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The paper presents the first-ever report of lichens from Sholayar 10 ha permanent plot, with a total of 38 species under 23 genera and 14 families. Of these, one species, Allographa cinerea (Fée) Lücking and Kalb reported as new to India, and nine species namely Coenogonium dilucidum (Kremp.) Kalb and Lücking, Crypthonia albida (Fée) Frisch, Enterographa divergens (Müll. Arg.) Redinger, Graphis indica J. Kalb and Kalb, Malmidea fuscella (Müll. Arg.) Kalb and Lücking, Malmidea piae (Kalb) Kalb, Malmidea subgranifera (Kalb and Elix) Kalb and Elix, and Porina subinterstes (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. as new distributional records to Kerala. The genus Crypthonia is reported for the first time in Kerala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbarium collections are particularly significant in countries where systematic studies of specific taxonomic groups have not been carried out, such as in the case of lichens in Lithuania. Collections prior to the 1990s are scarce, so all historical material is of great value. This paper presents the results of a study of lichen collections in the herbaria of the University of Tartu (TU) and the University of Latvia (RIG). A total of 425 herbarium envelopes (84 RIG and 341 TU) were examined. A total of 170 species were identified, including 157 lichen species, 12 lichenicolous and one non-lichenized saprobic fungi species. Nine lichen species were identified from envelopes that did not indicate the exact location except for the country (Lithuania). Two lichenicolous fungi, Endococcus nanellus and Stigmidium lecidellae, are new records for the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acarosporaceae is a crustose lichen and is known as a species that has more than 50 multispores, and has hyaline spores. Those taxa are often found in rock and soil in mountain areas or coastal regions in Korea, and very diverse forms and species are known. However, after an overall genetic phylogenetic analysis of carbonized ascomata in 2015, species consisting only of the morphological base are newly divided, and several species of Acarosporaceae in Korea are also being discovered in this situation. As a result of analysis using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuLSU gene analysis, Korean species belonged to Acarospora and Sarcogyne clade, and Acarospora classified as the Acarospora clade was mixed with the Polysporina group and the Sarcogyne clade is mixed with the Acarospora. We identified two new species (Acarospora beangnokdamensis J. S. Park & S. O. Oh, sp. nov., Sarcogyne jejuensis J. S. Park & S. O. Oh, sp. nov.) through morphological, molecular, and secondary metabolite substance and found one new record (Sarcogyne oceanica K. Knudsen & Kocourk). We have made a classification key for Acarospora and Sarcogyne in Korea and reported all information together here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lecanora is one of the largest genera of lichens worldwide. These lichens can be easily seen, and are commonly found on trees and rocks. Most Korean Lecanora species belong to the Lecanora subfusca group, which has well-defined superficial thallus, red-brown apothecia, and soredia. The new species of L. neobarkmaniana grows on rocks, farinose soredia coalescing, usually covering the whole thallus, and containing atranorin and zeorin. We used internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequence data to identify the phylogenetic relationship across Lecanora sequence data and found the species to form different clades. In this study, we reported some interesting findings and described the genetic relationship with other sorediate Lecanora species and the characteristics of the new species. An identification key for the Korean sorediate Lecanora species is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizoplaca ouimetensis is described new to science, growing on outcrops of diabase sills in the Lake Superior region of Ontario, Canada. It is the first known sorediate species of the genus, and a phylogenetic reconstruction based on the ITS and mtSSU markers place it in the R. chrysoleuca group. Morphologically, however, it resembles sorediate, yellow-green species of Lecanora with usnic acid, e.g., L. handelii and L. soralifera, but differs from those in forming larger, often pulvinate or minutely peltate areoles with a well-developed upper cortex and a medulla densely filled with calcium oxalate crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichens not only play a major role in plant succession as pioneer species but also