des valeurs, des croyances et une vision du monde. En ce sens, l'art paléolithique a contribué à la création d'une véritable culture dont nous sommes aujourd'hui les héritiers. À travers le modèle des animaux, les images ont fortement aidé à la construction d'une telle société munie de règles et de normes intangibles. Le rôle exceptionnel joué par le cheval pendant plus de 25 000 ans, dans toute l'Europe, montre comment un symbole peut servir de marqueur permettant d'unifier une vaste communauté. Since we are unable to understand the meaning that Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers gave to their cave art, we are reduced to looking at it from the outside, trying only to decipher its structure, as revealed by quantitative choices and formal procedures. This is the only way we can approach, as anthropologists, the society in which prehistoric man lived and the existential questions he asked himself. Art is a powerful force for creating cultural unity between distant groups. By bringing a non-utilitarian dimension to the exchange networks that played a vital role, art has developed a model of social relations in which men and women learned to share ideas, values, beliefs and a vision of the world. In this sense, Palaeolithic art contributed to the creation of a genuine culture, whose heirs we are today. Through the model of animals, images played a key role in the construction of a society with intangible rules and norms. The exceptional role played by the horse for more than 25,000 years, throughout Europe, shows how a symbol can be used as a marker to unify a vast community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixing of pigs is usually followed by fights that serve to establish a rank order. For the present study, the rank orders in 33 groups of weaner pigs (groups of six and 12 pigs) were determined using various dominance indices. For this purpose, the results of rank order fights were recorded by video analysis for 72 hours after mixing. The following indices were calculated: David's Score (DS), normalized David Score (nDS), Average Dominance Index (ADI), Frequency Based Dominance Index (FDI) and Rank Index (RI). For all groups, the steepness of the hierarchy was determined using the nDS and a clear expression of the rank orders was demonstrated by means of randomization tests (P < 0.05). The calculation of the dominance indices revealed high Pearson correlations between DS/nDS, ADI and RI (corr 0.936 -- 0.981), but low correlations between FDI and the other indices (corr 0.331 -- 0.393). In groups of 12, there were differences of up to seven rank positions when comparing the FDI with the other indices. In groups of six pigs, the individual rank positions resulting from the different indices differed by a maximum of two positions, which was more often the case with the FDI. The present study shows that the use of different dominance indices can lead to differences in the individual rank positions determined for group members. A generally best index was not identified, since it was shown that -- depending on the data structure -- all indices can also deliver implausible ranking results. Due to its calculation method, the FDI seems to be less suitable for groups of weaner pigs. The nDS also allows the steepness of the hierarchy to be determined, which can be seen as an advantage. For a comparison of different group sizes, ADI and RI are recommended because they are scaled to a specific range, and thus are independent of group size. Consequently, the index values can be compared directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dictators, rebel commanders, and mafia bosses frequently delegate gruesome and immoral tasks to their subordinates. However, most individuals want to avoid such work. This analytical essay proposes an institutional logic to understand how dictatorships, insurgent organizations, and criminal gangs get their evil work done nonetheless. We argue that common features of organizations produce mundane career pressures that incentivize subordinates to zealously execute reprehensible tasks. Subordinates may come under pressure for six distinct reasons: incompetence, misconduct, origin, isolation, organizational backlog, and shrinkage. Superiors, in turn, can exploit that pressured subordinates hope to improve their prospects for advancement by loyally executing the organization's evil tasks. Empirically, we illustrate how Nazi Germany utilized each of the suggested career pressures to staff the units in charge of the Holocaust. We highlight that our logic might also apply to less extreme forms of organizational evil. Together, the essay offers a novel perspective to demystify radical behavior in state and non-state organizations with important implications for our understanding of transnational terrorist violence and underworld crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research seeks to integrate social theory into the spatiality analysis of the Andean Spanish of the Santandereano subdialect (Santander department [state], Colombia). The application of a probabilistic methodology allowed the identification of linguistic hierarchical centers, given the impact of population size and geographical and social distance between these localities and the communities within their range of influence. A qualitative analysis stablished the effect of the physical friction of distance on the development of perceptions and values associated with the social environment -an eminently rural space characterized by strong social networks-. Linguistic distance and other factors of resistance such as regional idiosyncrasies reinforce a type of linguistic conservatism that promotes greater distinction between regional varieties. The integration of the spatial dimension through geolinguistics leads the study