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This empirical article analyzes the commercial exchange portfolio of the Cuban economy by studying the data on Cuban foreign trade activities. It combines measures from the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and the Lauraéus-Kaivo-oja Index (LKI) to identify key changes and trends in the export and import patterns of trade relationships at the country level. The article shows the results and key findings of the index-based analyses, as well as the export and import structures of the Cuban economy and trade. Especially this type of analysis provides a good knowledge base for smart specialization strategies of the Cuban economy. The results indicate that export-driven strategies need re-assessment from a resilience perspective. A more diversified export portfolio would be a smarter solution than the current export portfolio concentration rate. In the case of the import strategy, a re-assessment is not needed because Cuba's import portfolio is already highly diversified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade is an essential part for economic development both locally, nationally as well as globally through the exchange of goods and services between different actors. It is an integral part of the global economy and plays a crucial role in the economic development of countries. Trade also presents challenges and problems, such as trade imbalances, unfair competition, trade barriers, environmental and social impacts, among others. That's why many countries negotiate trade agreements and establish regulations to facilitate fair and equitable trade. That is why this research is carried out to know how foreign trade develops within Mexico and the impact it generates on its economy, this will be carried out through a descriptive methodology with which it seeks to have a more appropriate approach around the objective of this work that is to be able to analyze foreign trade around Mexico, where it could be concluded that Mexico is an important country within the foreign trade environment both in its imports and exports, having an efficient and global economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In the light of the concept of trade-off and trading risks, this case proposes to present the path followed by IFC in the search for alternatives to the quality problem of the euro pin, a component used in the assembly of casters, which was affecting the line of assembly and operating result of the company. Method: The data for the construction of the historical context were extracted from the company's website and the other information was collected directly from the IFC and the Trading Company. Relevance/originality: This case promotes a debate about the concepts of trade-offs and trading risks in a real company, which enhance the resolution of the company's dilemma: how to minimize the cost impact in search of a better-quality product? Produce the euro pin at IFC? Import the euro pin through your own team? Import the euro pin via the advice of a Trading Company? Theoretical/methodological contributions: In the light of the underlying theory, pointing out the practices adopted to mitigate trading risks, as well as the relevance of trade-offs as support for decision making. Main results: It shows: a) the importance of planning actions and analyzing the collected data, having the pros and cons as regulators for decision making; b) the relevance of identifying the determining trade-offs to make assertive choices; c) a need to make use of trading practices to minimize the risks inherent in the foreign market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is "To determine the opportunity for expansion of the Chinese Denomination of Origin mobile technology portfolio for TecnoStoreCo in Armenia - Quindío.", since Chinese Denomination of Origin mobile technology has positioned itself worldwide and in Colombia as one of the best options in recent years, this is why the company TecnoStoreCo asks, which opportunity has the expansion of its mobile technology portfolio to market this type of products and thus know the viability of the company's expansion in the Armenian market - by expanding its mobile technology briefcase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Budget transfers to the Cuban business sector increased significantly in the last 15 years, reaching 25% of GDP in 2018. This increase was fundamentally a consequence of a strategy oriented to mitigate the effects of the overvaluation of the official exchange rate on the business sector, particularly on exportable products and import substitutes. The objective of this research is to characterize this subsidy scheme. The results suggest that the transfers allowed firms to cover at least part of their productive inefficiency, in part because of the design of the scheme was based on accounting criteria that limited incentives towards cost minimization. The main implication of the paper is that a relative price correction itself, such as, for example, that associated with "ordenamiento monetario", would not be sufficient to promote aggregate productivity gains; on the contrary, it would have to be complemented with institutional and structural policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria are exciting organelles not only because they are in charge of the energy production within the cell, but also because of their relevance in processes and pathologies of medical interest. The vast majority of the proteins that constitute the mitochondrial proteome are encoded in the nucleus and translated by cytosolic ribosomes, hence these have to be correctly identified in order to be distributed and inserted in each of the mitochondrial subcompartments. In this review, we describe the mitochondrial import machineries, as well as the different cellular responses to alterations in protein transport processes or when a mitochondrial dysfunction arises. Lastly, we give an overview of the identified pathologies triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction derived from mutations in the components of the import and sorting machineries of the organelle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to estimate the effects of generation of work hours by level of qualification considering the Brazil-China trade and to identify the sectors that suffered the greatest impact. The results showed that in the period 1995-2009 the relations between countries with the tendency of Brazil to export primary products to China and to acquire products with higher added value and technology. The consequence of this phenomenon is that the 2009 positive trade balance of US $ 4.7 billion for Brazil resulted in a negative balance of work generation in 520 million hours, mainly of average qualification. The sectors of Brazil that exports to China generated more work in 2009 were Agropecuaria (1778 million hours) and Mineral Extraction (644 million hours). In China we have the Electric and optical products sectors (1474 million working hours generated by exports to Brazil), Textile (561 million hours) and Machines (249 million hours). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As much as trade policies are established and executed at the national level, the positioning of subnational interests in the national commercial setting can be analyzed. In regional and national economic structures, the relative distribution of factors can either hinder and facilitate its political organization, which in turn influences the access to such policies. The present article addresses Paraná's import structure and its respective sectorial protection from an economic insertion perspective. For this purpose, a confrontation is made among import value, tariff protection and trade defense numbers in order to assess the sectorial protection coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mail goal of this article is to determine bounded port zone among Porto de Itapoa, Portonave Terminais Portuarios and APM Terminals Itajai, which is the best alternative to "ABC" company - importer of car filters, located in Joinville, SC. The specific objectives are: (a) measuring port costs in the three cited ports, considering parameterizations in green, yellow and red channels; (b) verify which terminal is faster in view of Comex (documentation) releases and (c) measure the distance and cost of road transportation to the customer's plant in the three scenarios. In methodological terms, the research was characterized as qualitative-quantitative (mixed), exploratory as to the objectives and a single case study. It is concluded that the most coherent decision-making is to choose the Itapoá Port, considering its competitiveness in terms of costs, as well as in the release agility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information on the commercial exchange of agri-food goods that takes place in Mexico is compiled through the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) which registers the Foreign Trade Statistics of Mexico (ECEM), whose information allows decision-making in commercial matters and financial. However, a method has not been developed to validate the imported and exported volume data of commercial operations through a customs agent, so there is an over-registration of the data. Therefore, the proposal to establish a validation method for agri-food imports and exports considering the volumes by tariff fraction and unit of measure, as well as the incoterms, to generate a specific record will allow obtaining more reliable information, which will be of interest to the decision-making of the actors involved in foreign trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Chamber of Commerce approved the 2020 edition of the Rules for the Use of Domestic and International Trade Terms (Incoterms®), which became effective on 1 January 2020. This new edition has a clear objective: to help users choose the appropriate Incoterm so that goods can be purchased and sold more smoothly and easily (internationally or otherwise). From a substantive point of view, the 2020 edition has few new features in comparison with the previous 2010 edition, in which a more in-depth revision of the Rules was carried out. Some of the developments are as follows: the Incoterm DAT (Delivered At Terminal) is amended to include a new DPU (Delivered at Place Unloaded); the default coverage applicable to insurance contracted for the transport of goods in CIP and CIF terms has been reviewed; an express reference is made to requirements relating to transport security; and details are amended in the Incoterms FCA, DAP, DPU and DDU. However, the changes that are likely to be most significant for economic operators are those introduced in the presentation or from a more formal perspective. For that reason the introduction establishes that the most important initiative of the Incoterms® 2020 has been to focus on how the presentation of these Rules could be improved in order to make it easier for users to select the appropriate Incoterm. This paper aims to provide a more detailed explanation of these new features. A brief reference is also made to the Incoterms® Rules and their relationship with other normative instruments (such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, approved in Vienna on 11 April 1980), and other elements associated with such sales, such as the contract of carriage, insurance or documentary credit as a mechanism for payment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work in question presents an analysis of the influence created by the Trade Company in the national market of milk and dairy products, promoting the regulation of the prices of these products in the market and thus deploying fluctuations in prices throughout the milk production chain - CPL. It also seeks to highlight that international price variation still establishes a cyclical behavior in import / export volumes, creating ideal conditions for large national and multinational companies to condition the prices practiced mainly for fragile links of the process, in this case the rural producer, who has the quotation of its merchandise more related by international aspects of the market than by the seasonality of the volume of production conditioned by the natural or structural elements of each region of Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the behavior of national and international markets for Colombian orange, in key areas such as production, prices, imports and exports during 2010-2015. Multiple databases