provide many ecosystem services. Various anthropogenic activities like habitat destruction, air pollution and over exploitation of lichens for economic uses seem to be the main threats for loss of lichen diversity. Hence, for in situ conservation of lichens, it is a prioritised need to document lichen species of a locality. Lichens of Assam are being extensively studied from a taxonomic point of view in recent years. An accurate and updated checklist of lichens is not available so far. Here we expand the knowledge of the lichen of Assam by critically surveyed the literatures and prepared an updated list of total 657 species of Assam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first records of Parmelia barrenoae from Hungary, Slovakia and Sweden and P. pinnatifida from Denmark, Estonia and Turkey are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species, Thelopsis ullungdoensis and Phylloblastia gyeongsangbukensis are described from Ullung-Do (Island), South Korea. The closest relatives from Europe and Korea are epiphytic Thelopsis flaveola which differs by their immersed or semi-immersed yellow ascomata, ascospores without halo and their habitat of smooth bark (mainly Fagus) in humid and cold climates. Thelopsis gangwondoensis differs by its bigger semi-immersed ascomata (600-700 µm in diam.), oblong halonate ascospores (8-12x6-8 µm) and its habitat of smooth bark of deciduous trees. P. gyeongsangbukensis differs from its relatives within the genus in having 5-septate ascospores (22-26x6-8 µmm), semi-immersed, subglobose asco-mata with a flattened top (250-400 µm) and a thin, matt, uneven gray-brown to gray-green continuous thallus without isidia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Klára Verseghy used the term "Fragm. typi" in her catalogue of the type specimens deposited in BP. However, this status is in conflict with the Code. "Fragm. typi" were replaced by lectotype and isolectotype of the following names: Buellia samothrakiana, Caloplaca servitiana, Catillaria servitii, Catillaria zsakii, Lecania nylanderiana var. ochracea, Lecanora atra var. aegaeica, L. cengiae-samboae, L. rhodi, Lecidea aegaeica f. acrustacea and Rinodina samothrakiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This monograph presents the results of research on the morphological and anatomical variability, ecology, and distribution of Opegrapha s. l. in Poland. The study is based on roughly 1,400 specimens from Polish and some European herbaria. Out of the 18 species of the genus Opegrapha s. l. recorded from Poland, seven species belong to the genus Opegrapha Ach., four species now belong to the genus Alyxoria Ach. ex Gray, two species each are found in the genera Arthonia Ach. and Zwackhia Körb, and one species belongs to each of the genera Gyrographa Ertz & Tehler, Phacographa Hafellner, and Pseudoschismatomma Ertz & Tehler. One of the species, Zwackhia sorediifera, has been reported from Poland for the first time. Among the 18 species of the genus Opegrapha s. l., 10 are epiphytic, five epilithic, and two lichenicolous. The first modern identification key for the species of Opegrapha s. l. in Poland is presented. Numerous new regional records are provided that complement our knowledge of the geographic distribution of some poorly known taxa, such as Alyxoria culmigena, A. mougeotii, A. ochrocheila, Arthonia calcarea, Opegrapha dolomitica, O. geographicola, O. lithyrga, and Phacographa glaucomaria. All species are characterized and discussed, and their diagnostic characters illustrated. Geographic ranges of each species in Poland are presented on maps based on revised herbarium materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species Enterographa assamica, in the family Roccellaceae sensu lato is described from Assam, India. It is characterized by whitish grey thallus, rounded to elongate ascomata with yellowish-white thalline margin and presence of lichexanthone and confluentic acid in the thallus. A key to all the known species of Enterographa in India is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed morphological and anatomical studies informed by molecular inferences with mtSSU as a marker revealed two new species of Micarea in Western Europe, both belonging to the core group of the genus, namely the M. prasina group: M. herbarum from the Netherlands and Poland and M. meridionalis from Portugal and Italy. Micarea herbarum looks like a small or depauperate M. denigrata but clearly differs by the lack of gyrophoric acid, while M. meridionalis is distinguished by its granular thallus and the production of micareic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lichen