to advance the proposal for the regional division of this variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this interpretive essay we consider aspects of the existence of social elites in the Nasrid emirate and we raise some of the great problems that still exist regarding them in the historiographic production that concerns the Kingdom of Granada, especially based on Castilian sources. The questions asked range from terminological aspects: What should we call these elites? To conceptual and interpretive questions: Why are they elites and how do they act as such? Is there mutual recognition within the Nasrid elites? How are these higher social groups perceived after the conquest? All this with the aim of building a point of debate for an updated understanding of the social hierarchies of the Nasrid emirate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scholarship on hierarchy held the promise of exposing conditions of systemic inequality in world politics. However, a significant strand of it approached the international order from above, privileging the perspective of dominant actors. I make the case for a from-below approach to hierarchical orders, recognising and accounting for understudied experiences in world politics, but also developing a more accurate understanding of hierarchy. Through a relational-sociological approach, I conceptualise hierarchy as a socially differentiated system predicated on recognition. The experience of misrecognition by way of normative and material constraints constitutes actors as subordinates. I propose a framework for subordinate actors' navigation of hierarchy in quest of social recognition. I identify three strategies that subordinates employ, depending on the misrecognising constraints they counter (normative/material) and the recognition they seek (internal/external). Subordinates may engage in norm appropriation, alternative leveraging, and salvation from victimhood. I demonstrate the applicability of the framework by examining Egypt's quest for recognition in the aftermath of the 2013 military coup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the question of what consequences of the introduction of post-bureaucratic organizing in large-scale organizations can be observed regarding the handling of hierarchy and how these can be located from an organizational sociological point of view. Our goal is to add a differentiated perspective to the often one-sidedly critical debate on the role of hierarchy in organizations, making the question of functionality the starting point of the analysis. Based on two empirical cases, such an analysis is carried out against the background of equivalence-functionalist assumptions. In doing so, we point out the problems for which formal and informal hierarchy are identified as structural solutions. Furthermore, we show which consequences result from these problem/solution constellations. It becomes clear that the realization of post-bureaucratic workingmethods in the cases studied is characterized by the emergence of fields of tension between competing expectation structures both at organizational interfaces and within the post-bureaucratic units. The article concludes with a short summary and outlook on possibilities for further research building on the perspective proposed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technologies play an increasingly prominent role in the reproduction of society and space. Rather than being studied as a separate category of understanding, the ways in which such technologies intersect with and inflect upon the real world has provided a recent focus of research. Urban music is inherently spatial, but the ways in which digital technologies have enabled artists to resist injustice, to reproduce space and to reclaim the right to the city has not yet been considered. This article fills the lacuna by exploring how grime artists harness digital technologies to resist marginalization by the mainstream and create new expressions of power. Specifically, it shows how digital enablers have led to the democratization of music, which in turn has empowered grime artists to reclaim the right to represent the spaces of the inner city, and, in doing so, to challenge and subvert more wide-ranging structures of power and inequality. Accordingly, I argue that grime is more than music and is as much a channel of social activism as it is creative expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathway‐Complexity, hierarchische Organisation, Außer‐Equilibrium‐ und metastabile oder kinetisch gefangene Spezies sind Begriffe die in jüngsten, hochqualitativen Publikationen im Feld der supramolekularen Polymere häufig verwendet werden. Oftmals sind die Terminologien, die die verschiedenen Selbstassemblierungspfade, die beteiligten Spezies und deren Beziehung sowie relativen Stabilitäten zueinander beschreiben, nicht trivial. In der Literatur sind häufig verschiedene Begriffe und Klassifizierungen zu finden, in vielen Fällen jedoch ohne klare Definitionen oder Richtlinien wie sie zu benutzen sind oder wie sie experimentell unterschieden werden können. Ziel dieses Kurzaufsatzes ist es, die existierenden Konzepte mithilfe jüngster Literatur zu klassifizieren, differenzieren und zu korrelieren. Dadurch soll der Leser eine generelle Einsicht in thermodynamische und kinetische Aspekte komplexer supramolekularer Polymerisationsprozesse erhalten. Ein gutes Verständnis dieser Begriffe und Konzepte sollte dazu beitragen, neue, komplexe, funktionale Materialien zu erschaffen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the paradox induced by the teamwork "injunction" in a French Primary School, such as it has remained both without principal, highly focused on the classroom and in a system centralized. This (pseudo) location of the school system is