and data collection of applicable reports of the citrus chain were used; obtained from primary and secondary sources (government agencies at national and international level); then foreign trade reports were generated by the tariff position 08.05.10.00.00 established in Decree 4589 (2006) from Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism of Colombia. World production stood at 47.90 million tons by 2015, with a reference price of 0.80 USD/Kg internationally, in this regard Colombia is considered a marginal player in world production whose national price reaches 0.35 USD/kg and where exports are evolving positively towards Ecuador and some Caribbean islands; however phytosanitary barriers will hinder foreign trade. The Country presents advances in the production and marketing of this fruit, however there is work to be done to be a player who begins to appear on the international stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

México importa cantidades grandes de maíz creando una dependencia cada vez mayor del exterior tornándose vulnerable a los cambios en la producción internacional y susceptible a las decisiones y políticas que se establecen, especialmente en EE.UU., por ser el principal proveedor de maíz para México y el primer productor y exportador en el mundo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de las políticas de producción de biocombustibles en EE.UU. en el mercado de maíz en México. Para ello se usó un modelo de regresión y las elasticidades precio de la oferta y precio de la demanda de México, estableciendo seis escenarios posibles de política en la producción de biocombustibles en EE.UU., usando información de FAPRI (2012), INEGI (2012), BANXICO (2012), USDA (2012) y SIACON (2012). Los resultados muestran que durante el período 2011-2026, el precio del maíz en México bajaría 10 % en ausencia del Límite de Mezcla de etanol y un precio alto de petróleo (US $100/barril) y 16 % en ausencia de ambas políticas (Límite de Mezcla y Norma de Combustibles Renovables). Con la eliminación de ambas políticas y un precio bajo de petróleo (US $50/barril), la demanda de maíz aumentaría alrededor de 4 %, mientras que la oferta se reduciría en 6.7 % y, como consecuencia, las importaciones aumentarían 31 %. El crecimiento de producción de bioetanol a partir usando maíz reduce la oferta de este grano, elevando el precio. Es importante el análisis e implementación de políticas que busquen la autosuficiencia de maíz en México, de lo contrario, se prevé que en pocos años alcanzará precios muy altos y con repercusiones negativas en la población mexicana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work has for objective to describe the antecedents of design of the agricultural tractors in Mexico, since according to several authors it is necessary that the countries in development have appropriate sources of agricultural power to the situation of its agriculture, reason for which is necessary the review of present literature so that starting from this one can design of a tractor considering the necessary characteristics of power, handling easiness and maintenance, affordable price, durability, among other characteristics which should be according to the farmer's necessities in what concerns to their average properties and their systems of agricultural production in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Argentinian cooperative sector has a long history of economic activity in a variety of market sectors. According to the Census of Cooperatives and Mutuals of Argentina (INAES, 2008), in 2008 it was composed of 12,760 organizations which generated 265,054 direct jobs and had a total membership of 9,392,713. Market trends, complexity and globalization are not foreign to these organization, many of which are seeking to adapt and respond to a new phase of expansion that might possibly lead to their economic globalization. One question that naturally arises is: To what extent are these economic globalization strategies actually present in Argentinian cooperatives? This paper addresses this issue and presents an analysis and conclusions based on survey results from a sample of 100 Argentinian cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to verify the possible relationship between exchange rate appreciation and employment in Brazil -- from the launch of the Real Plan to 2007. For that, knowledge of interest rate behavior, tax policy and short-term objectives of the government's economic policy is necessary. The current appreciation of the brazilian real against the american dollar, considered by many economics analysts as excessive and harmful to the development of the industrial sector, characterizes a controversial discussion, not only in the academia, but also in the institutions that represent several national productive sectors which keep commercial relations with other countries. This study shows statistical data that allow a highly objective analysis of the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo 54 de la Ley 42/2007, de 13 de diciembre, del Patrimonio Natural y de la Biodiversidad, establece medidas cuya finalidad es que la importación de una especie alóctona se realice con las garantías suficientes para no afectar negativamente a la preservación de las especies silvestres autóctonas, pues algunas de las especies alóctonas pueden ser causa de múltiples amenazas, desde plagas para plantas, parásitos y enfermedades de la fauna, tanto silvestre como doméstica, hasta zoonosis y biocontaminantes de alimentos. Además, algunas de ellas pueden resultar peligrosas para la salud humana, en particular en lo que a su manejo se refiere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the situation of the agriculture sector in Latin America. It presents the causes of the crisis in this sector, and the actions taken by the developed countries to promote its development. It also presents an analysis of the agriculture sector's contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the links it can generate. A whole chapter presents an analysis of the Costa Rican agriculture sector based on current data from various sources: Estado de la Nación, Promotora de Comercio Exterior, Banco Central de Costa Rica, Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]