genus Ochrolechia found in China is revised. Twenty taxa are accepted in the genus, including four described as new to science: Ochrolechia alticola, differing from O. mexicana by the larger ascospores and the absence of lichexanthone, and from O. africana by the C+ red reaction of the apothecial margin cortex, the absence of 5-O-methylhiascic acid, and its alpine habitat; O. lijiangensis, differing from O. longispora by the larger apothecia and smaller ascospores, and by the presence of an additional undetermined fatty acid; O. longispora, differing from O. trochophora by the larger ascospores and the presence of two fatty acids; and O. rugomarginata, differing from O. pallescens in the minutely verruculose margins of the mature apothecia, the absence of variolaric acid and the C+ red thallus cortex, and from O. trochophora var. trochophora by the presence of alectoronic acid in the apothecial medulla, the coarsely pruinose disc and a preference for the bark of coniferous trees. Four new taxa are reported for China: Ochrolechia arborea, O. mahluensis, O. szatalaënsis and O. trochophora var. pruinirosella. An identification key to all taxa in the genus known from China is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lecanora inaurata, a corticolous member of the L. subfusca group, is described as new to science. This species is characterized by typically epruinose, reddish brown apothecial discs, a chlarotera-type epihymenium, pulicaris-type amphithecium, and chloroatranorin and zeorin as major constituents, often with accessory calycin in the thalline margins of the apothecia, imparting a distinctive yellow halo appearance when present in sufficient concentrations. Lecanora inaurata occurs in open hardwood-dominated woodlands of the Edwards Plateau and grasslands of the southern Great Plains in Oklahoma and Texas. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper reports 120 species of lichens and one lichenicolous fungus from the Stanovoye Nagor'e Highlands in southeastern Siberia, including 64 species new for the area. Some of the newly recorded species are extremely rare in Russia [e.g., Bryonora curvescens (Mudd) Poelt, Gyalideopsis alnicola Noble & Vězda and Pilophorus strumaticus Nyl. ex Cromb.]. The distribution and habitat preferences of several rare species are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amandinea lobarica, a new corticolous lichen species, is described from high elevations in Guatemala. It is characterized by a thin, granulose, brownish thallus containing lobaric acid, small, convex lecideine apothecia, filiform conidia and large, narrowly ellipsoid ascospores with roughly ornamented walls. The new species is compared with other Buellia s. lat. taxa that possess rather large and strongly ornamented ascospores, such as Buellia hypothallina, here placed in synonymy with Gassicurtia vaccinii, Amandinea leucomela, A. mediospora, A. megaspora, A. subduplicata and five very closely related taxa treated here as belonging to the Amandinea incrustans group. Two tables summarizing the main differences between these species and a key are provided. New data on the chemistry of A. leucomela and a new record of A. montana for Guatemala are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new combinations for Myriolecis zosterae (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch varieties are proposed: M. zosterae var. beringii (Nyl.) Śliwa and M. zosterae var. palanderi (Vain.) Śliwa. Additionally, M. zosterae var. zosterae is reported for the first time from Poland. The species is briefly discussed and its known distribution in Poland illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lichen genus Carbacanthographis is reported as new to Guangxi, characterized by the closed disc, carbonized exciple, labia covered with a distinct white pruinose layer, warty periphysoids, and I- or weakly I+, muriform or trans-septate ascospores. The species C. marcescens is characterized by the conspicuous lirellae, the laterally carbonized exciple, the hyaline ascospores muriform with (12.5-20)×(5-7.5) μm size, and the presence of salazinic acid. The specimens examined come from Mt. Shengtang, Jinxiu, Guangxi. So far, only one species reported in the rare genus from China. The species was firstly found in the natural environment and inland of Guangxi, China. Which is very important to the flora study, protection and using of the species resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides data on 21 Caloplaca Th. Fr. species from central European Russia. Two species are new for Russia: C. atroflava (Turner) Mong. s.l. and C. soralifera