studied both from the Supervision members' point of view (hierarchy represented by Ministerial Cabinet and political staff) and from the «field members»' viewpoint. The mistrust that this "imposed" collective work generates among teachers, finally turns away from truly collaborative work and leads to withdrawal and team conflicts, tensions between a delegitimized - but ambiguous - "bureaucracy" and "anarchy" fuelled by organizational contradictions in a period of repository change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly believed in the literature that smooth curves, such as circles, are not fractal, and only non-smooth curves, such as coastlines, are fractal. However, this article demonstrates that a smooth curve can be fractal, under a new, relaxed, third definition of fractal – a set or pattern is fractal if the scaling of far more small things than large ones recurs at least twice. The scaling can be rephrased as a hierarchy, consisting of numerous smallest, a very few largest, and some in between the smallest and the largest. The logarithmic spiral, as a smooth curve, is apparently fractal because it bears the self-similarity property, or the scaling of far more small squares than large ones recurs multiple times, or the scaling of far more small bends than large ones recurs multiple times. A half-circle or half-ellipse and the UK coastline (before or after smooth processing) are fractal if the scaling of far more small bends than large ones recurs at least twice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While sport was recognised as having educational virtues as early as the late nineteenth century in England, the situation in France was quite different. Considered to be both futile and dangerous, this social practice only featured anecdotally in manuals and official instructions directing physical education at school until 1967. The relationship with sport raises deep questions concerning the body’s place in education. More precisely, it emphasises bodily expectations, as well as the usefulness of examining them. The sporting body itself was not without significance. How, then, should resistance to the integration of sport be apprehended? Over and beyond political contexts, what were the reasons contributing to this tardy acknowledgement? In order to answer these questions, this study explores an avenue as yet unexplored. It undertakes to compare the discourse and knowledge production of sports advocates with the prominent features of the disciplinary power that tends to characterise all institutions. The corpus supporting the analysis includes publications dealing with sport (37 books and 160 articles) with a view to understanding the ideological and societal frames of the activity, together with education treaties and professional teaching reviews to comprehend relationships with sport as the latter’s importance continued to grow throughout the twentieth century. This contribution shows how the integration of sport as a unique medium for teaching physical education in the French education system depended on the degree of its conceptualisation and implied inevitable bodily control. For while sport may be associated with freedom and emancipation, making it educational meant controlling it and practising it moderately. Indeed, sport differs as a teaching element from the rest and is polarised by the values it conveys: excellence, performance, surpassing oneself and hierarchisation, which require dealing with it methodologically. Method was only truly established when work focusing on sport gave it a complete and unquestionable disciplinary foundation. During the first phase extending from the end of the First World War to the reconstruction, those in favour of education through sport developed their knowledge of sports techniques. In so doing, they highlighted the potentially normed, efficient, profitable and organised character of the sporting gesture. Moreover they advocated model-based pedagogy, according to which it was easy to compare instructors to true behaviour technicians. The body as a machine remained significant, although it was movement that was encouraged. In spite of the progress made, sport failed to make its way into schools, except during the Vichy period (1940–1944) to better control the masses. During the 1950s and 1960s, those promoting the teaching of sports-based physical education continued their research into sports techniques while, at the same time, widening their scope of investigation. Sports exercises became the nodal point of their reflection and resulting publications offered series of tasks that were described with great precision, and concurrently repetitive, graded in difficulty and organised over the long term. They presented an alternative model of bodily education. The latter’s sycophants engaged in work concerning, more particularly, assessment of the sporting body and offered tools for hierarchising performances. A number of experts focused on the notion of tactics, and the result of their reflection made it possible to link sport to a method for rationally organising individuals’ strength under a central command. Their innovations endowed sport with a sufficiently solid foundation for its integration, and it became the sole medium for teaching physical education at school as from 1967. However, the question of rational distribution of pupils and bodily control based on defined criteria was not addressed, and long-term organisation of learning was lacking. These were the two issues theoreticians undertook to address in the 1970s and 1980s. With a view to meeting the requirements of a supervisory body, they created levels within each sport, organised learning according to clear and detailed objectives and worked on drawing up criteria-based assessment. Over a period lasting less than 