Vondrák & Hrouzek. A further seven are new for European Russia [C. flavocitrina (Nyl.) H. Olivier, C. inconnexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr., C. marmorata (Bagl.) Jatta, C. oasis (A. Massal.) Szatala] or central European Russia [C. dichroa Arup, C. interfulgens (Nyl.) J. Steiner, C. monacensis (Leder.) Lettau]. Short taxonomic notes together with information on habitat and distribution are provided for the newly recorded species. An additional twelve Caloplaca species recognized in the area are also briefly presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the lichen genus Lecanora Ach. are important but still poorly known components of almost all vegetation types in Bolivia. In this paper, seven species new for Bolivia are presented: Lecanora bicincta Ramond, L. fulvastra Kremp., L. hagenii (Ach.) Ach., L. muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh., L. percrenata H. Magn., L. stramineoalbida Vain. and L. strobilina (Spreng.) Kieff. Their distributions are described and information on their diagnostic characters and chemistry is given [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new species Miriquidica invadens Hafellner, Obermayer & Tretiach is described and reported from Austria, Bulgaria, Italy, Switzerland, France and Spain. From a morphological point of view the species belongs to the M. griseoatra group, in which it is, so far, the only constantly lichenicolous taxon. Chemically it is characterized by the regular presence of miriquidic acid, stictic acid, and constictic acid (in variable amounts). It starts its ontogenetic life cycle as an obligate youth parasite on Sporastatia, usually S. polyspora.Morpho-anatomical treatments of other species of the Miriquidica griseoatra group occurring in Europe, based on the examination of type material, are also presented. According to the characters exhibited by the lectotype of Lecidea contigua var. griseoatra Flot., M. griseoatra (Flot.) Hertel & Rambold is the correct name for a montane species with subdivided areoles and immersed, laterally adnate apothecia with a pigmented hypothecium. Specimens exhibiting this set of characters were usually named M. obnubila auct. According to the characters observed on the lectotype of Lecidea (Biatora) obnubila Th. Fr. & Hellb., M. obnubila (Th. Fr. & Hellb.) Hertel & Rambold is a species with sessile apothecia with a hyaline hypothecium. Lecidea subplumbea Anzi does not constitute a heterotypic synonym of Lecidea griseoatra (Flot.) Schaer. but is the legitimate name at the species level for Miriquidica griseoatra sensu auct., and therefore M. subplumbea (Anzi) Cl. Roux is the correct name for that taxon. Lecidea inserena Nyl. is confirmed as a heterotypic synonym of Lecidea subplumbea Anzi. Lecidea plumbea Garov. ex A. Massal. is an earlier heterotypic synonym of Miriquidica limitata Hertel & Rambold and, therefore, the new combination M. plumbea (Garov. ex A. Massal.) Hafellner, Obermayer & Tretiach is introduced.Lectotypes are designated for Lecidea contigua var. griseoatra Flot., Lecidea inserena Nyl., Lecidea obnubila Th. Fr. & Hellb., Lecidea plumbea Garov. ex A. Massal., and Lecidea subplumbea Anzi. A key to the taxa of the M. griseoatra-group and other Miriquidica taxa with a grey thallus is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed anatomical and chemical studies conducted on recent collections made in almost all suitable habitats on Réunion, a small remote tropical island in the Indian Ocean, yielded a surprising diversity in the widespread lichen genus Micarea (Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales). Twenty-one species are recognized, including 13 described here as new to science. They are: Micarea alectorialica, M. bebourensis, M. borbonica, M. boryana, M. cilaoensis, M. hyalinoxanthonica, M. isidiosa, M. melanoprasina, M. pseudocoppinsii, M. pseudolignaria, M. sublithinella, M. takamakae and M. tenuispora. Notes on local ecology and important biogeographical features are also given and a key to the species is provided. Isidiiform areolae are reported for the first time in the genus (M. isidiosa and M. tenuispora), as well as the production of protolichesterinic and confluentic acids (M. sublithinella and M. takamakae, respectively). Two groups within the genus are species-rich on the island: the M. peliocarpa group with possibly 5 species, including 3 new to science, and the M. prasina group with 4 species, including 2 new to science. Micarea levicula is reported here for the first time since its description, and the status of the material that can be referred to M. micrococca s. lat. needs further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monograph includes the results of research of the taxonomy, chemistry, ecology and distribution of Stereocaulon alpinum, S. botryosum, S. condensatum, S. dactylophyllum, S. evolutum, S. incrustatum, S. nanodes, S. paschale, S. pileatum, S. saxatile, S. subcoralloides, S. spathuliferum, S. taeniarum, S. tomentosum and S. vesuvianum in Poland. 