20 years, they provided the missing elements for defining a true disciplinary method. Effective acknowledgement of sport as a rich and pertinent medium for physical education at school was fully achieved with the publication of physical education and sport programmes in the mid-1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study examined organizational culture in Shaqra university. and its relationship to trust and self-concept. The data is collected from (90) University academics and employees. The results demonstrate that the order of types of cultures was: the hierarchy, the clan, the adhocracy and the market. The impact of market culture on both trust and the self concept was significantly negative. The study recommended the prevention of the infiltration of the social environment cultures to the university context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a detailed ethnographic account of how people appropriate available space in compartments for disabled people in the Mumbai suburban trains, make it their own and monitor it, in the context of a succession of recent spatial changes. These compartments have increased in size over the years, and subsequently, the body of travellers has become more diverse. Passengers produce hierarchies based on need, physical differences, age differences and physical appearance, determining who can enter the compartments and who can’t, who can sit and who should stand, and where they should sit/stand. These hierarchies are mediated, but not dominated, by medical and disability certificates which are, in addition to a valid ticket, the documents that entitle people to travel in the handicapped compartments. Hierarchies are influenced by sexism, classism and audism and partially overlap but also are competing, such as in the case of deaf people who argue for the right to occupy seats and at the same time struggle with how to balance this quest with the need to act morally towards fellow travellers who seemingly suffer. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Social science literature on caste tends to view it as a peculiar institution of the Hindus, emanating from their past tradition and religious beliefs/scriptures. This view also presumes that the processes of urbanization and industrialization, unleashing the process of modernization, will end caste, eventually producing a shift from a closed system of social hierarchy to an open system of social stratification based on individual achievement, merit and hard work. Drawing from a large volume of recent writings the author argues in this article that this approach to the understanding of caste is based on an assumption of Indian exceptionalism. Such an orientalist view of caste also denies the possibility of deploying the framework of caste for understanding caste-like ascriptive hierarchies that exist in many other (if not all) societies. Some of the recent theorizations of caste could perhaps provide useful conceptual tools for developing a comparative understanding of social inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microporous materials are well known and due to their unique properties in sorptive and catalytic processes also of still growing interest in research with regards to, e.g., targeted material synthesis and potential application in novel processes. Though, it is their microporosity which is in the first place the responsible property for the outstanding performance in sorption and catalysis, it is also its small pore size which thwarts the kinetic of such processes. This discrepancy is therefore the main driving force for the ongoing development of hierarchically porous materials. This article gives a basic description of microporous materials and their building blocks in general as well as the underlying principles of their preparation and additionally gives a review on the field of recent developments with special focus on hierarchically porous zeolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used a hierarchical approach to examine patterns of black spruce and balsam fir wood density across Newfoundland. Wood density measurements were aggregated at ring, tree, and plot levels. Portions of the variance in wood density at the different levels were explained by predictor variables at multiple levels of a forest structural hierarchy (ring-, tree-, and plot-level variables). Hierarchical fixed effects models accounted for 39%, 61%, and 86% of the variance in wood density of black spruce at ring, tree, and plot levels, respectively, with RMSE values of 62.7, 34.6, and 19.4 kg·m−3. Corresponding models accounted for 31%, 38%, and 63% of the variance in wood density of balsam fir, with RMSE values of 62.4, 35, and 16.7 kg·m−3. The hierarchical analysis demonstrated consistent negative associations of wood density to radial growth rate at ring, tree, and plot levels of aggregation. Variables that act as surrogates for radial growth are thus important for understanding patterns of wood density at higher scales and for the practical application of mapping wood density across landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the Vatican’s recent doctrinal investigation of American Catholic nuns, this paper considers gender inequality in the Catholic Church immediately before, during and after the Second Vatican Council. Using Weber’s frameworks of authority construction and literature on corporate structures that reify inequality and gendered workplaces, the author argues that viewing the Church as a complex social organization allows for a fuller understanding of the ways in which its structures of power are constructed and reproduced. Ultimately, the author contends that religious sisters are stakeholders in a hierarchical organization that has prevented them from assuming leadership roles and from developing official Church teaching. Finally, he identifies several hegemonic forces that perpetuate gender barriers in the Catholic Church, specifically the obligatory wearing of the religious habit and the ban on women’s ordination. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article evaluates the potential found within two approaches that recognize the complexity of social hierarchy in different ways. First, it looks at the revival of class analysis within culturally inflected approaches to class. These have incorporated a number of societal relations, broadly referred to as the symbolic, the social and the cultural, into the analysis. Second, the article assesses attempts to theorize the intersections of gender, ethnicity and class through the intersectionality framework. It considers the potential for developing more integrated analytical frameworks for understanding social hierarchy through cross-referencing these debates. It proposes an intersectional framing which centres on social location and translocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State attorney's office (public attorney's office) is a separate government body prosecuting the perpetrators of criminal acts in criminal proceeding. The organisational system of this body varies from state to state. The author of the paper focuses on an aspect of the state attorney's office issue - the legal status within the division of powers into legislative, executive and judicial and surveys the legal status of state attorney's office in five West-European countries: in Germany, France, Switzerland, England and Italy. A special survey of state attorney's office in the Republic of Croatia has been given with a critical view of the current normative system. Finally the conclusions have been drawn on legal nature of the state attorney's office institute suggesting a normative system reform of state attorney's office legal status in the Republic of Croatia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The psychopathology of Pierre Janet, which is becoming acknowledged at an international level, is grounded in a fundamental psychology that is currently less well known. This psychology presents a hierarchy of cognitive skills (perception, motivity, attention and reasoning) distributed by degrees of « synthesis » which are also « dynamic » levels of fatigue/force. This dynamic psychology is potentially strong enough to complete the interpretation of some contemporary experiments in the fields of cognitive and social psychology. The subjects of Otto et al. [Personality and Individual Differences 40 (2005) 1075–84] and Dalbert [Social Justice Research 15 (2002) 123–45] could well illustrate two levels of the Janetian hierarchy, and those of Zuckerman could well have experienced a psycholepsy. There are promising developments in the interpretation of these experiments concerning the “belief in a just world” or cognitive dissonance in a dynamic psychology that integrates a fatigue factor. This experimental integration could be facilitated by the use of the recent fatigue scales. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Biological systems are composed of different levels of organization. Usually, one considers the atomic, molecular, cellular, individual, population, community and ecosystem levels. These levels of organization also correspond to different levels of observation of the system, from microscopic to macroscopic, i.e., to different time and space scales. The more microscopic the level is, the faster the time scale and the smaller the space scale are. The dynamics of the complete system is the result of the coupled dynamical processes that take place in each of its levels of organization at different time scales. Variables aggregation methods take advantage of these different time scales to reduce the dimension of mathematical models such as a system of ordinary differential equations. We are going to study the dynamics of a system which is hierarchically organized in the sense that it is composed of groups of elements that can be themselves divided into further smaller sub-groups and so on. The hierarchical structure of the system results from the fact that the intra-group interactions are assumed to be larger than inter-group ones. We present aggregation methods that allow one to build a reduced model that governs a few global variables at the slow time scale. To cite this article: P. Auger, C. Lett, C. R. Biologies 326 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nowadays, even when it is still classified as a narcotic, of which the detention implies judicial pursuits, marijuana is underestimated in all its consequences and all its effects. Approximately 50 % of 17-year-olds declared experimenting with marijuana starting at the average age of 15 (OFDT 2007). “Cohesion” and “Power”, two fundamental elements of the family structure that were not yet explored in this domain, were able to inform us on the link between them and adolescent''s marijuana consumption. For this, knowing the difficulty of adolescents’ recruitment, we chose an adapted and attractive tool to evaluate, at this age, a reality as complex as the family universe, the Family System Test (FAST). The research was conducted at the Monceau Center for Family Therapy with adolescents (n =18) aged between 15 and 19. The results showed weak hierarchic relations with big “intergenerational coalitions” within the families. Furthermore, an absence or a bad relationship with the father would have a link with the highest levels of marijuana consumption. At last, the study showed that the non-equilibrated family structure (extreme levels of cohesion and power) could be more significantly correlated with marijuana consumption behaviour, on a larger sample. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]