1823 specimens from Polish and some European herbaria were examinated. The occurrance of S. spathuliferum has not been confirmed during this study, therefore its status in Poland remains unknown. During the study three lectotypes were designated. The lichenicolous fungi, Cercidospora stereocaulorum and Roselliniella stereocaulorum on Stereocaulon were also noted. A key to known Stereocaulon taxa in Poland, including S. spathuliferum is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of an ongoing, comprehensive inventory of all Galapagos lichen species, the genus Bulbothrix is revised here. In Galapagos it is represented by five species of which only one, B. laevigatula, had previously been reported. Bulbothrix lyngei, B. scortella and B. subdissecta are all new to Galapagos; they also represent the first reports of these species for Ecuador. A fifth species, Bulbothrix bulbillosa, is described as new to science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a comprehensive biodiversity inventory of Galapagos lichens, all species in two closely related genera, Cryptothecia and Herpothallon, are reviewed. Both genera are superficially similar, ecorticate, cottony-byssoid crusts and are unusual insofar as their asci do not develop in distinct ascomata, but instead within ascigerous areas or even solitary inside pseudisidia. Species of Herpothallon typically have an I− medulla and are covered in ecorticate pseudisidia; only a single species is known fertile. Cryptothecia is characterized by ascigerous areas with loosely aggregated asci. In some species the asci are isolated, but others have closely aggregated asci embedded in a hyphal matrix with some carbonization, perhaps indicating preliminary stages towards a development of true ascomata. Lirellate ascomata of the enigmatic, monotypic Helminthocarpon leprevostii show similarity with these ascigerous areas, especially of C. darwiniana and C. galapagoana, two species newly described here. Both also have similar asci and ascospores. As previously suggested, Helminthocarpon should thus not be included in Graphidaceae, but it belongs in Arthoniales, possibly in Arthoniaceae or Opegraphaceae. A key to all species and brief descriptions are provided. Two of the three Cryptothecia species and two of the seven Herpothallon species reported here are new to science. All records apart from Herpothallon rubrocinctum are new to Galapagos and Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

- Sixty taxa (59 species and 1 variety) of lichenized fungi are reported from a chestnut grove in Livari. The majority of them (55 species and 1 variety) occurred on Castanea sativa. The recently described Xylographa soralifera is new to the Balkan Peninsula. The lichenicolous fungus Monodictys epilepraria growing on Lepraria rigidula is new to Montenegro. The lichen mycota is compared with similar localities in Italy and Switzerland. The species composition in Livari is most similar to the Montieri site in Tuscany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pannaria howeana and P. streimannii are described here as new to science. Both species are restricted to the isolated Lord Howe Island in Australia. The former is known only from one collection and the latter from two sites. Pannaria howeana is a primarily fertile species, with rather broad lobes and few rhizines restricted to the central part of the lower side of the thallus. The lower sides of the lobes have a pattern of characteristic radiating hyphae and narrowly recurved margins similar to the New Zealand lichen P. araneosa (C. Bab.) Hue, which is considered to be its closest relative. Pannaria streimannii is a phyllidiate counterpart of P. howeana. Both species share a new chemosyndrome consisting of porphyrilic acid in combination with vicanicin and leprolomin. Local endemic species are uncommon among tripartite Pannaria species, and the coarse vegetative propagules of both species appear to be an adaptation to local dispersal on a small, isolated island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preliminary study of the Lecanora dispersa group in Argentina is presented. Two species (L. dispersa and L. hagenii) have been previously recorded and their known distribution is extended, one species (L. semipallida) is a new record from Argentina, and five taxa (L. flowersiana, L. persimilis L. torrida, L. wetmorei and L. zosterae var. zosterae) are reported for the first time from South America. Three species (L. albescens, L. crenulata and L. populicola) previously recorded for Argentina have not been confirmed as occurring in this country. Lecanora aff. fugiens is also treated and compared to the related species. The morphology, anatomy, secondary metabolites, distribution and ecology of the nine studied taxa are described and discussed, and a key to the taxa is included. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Two new species of the lichen genus Carbacanthographis, namely C. albolirellata and C. indica, are reported from India. The two species are distinguished by their exciple character, ascospore septation and chemistry. Carbacanthographis albolirellata has a completely carbonized exciple, submuriform ascospores and no lichen substances. Carbacanthographis indica is characterized by a laterally carbonized exciple, trans-septate ascospores and by the presence of salazinic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new species Megaspora rimisorediata Valadbeigi & A. Nordin is described from Iran, where it mainly grows on tree bark but also on calciferous rocks and mosses. It is characterized by a pale ochraceous to bluish grey, cracked and sorediate thallus, very rarely producing ascomata. It appears to be rather commonly distributed in Iran. Its close affinity with Megaspora verrucosa is illustrated in a graph resulting from a phylogenetic network analysis of nuclear rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences from specimens representing the different genera of Megasporaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two species of the lichen genus Carbacanthographis, namely C. marcescens and a new species, C. sorediata, are reported from India. The new species is characterized by a sorediate thallus, laterally carbonized exciple, submuriform ascospores, and salazinic and consalazinic acids in the thallus. A worldwide key to the species of Carbacanthographis is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpothallon biacidum Frisch et al. is described from Queensland, tropical Australia. The new species is characterized by a thick byssoid thallus that is loosely attached to the substratum, globular to claviform to short cylindrical pseudoisidia, a brown to brownish black hypothallus, and by the presence of gyrophoric and norstictic acids. This is the first reported co-occurrence of gyrophoric and norstictic acids in the genus. The differences between H. biacidum and other species containing either norstictic acid or gyrophoric acid are discussed. Herpothallon biacidum is also compared with Cryptothecia eungellaeae. Both occur in north Queensland and have the same chemistry, but the latter has a closely adnate thallus and lacks the dark hypothallus and pseudoisidia. The circumscription of Herpothallon and its distinction from Cryptothecia are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysothrix occidentalis Elix & Kantvilas, C. palaeophila Kantvilas & Elix and C. tchupalensis Elix & Kantvilas are described as new to science. In addition, the new combination Chrysothrix sulphurella (Räsánen) Kantvilas & Elix is proposed, C. granulosa G. Thor is reported for the first time from Australia (including Tasmania) and New Zealand, and C. xanthina (Vain.) Kaib for the first time from Tasmania, Norfolk Island and New Zealand. A key to the Australian species of Chrysothrix is presented. Chemical data on non-Australasian species of the genus are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phylogenetic analysis of the Lecanora rupicola group based on combined nITS rDNA and β-tubulin sequences and a combined dataset of ITS, βtubulin and partial sequences of polyketide synthase genes reveals a previously unrecognized species, which here is introduced under the name Lecanora bicinctoidea. The new species is a sister group of the L. swartzii complex (including L. swartzii and L. lojkaeana), which is characterized by eucorticate ascomata, and a morphological diversity that includes also a dwarf-fruticose lineage. The preferential occurrence on vertical to overhanging siliceous rocks corresponds more closely to L. swartzii. A detailed investigation of phenotypic characters reveals that the new species differs from the superficially similar morphospecies L. bicincta in several ways, such as a thallus of comparatively small areoles and broadly sessile ascomata and the development of an anaphithecial cortex devoid of algal remnants (i.e. an eucortex). L. bicinctoidea contains methyl 3α-hydroxy-4-O-demethylbarbatate, a chemical compound not known from other members of the L. rupicola group. We also discuss the importance of eucortex formation as one of several factors that are involved in the evolution of substrate-detached thallus structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthoparmelia isidiovagans and X. subverrucigera from Spain are described as new to science. Both species are characterized by an isidiate upper surface and the presence of the stictic acid chemosyndrome in the medulla, but X. isidiovagans has a vagrant thallus with markedly revolute lobes with a black lower surface, whereas X. subverrucigera has adnate thalli with subirregular lobes and a brown lower surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following new species of Parmeliaceae are described from Rwanda: Hypotrachyna rwandensis Elix, Eb. Fischer & Killmann and Parmotrema afrocetratum Elix, Eb. Fischer & Killmann. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight new species of Xanthoparmelia (Pameliaceae) are described from eastern Australia: X. biloelensis Elix, X. fracticollis Elix, X. kosciuszkoensis Elix, X. nerrigensis Elix, X. paratasmanica Elix, X. rankinensis Elix, X. remanella Elix and X. stuartioides Elix. In addition, a further ten new state records of Xanthoparmelia are reported from eastern Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Peltigera canina species complex consists of foliose lichenized bitunicate ascohymenial discomycetes forming section Peltigera within the genus Peltigera (Lecanoromycetes, lichen-forming Ascomycetes). To test the circumscription of highly polymorphic species and to resolve relationships among putative members of the P. canina complex, part of the nuclear ribosomal DNA large subunit (LSU rDNA) and the entire internal-transcribed spacer (ITS rDNA) were sequenced for 84 individuals representing 33 putative Peltigera taxa. Seventeen of the 25 taxa from the P. canina complex are well established and widely accepted. The remaining eight taxa have been proposed recently but are undescribed. A hypervariable region in ITS1 (ITS1-HR, sites 111-237 in our alignment) showed remarkable variation in length, especially in the P. canina complex, ranging from 8 to 126 bp, and contained several microsatellites. We describe here an alignment-free method to code such large gap-rich hypervariable regions for phylogenetic analyses. Variation among ITS1-HR sequences greatly contributed to species delimitation and species identification and can be a major asset to future population studies for specific species within section Peltigera. Sequences of ITS1-HR alone were sufficient to identify all existing species of Peltigera from the P. canina species complex and related sections Retifoveatae and Horizontales included in this study. However, only when INAASE (for short ambiguously aligned regions) and ITS1-HR coded characters were added to the combined analysis of nonambiguous LSU and ITS sites was it possible to reach the level of phylogenetic resolution and support necessary to disentangle the P. canina complex. We report here complete concordance between phylogenetically based and morphologically based species delimitation for 15 of the 17 species from the P. canina complex (P. canina, P. cinnamomea, P. degenii, P. evansiana, P. frigida, P. kristinssonii, P. laciniata, P.... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following new species of Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae) are described from Western Australia: X. cranfieldii Elix, X. elevata Elix, X. kimberleyensis Elix, X. monadnockensis Elix,X. nanoides Elix, X. nortegeta Elix, X. sleei Elix and X. toolbrunupensis Elix. In addition, X. luminosa (Elix) Hale and X. victoriana Elix & J. Johnst. are reported from Western Australia for the first time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The springtail species Pachytullbergia scabra Bonet (Pachytullbergiidae), previously recorded in austral America inhabiting the surfaces of Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. bark, has been collected growing on the epiphytic lichen species Pseudocyphellaria granulata (C. Bab.) Malme. This is the first record of an arthropod-lichen association in the cool temperate forest of Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A corticolous lichen species, Opegrapha granulosa Siljo & G. P. Sinha, with a UV+ pale yellow thallus, is described as new to science from the Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve, West Bengal, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]